A jury found defendant Richard Lucio DeHoyos guilty of the 1989 first degree murder of nine-year-old Nadia Puente. (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a).)
On retrial, the second jury found defendant guilty of the same charges: first degree murder, kidnapping for child molestation, forcible rape, sodomy, and committing a lewd and lascivious act upon a child under 14. (§§ 187, subd. (a), 207, subd. (b), 261, subd. (a)(2), 288, subd. (a); former § 286, subd. (c).) The jury found true the same special circumstances. (Former § 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(ii)-(v).) The jury again found defendant to be sane at the time he committed the crimes and determined death to be the appropriate penalty. The trial court denied defendant's motion for new trial and for modification of the verdict. The trial court imposed a sentence of death, with additional determinate terms of imprisonment totaling 19 years for the nonhomicide offenses. This appeal is automatic. (§ 1239, subd. (b).) We affirm the judgment.
As nine-year-old Nadia Puente walked home from her elementary school, defendant approached her in his car, told her he was a teacher, and asked her for help moving some books. After using this ruse to get Nadia into his car, defendant drove to a motel where he had earlier rented a room for two. There defendant raped, sodomized, and killed Nadia. He put her body in a trash can, which he stuffed into the trunk of his car. He drove to Griffith Park in Los Angeles, waited until after dark, and then left the trash can containing Nadia's body in the park. Defendant fled to San Antonio, Texas, where he was apprehended about a week later. When interviewed by investigating officers, defendant eventually admitted killing Nadia, but claimed it was unintentional, that he did not rape her, and that he sodomized her only after she was dead.
At trial, defendant additionally claimed he did not have the required mental state to commit the crimes due to mental illness. He also claimed he was insane at the time he committed the crimes. The jury rejected defendant's claims and returned a verdict of death.
On March 20, 1989, defendant rented a room at the Ha'Penny Inn in Santa Ana, California. The inn registration card and receipts indicated he registered for two people to stay in the room.
Sandra C., a student in the third grade at Diamond Elementary School in Santa Ana, was walking home from school alone on the afternoon of March 20, 1989, when a gray car pulled up. The driver, a thin Caucasian or Hispanic man, said, "Excuse me" and called her over to the car. The man told Sandra that he was a teacher and asked her if she would carry some books over to the Carr Intermediate School. Sandra saw some books in the car, but she did not trust the man. She told him "no," that she could not go with him. She said that her mother was waiting for her and she had to go. The man said okay and drove away. Sandra later told her mother, the assistant principal of her school, and the police about the incident.
Another student from Diamond Elementary School, Jose O., told police he saw Nadia get into a gray car on the afternoon of March 20, 1989, after she briefly talked to the man inside the car.
According to the assistant manager of the Ha'Penny Inn, defendant checked out of his room early. Defendant was given the refund of his $10 key deposit when he returned his key on March 20, 1989.
The next day, March 21, 1989, Nadia's body was found in a plastic trash can liner in an aluminum trash can located in Griffith Park in Los Angeles. She was clothed, but missing her panties, and wrapped in a bedspread from the Ha'Penny Inn. The trash can and the plastic liner were also from the Ha'Penny Inn.
An autopsy of Nadia's body showed that she died from asphyxia due to chest compression. In addition to bruising on Nadia's chest and other parts of her body, the medical examiner found an area of abrasion, bruising, and a laceration near the entry of her vagina. There was also bruising of the lining of the vagina. There was bruising around the anus and a small abrasion. There were also injuries in the area of the rectum. The injuries to Nadia's vagina and in the area of her anus and rectum were consistent with the forcible insertion of an erect human penis. The medical examiner determined that the injuries to her vagina and anus were inflicted before her death, but could not determine whether the injuries to her rectal area were sustained before death.
One of the fingerprints on the plastic trash can liner that held Nadia's body was identified as belonging to defendant.
Santa Ana police found defendant's silver Nissan Sentra in the long-term parking lot of the Los Angeles International Airport. They learned that defendant was in San Antonio, Texas, and that he was trying to find work there at a Taco Bell restaurant. On April 1, 1989, San Antonio police officers arrested defendant on a warrant obtained by the Santa Ana police. San Antonio police officers took defendant to a nearby police office, where he was advised of and waived his constitutional rights. In a tape-recorded interview, defendant was questioned by two Santa Ana detectives.
Defendant initially denied knowing anything about Nadia's death and said he thought he had been arrested because of something to do with a car. He admitted checking into the Ha'Penny Inn during the day of March 20, 1989, and said he checked out in the early morning hours of March 21, 1989. Attempting to account for his activities on March 20, defendant told the interviewing detectives that he had quit his job at a Santa Ana Taco Bell restaurant earlier that day after his manager had called him in and criticized his work. He later returned to the Taco Bell to apologize to the manager. He subsequently checked into the inn because he was relocating after getting into an argument with some of his roommates. Defendant claimed that after he checked into the inn, he went to the area near the Diamond Elementary School because he was hoping to collect a tax refund check from the post office nearby. He then returned to the Taco Bell to socialize and sometime later he went out partying at a club with a friend who had also worked at the Taco Bell. Defendant denied picking up a little girl or anyone else and taking her to his room. He agreed to give the detective samples of his hair, blood, and saliva.
Detectives described to defendant the probable kidnapping of Nadia and the finding of her body wrapped in a "blanket" and in a trash can taken from the laundry room of the Ha'Penny Inn. They told defendant his fingerprints had been found on the trash can liner. Defendant again denied killing anyone, but moments later, said the killing of Nadia was an accident.
Defendant subsequently provided a variation of this story. He again said he had not intended to harm Nadia, but he was upset and disgusted about the confrontation he had had with his manager earlier that day and the fact that he had lost his job. He picked up Nadia, just wanting to talk to somebody. When defendant had Nadia in the room, he was angry and he wanted "to do something," but Nadia was too young for him. He took his clothes off and began taking a bath. Nadia became scared and asked to go home. Defendant told her to bring him a towel and that he would take her home. However, when Nadia approached him, defendant grabbed her hand and pulled her to the bathtub. When she started screaming, defendant pushed her over the tub and held her facedown in the water. He did not want anyone coming from next door to investigate because it would "start a big scene" and he would not be able to "explain all this."
Defendant initially denied sexually molesting Nadia, but then claimed that he did so only after she was dead and he had placed her on the bed, removing her panties. He said he molested her anally and inserted his finger into her vagina.
After the sex acts, defendant wrapped Nadia in the bedspread, which also served as the blanket for the motel bed. He was scared and did not want anyone to see him carry Nadia out of the room, so he brought a motel trash can to his room and put Nadia's body into it. He put the trash can into the trunk of his car and drove on the freeway while he thought about where to put her body. He proceeded to Griffith Park Observatory, where he waited until it was dark. He then left the trash can about a quarter-mile up the road from the Greek Theatre and drove back to Santa Ana. He checked out of the inn and went back home. He read the newspapers about Nadia's murder and knew his car matched the description of the car and that he resembled the composite drawing of the man who approached Sandra C. After he picked up his last paycheck from Taco Bell, defendant flew to San Antonio because he was worried that he would be apprehended.
Defendant presented testimony from a number of lay witnesses regarding his behavior prior to committing the crimes against Nadia. Defendant also presented the testimony of eight expert witnesses who testified about defendant's mental disorders and brain damage.
Defendant's parents testified that defendant had been different from their other children since he was a toddler. Defendant would withdraw from his mother's hugs and would throw tantrums, even in his crib. As he grew up, he was stubborn and would get angry. He would not listen to or obey directions and refused to do household chores. He got into a lot more trouble than the other children and his mother disciplined him to "straighten him out." She hit him with anything nearby, including a belt, a hanger, and a broomstick. One of defendant's brothers testified defendant had learning problems in school.
When defendant was about 12 or 13 years old, his parents began taking him to Mexico to visit a faith healer, a curandero. The curandero acted as a guide or an advisor to the family. He told defendant to pay attention and behave. On one of these visits, the other children stepped out of the room, leaving defendant and his parents with the curandero. About five minutes later, defendant ran outside. His face was red and his eyes were bulging. He told one of his brothers that they "made [him] see the good side and the bad side of hell."
Defendant's behavioral problems continued. Defendant's mother recalled one time when defendant became so enraged with her after she asked him a question about why he did not wear certain clothes that he pushed her against a closet and threw books at her. When defendant was 17 years old, he jabbed at his mother's stomach with a broomstick. At the time his mother was several months pregnant. His eyes were bulging and "lit up," his face was red, and he was cursing. As a result of that incident, defendant's father told defendant he needed to leave the house.
Defendant lived with at least 10 different women and was married a number of times. Two of his former wives testified at his trial.
Gloria Lara met defendant in high school when she was 14 or 15 years old. Defendant was a few years older than her. They were married in 1975 when
On cross-examination, Lara testified defendant called her sometime before Easter week of 1989. Defendant told her he was in California, but said there was nothing left for him there and he was coming to live in Texas. Lara picked defendant up from the San Antonio airport a few days before Easter. During the time between picking defendant up and defendant's arrest about a week later, Lara had several conversations with defendant. She told a prosecution investigator that during one of those conversations, defendant said he was enjoying himself at a San Antonio club, that the clubs in California were terrible and that "[o]ver there [California], you could kill somebody and get away with it." After defendant's arrest, Lara received a call from defendant from the jail. He told her he had been arrested for killing a nine-year-old girl. He said that he did not mean to kill her. When Lara asked defendant why he killed the girl, defendant said "she was getting out of hand."
After dating a short time, defendant married Maria Esparza in September 1984. Esparza and defendant only lived together for the next five months, during which time they had problems due to defendant's jealousy and anger. Defendant often threatened to leave Esparza. In January 1985, defendant came home and was picking up some clothes. Esparza asked defendant where he was going. Defendant responded by cursing at Esparza. He hit and pushed her into the bathroom and to the edge of the bathtub. As she was hanging over the bathtub, defendant placed his knee on her chest and his hands around her throat. He choked her. As she was losing consciousness, she heard him say he was going to kill her. He said: "Die, die." She managed to grab a small teaspoon or fork and jabbed him in the face. Defendant got up, called her a bitch, and ran away. Although the police were contacted, they could not find defendant and Esparza never saw him again. She subsequently filed for divorce.
Esparza recalled that something unusual happened during their wedding reception. Esparza's brother told defendant to try and make Esparza happy. Defendant did not like the comment and told Esparza's brother not to butt in. Defendant and her brother then got into a fight.
Jerry Taylor testified he met defendant in 1979 when they were assigned to the same army unit at Fort Colby in Panama. According to Taylor, defendant responded disrespectfully to criticism by superior officers, had a reputation for not accepting correction, and went AWOL for at least 30 days during the time he was posted there.
Sam Morrison worked with defendant in 1982 for about a year in a telemarketing firm. Morrison described defendant's odd behavior as including jumping on the top of his desk, running around his desk, and yelling into the phone. Defendant was the class clown in the office, and bragged that he "had women all over the country, all over the world." Defendant would visit Morrison's house and drink pitchers of margaritas with Morrison's father.
Paul Shawhan was defendant's supervisor in 1988 or early 1989 at USA Aluminum. According to Shawhan, defendant acted "like a self-appointed police officer," continually reporting other people's minor infractions. Shawhan said defendant had a bad temper and when something was not going exactly the way he wanted, he would get angry quickly. Shawhan eventually terminated defendant's employment because he got into a physical confrontation with another employee. Asked to describe the incident, Shawhan testified the other employee was simply paying for his food at a lunch truck when defendant became upset, "jump[ed] up in his face and start[ed] making all kinds of motions like he [defendant] was going to do something." Defendant seemed both angry and anxious. After Shawhan fired defendant, defendant responded that "it was okay" because the Los Angeles Police and Sheriff Departments were interested in employing people like him who possessed an "international passport."
Norma Sandoval was an assistant manager at a Taco Bell restaurant where defendant was also an assistant manager. She worked with him for several months in early 1989. Sandoval testified defendant got along reasonably well with others. When he worked, he would joke around and talk about having sex with multiple girls at the same time. Defendant asked her to go out. Sandoval said he made her feel nervous.
Mary Ann Scott was the manager of the Taco Bell restaurant where defendant worked as assistant manager for two months. Scott testified that
Scott's supervisor, Dennis Burkhart, testified that once when he was visiting the Taco Bell where defendant worked, defendant asked Burkhart to evaluate defendant's performance. When Burkhart relayed to defendant some of Scott's criticisms of him, defendant claimed Scott was picking on him. Defendant seemed angry, like he was boiling inside, and appeared frustrated. Defendant was perspiring, his eyes bulged out, his face was red and he glared at Burkhart. Burkhart was afraid that defendant was going to physically assault him.
On March 20, 1989, Scott called defendant at home around 6:30 or 7:00 a.m. She was upset and told him to come immediately to the Taco Bell because he had not cleaned the store properly when he closed the previous night. Defendant arrived about 10 minutes later and was angry. They got into a heated argument with raised voices. Defendant said Scott was always complaining and that if he could not do the job the way Scott wanted, then "I guess I am out of here." Scott told him that was stupid, but defendant threw his keys into the office on the desk and stomped out the door. Scott denied telling defendant that he was fired. A few days later, defendant came to the Taco Bell for his paycheck and said he was leaving California. Scott subsequently received a phone call from someone at a Taco Bell in San Antonio, Texas, asking about defendant because defendant was there and applying for a job. Scott relayed the information to the police, who had previously interviewed her.
Dr. Monte Buchsbaum, a professor of psychiatry and a director and supervisor of positron-emission tomography (PET) at Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, and Dr. Stephen Lottenberg, a nuclear medicine physician working with Buchsbaum, both testified about a PET scan administered to defendant in June 1991. The scan of defendant's brain showed abnormality or damage on the right side in the areas associated with emotional behavior, planning and organization. Buchsbaum testified he would expect defendant to have problems controlling impulsivity and rage. He believed the damage had existed for at least a decade, and specifically on the date defendant raped and killed Nadia. Lottenberg testified he could not determine whether the test results would have been the same had the scan been administered on the day of the crimes.
Dr. Paul Berg, a licensed psychologist and a marriage, family, and child counselor, evaluated defendant in November 1990 and in December 1992. He was asked to conduct a general psychological profile of defendant and to determine whether defendant was a sexual pedophile. Berg interviewed defendant and three members of defendant's family, administered a number of psychological tests to defendant, and reviewed multiple reports from other doctors and investigators.
Dr. Berg testified that defendant was "hypersexualized," but he did not fit the clinical definition of a pedophile. Although defendant reported he had sexually molested a younger sister, defendant was too young at the time for his conduct to support a diagnosis of pedophilia. Berg formed the opinion that defendant was suffering from a mental illness on March 20, 1989. Berg determined that the diagnostic possibilities for defendant were, in descending order: "schizophrenic disorder, major depression, alcohol abuse, and dependency." Berg found that defendant also had personality disorders, including paranoid personality and schizotypal personality. Berg stated that individuals with such severe disorders cannot handle stress.
Dr. Berg believed that a number of stressors occurred on March 20, 1989, which defendant could not handle, including the confrontation with his manager, his perception that he was fired, his feeling that he had to do something about it, his resulting rage and desire to kill Scott, his inability to earn money, and his attempt to obtain drugs to remediate how he was feeling. Berg opined that defendant sought Nadia's company because he was desperate, depressed, and seeking any source of reassurance. Berg surmised that
Defendant called Dr. Seawright Anderson, a board-certified psychiatrist who had been appointed by the court to render a professional opinion as to whether defendant was sane on the date he killed Nadia, to testify on behalf of the defense. Anderson conducted a mental status examination of defendant in August 1991. He diagnosed defendant with schizoaffective disorder, a history of polysubstance abuse, and a history of multiple head injuries. Based on subsequent reports, he also felt defendant had an organic personality disorder. According to Anderson, defendant's schizoaffective disorder made him frustrated, suicidal, and depressed. It impaired his judgment, insight, and ability to control his inner impulses and frustrations.
Dr. Anderson believed that on the day defendant raped and murdered Nadia, he was under stress related to his contact with Scott and the failure of his income tax refund check to arrive. He also was under the influence of controlled substances. Noting defendant's inconsistent accounts of the events surrounding his crimes, Anderson felt defendant was not lying, but was experiencing misconceptions over which he had no conscious control. Anderson believed defendant did perceive Nadia as a little girl, but at the time of the crimes he "actually did not perceive her fully as a little girl." His visual perception was distorted by his extreme anger, such that he believed he was killing Scott, not Nadia.
Dr. Jose J. LaCalle, a clinical psychologist, was appointed by the court as an expert for the defense. In order to evaluate defendant's mental health, LaCalle conducted multiple clinical interviews with defendant, reviewed defendant's medical, psychiatric, and criminal histories, interviewed family members, spouses and others, administered multiple psychological tests, and consulted with other defense experts. According to LaCalle, defendant's psychological testing produced mainly inconsistent or invalid results, but based on the remaining tests, his interviews with defendant, and defendant's medical and social histories, LaCalle concluded that defendant suffered from the following mental illnesses on March 20, 1989: organic personality syndrome, explosive type; borderline personality disorder, severe; and organic impairment, a medical condition. LaCalle believed that both of defendant's psychological disorders were in operation when defendant killed Nadia
Dr. Susan Fossum, another licensed clinical psychologist appointed by the court as an expert for the defense, examined defendant in late 1992. She diagnosed defendant with organic personality syndrome, explosive type, with overlapping chronic schizophrenia of the paranoid type, and narcissistic personality disorder with features of borderline personality disorder and sociopathic personality disorder. She also concluded that defendant's right frontal lobe, right and left temporal lobes, and right parietal lobe were marked by extensive dysfunction. She believed defendant had these diagnoses at the time he raped and murdered Nadia and that as a result of his disorders, defendant was unable to control his emotions, had poor self-monitoring, poor impulse control, poor judgment, and poor ability to distinguish or perceive reality. Fossum testified that defendant's difficulty with abstract thinking, his socially inappropriate behavior, naivety, and lack of self-critical ability were indicators of his brain damage. She believed that early in the morning of March 20, 1989, defendant's narcissistic personality structure began to undergo a disintegrative process caused by Scott's castigation of him. In a confused, fearful, and raging state, defendant lost control of himself and reached out to Nadia for reassurance and company. Fossum believed defendant was confused about what he was physically doing when he raped, sodomized, and killed Nadia.
Dr. Arnold Purisch, a clinical psychologist specializing in clinical neuropsychology, performed a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation of defendant in 1992 at the request of the defense. Purisch interviewed defendant for nine hours over two days, administered a battery of 21 neuropsychological tests, reviewed numerous records and reports detailing defendant's family, academic, military and work histories, and considered the reports prepared by other defense experts in the case. Purisch testified that he was impressed that, despite differences, when taken as a whole, there was a marked convergence among the experts who evaluated defendant concerning the types of mental conditions from which defendant was suffering at the time of the crimes. Purisch agreed that defendant's PET scan and BEAM study showed abnormalities in defendant's brain, conditions that could be chronic. The battery of neuropsychological tests administered by Purisch showed that defendant had cognitive and other neuropsychological problems consistent with his brain impairment. Purisch concluded defendant suffered from organic personality syndrome of the explosive type, accounting for the long-term behavioral problems he demonstrated. He believed defendant had the disorder on the date of the crimes against Nadia, but because of
A number of defendant's expert witnesses acknowledged on cross-examination that defendant could be malingering, that is, falsifying or exaggerating his psychological symptoms. Dr. LaCalle concluded that defendant was malingering, but testified he still had confidence in his expert opinions of defendant's mental illnesses. Dr. Berg did not diagnose defendant as a malingerer, but he did not rule it out. He found indications that could be considered malingering. Berg testified that defendant's bizarre actions during his trials — barking like a dog, turning counsel's table over, shaving his head — may have been calculated conduct by defendant, but that did not contradict the fact that defendant was also very mentally ill. Dr. Fossum did not diagnose defendant as a malingerer, although she had information in a report by a nontestifying expert, Dr. Edwards, that Dr. Edwards diagnosed defendant as a malingerer. Dr. Fossum noted in her report indications that were consistent with malingering. Dr. Purisch testified that defendant met the criteria for being a malingerer. He explained that although there was no evidence defendant malingered in his neurological testing, there was evidence he malingered on his personality testing and there were also other indications of malingering.
Dalila Flores testified that when she was 15 years old and in high school, she met defendant at a Taco Bell where he was the manager. Defendant asked her if she wanted a job. She said she did and gave him her name and phone number. Approximately a week later, defendant called and said he had a job application for her. They arranged to meet at another Taco Bell the next day.
Flores testified that when she met defendant, he told her she needed to accompany him to his "apartment" to get the application. Defendant took her to a motel room after stopping to buy some wine coolers. Defendant never gave her a job application or discussed a job application. He told Flores that when he had previously taken girls to the motel, he had stripped naked and they had photographed him before going to bed and doing "a blow job." When defendant asked Flores if she wanted to do the same, she said no. Defendant asked if she wanted him to show her a magazine like Playgirl or Playboy and she said no. Defendant then pushed her on the bed and tried to
Flores left the room and defendant followed her. She told him she was going home. Defendant apologized and offered to drive Flores home. Flores agreed, but asked to get out when they were about halfway to her house because she did not want defendant to know where she lived. She never saw defendant again.
Defendant testified on his own behalf in the sanity phase of his trial, as follows.
Defendant explained that on March 20, 1989, he had only three hours of sleep before Scott called him back into work. When he arrived, Scott complained about defendant's work and told him she was going to have to replace him. Defendant thought he was fired. He left the Taco Bell restaurant and drove away upset because he thought this job had been his final opportunity. He bought and drank some beer. He thought about killing himself. He bought some drugs, including cocaine, and checked into a motel around 11:00 a.m. He used the drugs and drank some more beer.
Defendant returned to the Taco Bell restaurant about an hour later, intending to "get back at" Scott, but there were too many people around her. He decided to go to the post office to see if his income tax refund check had arrived. It had not. As he walked back to his car, he had a conversation with a girl, who turned out to be Nadia. Defendant testified that he thought she was 19 or 20 years old. Nadia got into defendant's car. Defendant said he did not know why he took Nadia to the inn, but denied it was for the purpose of sexual conduct. When Nadia was cleaning up his room, defendant took a bath and snorted more cocaine.
About 20 minutes later, defendant got out of the bathtub. As he reached for a towel, Nadia came in without knocking and saw him naked. This angered defendant, who grabbed Nadia. When Nadia kicked him, defendant became even angrier. They had a scuffle and ended up falling over the edge of the bathtub into the water. Defendant stayed on top of Nadia. Defendant claimed he did not have the power to get off of her, that he did not know what he was trying to do to her, and that he just did it. It was Scott he saw, not Nadia.
When defendant went back into the bathroom, he knew something was wrong. He grabbed the mattress off the bed and placed Nadia onto it. Nadia had defecated and it smelled, so defendant pulled down her underwear and cleaned her off. Defendant wondered if Nadia was playing dead and to find out, he sodomized her. He testified he thought it was the right thing to do to see if she was alive.
Defendant claimed he thought he had killed Scott. He did not want to kill Nadia.
Defendant testified that the statements he made to the police when questioned were lies. He told them what they wanted to hear because they said they were going to shoot him. Defendant denied making up stories when he spoke to the doctors, but later admitted he was not truthful with Dr. Ronald Siegal because he wanted Siegal to leave him alone. He probably lied to Dr. LaCalle because he was angry with him. Defendant claimed Flores lied during her testimony.
Dr. LaCalle and Dr. Berg testified again at the sanity phase of defendant's trial. LaCalle concluded defendant's personality disorder severely impaired his ability to make proper decisions. Defendant's impairment was so extreme that he fell within the parameters of legal insanity at the time of Nadia's death and when he sodomized her. Berg also opined that defendant was unable to distinguish right from wrong and did not recognize the nature and quality of his actions at the time he committed the crimes against Nadia.
Defendant called two additional expert witnesses. Dr. Consuelo Edwards, a physician who specialized in psychiatry, testified defendant had multiple personality disorders and suffered from frontal and temporal lobe dysfunction for most of his life. She concluded defendant was legally insane when he committed the crimes against Nadia in an uncontrollable rage and without consideration of what he was doing. Dr. John Reid Meloy, a licensed psychologist specializing in forensic psychology, testified that he believed defendant did not understand the quality of his act of kidnapping Nadia and that when defendant raped and murdered Nadia he was incapable of distinguishing right from wrong.
The sole witness called by the prosecution at the sanity phase was Sergeant Gary Bruce of the Santa Ana Police Department. Bruce, who participated in the interrogation of defendant in San Antonio following his arrest there,
The jury concluded defendant was sane at the time of the crimes.
At the penalty phase of trial, the prosecution called only one witness — Sara Puente, Nadia's mother, who provided victim impact testimony. The prosecution relied on the circumstances of the crime, including the victim impact testimony of Mrs. Puente, the incidents of violence against Lara and Esparza, and defendant's courtroom behavior during the sanity phase (defendant got out of his chair and advanced toward the prosecutor while uttering threats) as aggravating circumstances warranting the death penalty.
Defendant presented the testimony of 10 friends and family members regarding defendant's behavior when he was with them and their belief that his life should be spared. Defendant also presented the testimony of a sentencing consultant who testified defendant could adjust to life in prison if he was sentenced to life without the possibility of parole. Finally, defendant presented the testimony of a psychiatrist who testified to nine psychiatric factors regarding defendant that he thought the jury should consider in determining defendant's sentence.
Defendant contends the trial court erred in denying his motion for mistrial brought under People v. Wheeler (1978) 22 Cal.3d 258 [148 Cal.Rptr. 890, 583 P.2d 748] (Wheeler) and Batson v. Kentucky (1986) 476 U.S. 79 [90 L.Ed.2d 69, 106 S.Ct. 1712] (Batson). In the trial court, defendant asserted the prosecutor impermissibly used peremptory challenges to remove three Hispanic prospective jurors, one African-American prospective juror, and one prospective juror who described himself as "Mex-Blk" (Mexican-Black), based on their race. On appeal, defendant claims that the prosecutor's reasons for exercising his peremptory challenges against the five prospective jurors are not supported by the record and that the trial court failed to make a serious attempt to evaluate the genuineness of the prosecutor's explanation. Defendant contends his federal and state constitutional rights were violated and that reversal of the entire judgment is required. We reject defendant's claims.
Therefore, "[a]t the third stage of the Wheeler/Batson inquiry, `the issue comes down to whether the trial court finds the prosecutor's race-neutral explanations to be credible. Credibility can be measured by, among other factors, the prosecutor's demeanor; by how reasonable, or how improbable, the explanations are; and by whether the proffered rationale has some basis in accepted trial strategy.' [Citation.] In assessing credibility, the court draws upon its contemporaneous observations of the voir dire. It may also rely on the court's own experiences as a lawyer and bench officer in the community, and even the common practices of the advocate and the office that employs him or her. [Citation.]" (People v. Lenix, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 613, fn. omitted, quoting Miller-El v. Cockrell (2003) 537 U.S. 322, 339 [154 L.Ed.2d 931, 123 S.Ct. 1029].)
"`Review of a trial court's denial of a Wheeler/Batson motion is deferential, examining only whether substantial evidence supports its conclusions. [Citation.] "We review a trial court's determination regarding the sufficiency of a prosecutor's justifications for exercising peremptory challenges `"with great restraint."' [Citation.] We presume that a prosecutor uses peremptory challenges in a constitutional manner and give great deference to the trial court's ability to distinguish bona fide reasons from sham excuses. [Citation.] So long as the trial court makes a sincere and reasoned effort to evaluate the nondiscriminatory justifications offered, its conclusions are entitled to deference on appeal. [Citation.]"' [Citation.]" (People v. Vines (2011) 51 Cal.4th 830, 848 [124 Cal.Rptr.3d 830, 251 P.3d 943].)
With these principles in mind, we turn to the circumstances in this case.
Defendant moved for a mistrial pursuant to Wheeler/Batson after the prosecutor exercised a peremptory challenge to exclude Prospective Juror M.L., who described herself as Hispanic. Defendant argued that the prosecutor was impermissibly excusing prospective jurors who were Hispanic or African-American. Defendant initially identified four such prospective jurors — M.L. and E.V., who were Hispanic, L.M., who was African-American, and R.M, who was both Hispanic and African-American. Defendant later added Prospective Juror A.M.-F., who identified himself as "Latin-American."
The trial court found a prima facie case was stated. It noted that of the 16 peremptory challenges exercised by the prosecution, the prosecutor had used five of them to exclude people who were either African-American or Hispanic. The trial court stated that it was not obvious why the prosecutor excluded each of the identified persons. The court later explained that its statement was based on its lack of recall of the voir dire specific to these jurors at that time. Under the circumstances, the court concluded it would require the prosecution to justify its use of its peremptory challenges.
After a hearing, at which the prosecutor stated his reasons for excusing each of the five identified prospective jurors, the trial court found that the prosecutor had not used any of its peremptory challenges in order to excuse prospective jurors based on their race and denied defendant's motion.
We examine defendant's claims of error.
Prospective Juror L.M. identified herself in her jury questionnaire as "Black." She stated that she was 42 years old, a high school graduate, married, with two children in their early 20's and was employed as an office associate. The prosecutor justified his peremptory challenge to her based on her responses to oral voir dire.
The prosecutor stated that his first concern was Prospective Juror L.M.'s statement that she was looking forward to sitting on a capital case. He stated that because of the enormity of the decision in a capital case, he was skeptical or suspicious of anyone who was looking forward to sitting as a juror in such a case. He questioned whether L.M. might have a specific reason or agenda for wanting to be seated on the jury. Second, the prosecutor noted L.M.'s claim that she was not apprehensive about making a life-and-death decision in a capital case. The prosecutor said that, considered with the statement that she was looking forward to the decision, this comment raised the concern that L.M. did not fully understand the gravity of a juror's personal responsibility in a capital case. Third, in response to questioning by defense counsel, L.M. said her daughter was taking psychology in college, but denied that she ever discussed any of her daughter's classwork with her. The prosecutor expressed skepticism that a woman who has a college-age daughter living with her and who has knowledge of her daughter's career plans would never talk to her about classwork. In light of the statements indicating she wanted to serve on the jury, the prosecutor inferred L.M. might be trying to avoid a challenge based on her having discussed psychology or psychiatry with her daughter. Fourth, the prosecutor noted L.M.'s inconsistent statements about the death penalty. L.M. indicated, in response to a question about whether she had ever taken a position with respect to the death penalty, that she recalled an instance where she had spoken with friends about the death penalty and she had taken the position that it was "wrong." When asked whether she had ever read anything about the death penalty, she said no. She did not recall the specifics of the situation in which she took the position that the death penalty was wrong. Asked how she felt about the death penalty, whether it was used too seldom, too often or just right, she stated that she had no opinion. This comment concerned the prosecutor because she had just stated that in one instance she had taken the position that it was wrong.
The trial court noted preliminarily that it is not improper for a prosecutor to use a peremptory challenge to excuse prospective jurors who are reluctant to impose or have reservations about imposing the death penalty even if they are not excusable for cause under Wainwright v. Witt (1985) 469 U.S. 412 [83 L.Ed.2d 841, 105 S.Ct. 844]. The trial court also observed that both sides approach prospective jurors from different perspectives. When there are two
With that in mind, the court observed that Prospective Juror L.M. never previously had been required to make any decision regarding life or death. She had no opinion as to whether the death penalty was used too often or too infrequently. The trial court found it significant that L.M. said she did not remember the Robert Alton Harris case, even though his execution the previous year was the first execution in California for 35 years and the case had received massive amounts of publicity. The trial court found the prosecutor was justified in having doubts about L.M.'s ability to deal with the death penalty and to give it serious consideration in this case. According to the trial court, L.M.'s answers regarding this responsibility reflected a lower level of concern compared to the average juror. In addition, the trial court found the prosecutor's reservations regarding L.M. were justified in light of her seeming lack of involvement and thought about the issue in the past, which the trial court found hard to believe. It determined that the prosecutor had stated a nonrace-related reason for excusing her.
In his jury questionnaire, Prospective Juror E.V. identified himself as "Spinish [sic]." He stated that he was married, 27 years old, a high school graduate, and had attended one year of community college studying art. He was employed by a supermarket as a meatcutter. Responding to the question asking for the ages, level of education, and occupation of any children, E.V. stated that he had one child who was seven years old and in first grade. He made the mistake of entering his own occupation — meatcutter — as his child's occupation.
The prosecutor stated the following reasons why he excused Prospective Juror E.V. with a peremptory challenge. He noted that E.V. was 27 years old. He had been working as a meatcutter for six and a half years. He had a son who was seven years old. Thus, from a relatively young age, E.V. had been absorbed by work and family. The prosecutor also noted E.V.'s level of education and that E.V. listed only "Hot V.W." when asked about the books he read for pleasure. The prosecutor explained that this was significant to him because the defense had 14 doctors appointed as experts and he anticipated that some of their testimony would discuss the most sophisticated brain-scanning techniques that currently existed. The prosecution did not intend to call any experts of its own in this area, but would be cross-examining and challenging the defense experts. The prosecutor felt it was important that jurors have a broader level of life experience than E.V., in terms of socialization, work history and level of education. The prosecutor also was
The trial court found the prosecutor's justification race neutral and nonpretextual, based in part on E.V.'s responses regarding his life experience and ability to grapple properly with the issues. The court stated that it had made its own note that E.V. was not able to spell even his own ethnic origin correctly, that he made several other misspellings on the questionnaire, and that he answered the question regarding his child's occupation with his own occupation. The court observed that E.V. appeared particularly susceptible to being led by the form of voir dire questions. E.V. was initially confused by the court's reading of the penalty phase instructions and it took some time for him to understand what was being discussed. The trial court wrote that E.V. was "not too bright, but seems fair." The trial court found that the prosecutor had a reasonable basis for concluding E.V. was not a strong person and might be overwhelmed by the anticipated mental health testimony and that this had nothing to do with E.V.'s race.
Defendant claims the prosecution's stated reasons are inherently implausible in light of the whole record because, he asserts, the record makes clear that E.V.'s life experience was broad enough that he would have made a suitable juror. Defendant contends the prosecutor did not challenge Caucasian Prospective Jurors and Jurors R.D., T.S., C.B., N.W., C.A., and S.S., who had similar levels of education, limited activities outside of work and light reading interests.
The record supports the trial court's evident view that the prosecutor had race-neutral and nonpretextual reasons for challenging E.V., including on the basis of his limited life experience, which constitutes a race-neutral explanation for a peremptory challenge. (People v. Sims (1993) 5 Cal.4th 405, 429 [20 Cal.Rptr.2d 537, 853 P.2d 992]; People v. Perez (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1313, 1328 [35 Cal.Rptr.2d 103].) Importantly, as the trial court noted, the prosecutor combined the reservation about 27-year-old E.V.'s limited life experience with a concern about E.V.'s intellectual capacity. A concern with a juror's ability to understand the proceedings and anticipated testimony is another proper basis for a challenge. (People v. Turner (1994) 8 Cal.4th 137, 169 [32 Cal.Rptr.2d 762, 878 P.2d 521]; People v. Muhammad (2003) 108 Cal.App.4th 313,
Defendant contends a comparison of Caucasian seated and Prospective Jurors R.D., T.S., C.B., N.W., C.A., and S.S. with E.V. reveals that the prosecutor's stated reasons for excusing E.V. were nevertheless pretextual.
The rationale for comparative juror analysis is that a side-by-side comparison of a prospective juror struck by the prosecutor with a prospective juror accepted by the prosecutor may provide relevant circumstantial evidence of purposeful discrimination by the prosecutor. (Miller-El v. Dretke, supra, 545 U.S. at p. 241; People v. Lenix, supra, 44 Cal.4th at pp. 621-622.) In this case, S.S. was called into the jury box after the prosecutor and the defense had each exercised two peremptory challenges. At the next opportunity to exercise peremptory challenges, the defense excused S.S. immediately after the prosecutor excused E.V. The prosecution had remaining peremptory challenges at the time S.S. was excused, but never had an opportunity to excuse or accept S.S. as a juror before he was struck by the defense. Therefore, a comparison of E.V. to S.S. under these circumstances lacks any probative value concerning the issue of intentional discrimination by the prosecutor.
Turning to the remaining Caucasian seated and prospective jurors identified by defendant, only Prospective Juror T.S. (29 years old) was of a similar age and had somewhat similar life experience to E.V.
Prospective Juror A.M.-F. identified himself in his jury questionnaire as "Latin-American." He stated he was a 28-year-old sales associate. He had a bachelor's degree in psychology and had taken postgraduate classes or seminars on developmental psychology. He listed his three favorite books as I, Claudius and Claudius the God by Robert Graves and "Legitimacy Crisis for Liberal Democracy" by Habermas. He identified the most recent book he read for pleasure as Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler.
The prosecutor prefaced his statement of reasons for excusing Prospective Juror A.M.-F. with the comment that A.M.-F. "did not appear" Hispanic nor did he have a surname that would indicate such heritage. The only thing indicating he belonged to such an ethnic group was the fact that he identified himself on his questionnaire as "Latin-American." The prosecutor then stated that he excused A.M.-F. because he had been a psychology major in college; he indicated on voir dire that he had taken 25 courses in the area of psychology; he had recently taken some postgraduate classes in psychology; and he was thinking of getting a master's degree in psychology. A.M.-F. had helped administer the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (M.M.P.I.) and had taken classes with respect to that psychological test. The prosecutor felt A.M.-F. would have a predisposition toward accepting defense psychological evidence in this case as a valid and legitimate approach to answering questions that would be presented to the jury. He was concerned that other jurors might use him as a source of information during deliberations. The prosecutor stated that he also excused A.M.-F. because A.M.-F. indicated he had a sister who had been in and out of incarceration. Further, A.M.-F. had driven on a suspended license in violation of a court order or directive from the Department of Motor Vehicles. Finally, the prosecutor was uncomfortable with a person who derived pleasure from reading books by Adolf Hitler.
The trial court found that the prosecutor's fear that A.M.-F. might have a predisposition to accept the testimony of psychologists as an explanation for defendant's actions was justified in light of A.M.-F.'s major, the number of classes he had taken and the fact that he had administered the M.M.P.I. himself. The court concluded that A.M.-F.'s education in psychology, "which was far beyond the norm," provided a reasonable basis for the challenge.
We agree that A.M.-F.'s educational background, interest, and experience in the field of psychology was a race-neutral reason justifying his excusal.
Defendant contends the prosecutor's failure to excuse Caucasian Prospective Jurors and Jurors T.B., D.H., G.P., C.S., and D.B., who each had studied psychology, shows the prosecutor's excusal of A.M.-F. was not genuinely based on this factor. As defendant acknowledges, none of these jurors had studied psychology as intensively as A.M.-F. Jurors T.B., G.P., C.S., and Prospective Juror D.B had each taken a single psychology course in college. Juror D.H. listed psychology as her major when she attended a two-year college. But when questioned about it, she stated that she took a psychology course for only one year of her two years. These levels of background and interest do not compare to A.M.-F.'s 25 college courses, postgraduate classes and interest in a master's degree in psychology. That other Caucasian prospective jurors, who were not excused by the prosecutor, may have violated criminal laws or had family members who had criminal histories similar to A.M.-F. (two of the other reasons stated by the prosecutor for excusing A.M.-F.) does not make them comparable to A.M.-F. when none of those jurors possessed A.M.-F's elevated level of education, interest, and experience in psychology.
The record supports the conclusion that the prosecutor excused A.M.-F. on a race-neutral basis.
Prospective Juror R.M. identified himself in his jury questionnaire as "Mex-Blk." He wrote that he was 37 years old, married, and employed as a manager of a retail store. He stated that he previously taught mentally handicapped children.
The trial court agreed with the prosecutor that Prospective Juror R.M. vacillated considerably. The court noted that R.M. said several times that he had serious doubts whether he could be a fair juror, but said he would try. Later, R.M. seemed more inclined to believe he could be fair, but still not without reservation. The court recalled R.M. saying that human life is most precious "no matter what this person has done." According to the trial court, although R.M. was not being asked about this case, his use of the term "this person" may have indicated he was improperly considering the question as it applied to defendant. The court felt that the prosecutor could rightfully be concerned by R.M.'s comment and that combined with R.M.'s vacillation, the prosecutor's challenge was justified — that is, race neutral and not pretextual.
Defendant argues the prosecutor's excusal of R.M. must have been racially motivated because R.M. consistently affirmed that he could set aside his feelings and judge the case fairly despite his initial concern about being able to be fair. Defendant also claims R.M.'s voir dire responses suggest that the prosecutor should have wanted him as a juror, but for his race, because R.M. made comments suggesting he was inclined to place the burden of proof on the defense.
Moreover, the prosecutor also justified the challenged excusal on R.M.'s emotional state, which, as the prosecutor suggested, might indicate an inability to cope with the trial and deliberations. Concern that a prospective juror is extremely emotional and overwhelmed by outside stresses is a proper race-neutral ground for a peremptory challenge. (People v. Gutierrez (2002) 28 Cal.4th 1083, 1124 [124 Cal.Rptr.2d 373, 52 P.3d 572].)
Defendant again argues that the credibility of the prosecutor's statement of reasons is undercut by a comparative juror analysis. Defendant complains that the prosecutor did not challenge several Caucasian prospective jurors who expressed reservations about the death penalty. Defendant identifies Jurors T.B., J.R., and W.S., as well as Prospective Juror R.S., as being in this category. None of these jurors, however, questioned his or her own ability to be fair or appeared emotionally upset.
Finally, we note that, as part of his reason for excusing R.M., the prosecutor stated his surprise regarding R.M.'s claim to have never called for emergency medical services during the time he worked with disabled children. The prosecutor may have been questioning R.M.'s memory or his forthrightness. Either way, his concern was not so implausible as to reveal that the other reasonable grounds stated for his challenge constituted shams.
Prospective Juror M.L. identified herself in her jury questionnaire as "Hispanic." She stated that she was 22 years old, married, a high school graduate, and had a two-month-old child. She was employed as an office assistant at a county health care agency.
The prosecutor stated that he had a number of reasons for excusing M.L., but two were primary. First, M.L. answered "no" to the question on the jury questionnaire asking whether she or anyone close to her had ever been the victim of a crime against person or property. However, during individual voir dire, it was revealed that M.L.'s cousin in San Diego, with whom she was
The trial court found the prosecutor's statement of reasons to be reasonable and credible. The court noted there was a basis for the prosecutor to be skeptical of M.L.'s explanation for the omission on her juror questionnaire. The trial court also confirmed that M.L. at one point stated she did not think it right to impose the death penalty, even though she later expressed a seemingly different view. According to the court, M.L. seemed like a person who vacillates and can be led by a questioner. The court concluded the prosecutor did not excuse M.L. on the basis of racial or group bias.
Defendant contends the record does not support the prosecutor's argument that M.L.'s responses suggested she was not paying enough attention to the process or her responsibilities in the case. Defendant argues M.L. satisfactorily explained her failure to mention her cousin and brother in the jury questionnaire, and complains that a fair reading of the record shows M.L. supported the death penalty and could vote for it if she believed it appropriate. Moreover, as defendant previously argued, a number of Caucasian prospective jurors expressed some resistance to the death penalty, but were not excused by the prosecutor by way of peremptory challenges.
M.L.'s failure to disclose information in response to the jury questionnaire and her later claim of forgetfulness in explanation supply a factual basis for the prosecutor's concern that she was not paying enough attention to the process and to her responsibilities. A genuine concern that a prospective juror is not forthcoming or is not paying sufficient attention to the proceedings is a race-neutral basis for a peremptory challenge (People v. Lenix, supra, 44
We note that the trial court, in reaching its decision on defendant's motion, expressly recognized its duty to carefully evaluate the prosecutor's stated reasons in order to distinguish bona fide reasons from sham excuses belatedly contrived to conceal discrimination. As we have discussed, the court separately considered the prosecutor's basis for challenging each of the identified prospective jurors and determined that such reasons were adequately supported by the record.
In addition, the trial court relied on several casewide factors that it found relevant to its consideration of the motion. First, it noted that the same prosecutor had tried this case previously; the court was not aware of the prosecutor ever deliberately misleading the court about a matter of importance in that trial; the prosecutor did not use all of his peremptory challenges during that trial, and one juror who identified herself as Mexican-American actually sat as a juror in that trial. Second, the trial court noted that the victim, as well as the defendant, in this case was Hispanic, so it was unlikely the prosecutor would be concerned about minorities unduly identifying with the defendant. Third, the prosecutor questioned in depth all five of the prospective jurors at issue. Fourth, during this jury selection process, the prosecutor had accepted the jury several times when minorities were in the jury box. Indeed, there was one remaining minority prospective juror in the jury box at the time of defendant's Wheeler/Batson motion. The prosecutor had "passed" at least two times since this juror had been seated in the box. Considered in combination, the totality of these circumstances convinced the trial court that the prosecutor had not used any peremptory challenge to exclude members of a racial group.
We reject defendant's claim of error in the trial court's denial of his Wheeler/Batson motion.
Dr. Anderson testified on direct examination that he was requested to evaluate defendant under section 1026 (relating to pleas of not guilty by reason of insanity) and that such evaluation included a mental status examination of defendant. As a result of this examination, Anderson diagnosed defendant with schizoaffective disorder, a history of polysubstance abuse and a history of multiple head injuries. He also believed defendant has an organic personality disorder.
On cross-examination, Dr. Anderson conceded that the validity of his expert opinion was directly related to the accuracy of the information on which it was based, including the honesty of defendant's interview statements. The prosecution questioned whether defendant may have been lying to Anderson during the interview. Anderson testified that he did not credit everything defendant told him during his interview, but he did not believe defendant was lying. Rather, he concluded defendant was repressing information and had selective recall. He thought defendant's statements regarding the crimes reflected a misconception of what was happening, over which defendant had no conscious control. Anderson believed defendant when defendant told him that he saw Scott in the bathroom, not Nadia, and that was when defendant decided to kill the child. He also believed defendant when defendant told him that he did not recall the act of drowning Nadia, but saw "a vision" of drowning her. Part of the symptoms of schizoaffective disorder is "distortion in reality testing."
Dr. Anderson testified defendant's schizoaffective disorder influenced defendant to kidnap Nadia because it made him more frustrated, more suicidal, and more depressed. According to Anderson, defendant's disorder
Dr. Anderson testified that he formed the impression that defendant had recognized that Nadia was a little girl when he picked her up and drove her to the motel room. Anderson also believed that defendant perceived a little girl while he was with her in the motel room before Nadia was killed, including while he was sexually assaulting her. But, when defendant killed Nadia, Anderson believed defendant perceived a little girl, "but not totally." Defendant "still saw Mary [Scott], the face of Mary." Anderson explained that when defendant was actually killing Nadia, "he knew he was killing a person, but because of this extreme anger it just distorted his visual perception.... Yes, he knew it was a little girl, but he actually did not perceive her at the time of the act fully as a little girl. He knew he was killing someone."
The prosecutor then asked Dr. Anderson if he concluded "that the defendant knew the difference between right and wrong when he killed [Nadia]?" Defendant objected that it was irrelevant, immaterial, and beyond the scope of direct examination. The trial court overruled the objection and Anderson answered: "Yes, sir, I feel — I feel at the time that — the fact that he did know the difference between right and wrong."
Defendant argues the trial court erred by allowing the prosecution to elicit Dr. Anderson's testimony that defendant knew the difference between right and wrong when he was killing Nadia because the evidence was relevant only to defendant's insanity defense. (§ 25, subd. (b).) According to defendant, the evidence was irrelevant (§ 1026, subd. (a)) to the only issue raised at the guilt phase by defendant's mental health evidence; that is, whether defendant actually formed the required specific intent, premeditated, deliberated, or harbored malice aforethought. (§ 28, subd. (a).) Defendant argues consideration of Anderson's assertedly irrelevant testimony at the guilt phase could only have misled and confused the jury. He also claims the testimony was impermissible under sections 28 and 29, which exclude expert testimony regarding a defendant's capacity to form a required mental state and expert testimony stating a conclusion that a defendant did or did not have a required mental state. (People v. Coddington (2000) 23 Cal.4th 529, 582 [97 Cal.Rptr.2d 528, 2 P.3d 1081].) Defendant claims the erroneous admission of the testimony had the effect of violating his federal constitutional rights under the Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments.
The Attorney General contends, however, that Anderson's testimony also had relevance to the guilt phase issues of defendant's actual mental state and because the jury was not instructed in the guilt phase as to the definition of sanity, the jury would not have been misled or confused into considering the testimony for any purpose other than its relevancy to such mental state.
We need not resolve the question of whether the challenged testimony might have had some relevance in this particular case to the guilt phase issue of defendant's actual mental state. Any error in admitting Anderson's testimony over defendant's relevancy objection was harmless. (People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836 [299 P.2d 243]; see People v. Fuiava (2012) 53 Cal.4th 622, 671 [137 Cal.Rptr.3d 147, 269 P.3d 568] [applying the Watson standard to the claim of erroneous admission of evidence].)
Moreover, we note that the prosecution evidence concerning the issue of intent to kidnap showed planning activity in that defendant rented a motel room for two people and after unsuccessfully trying to entice Sandra C. into his car with a ruse about being a teacher, defendant successfully used the same ruse to get Nadia into his car. He drove Nadia directly to the motel room he had earlier rented. Evidence that defendant told the police later that he "wanted to do something" with Nadia went to the sexual nature of his intent, and his sexual motivation also emerged when he said he thought she was "too young." Of course, the evidence also established that defendant raped and sodomized Nadia. In rebuttal, the prosecution introduced additional evidence regarding defendant's conduct with Flores — the use of a ruse to get a minor girl to a motel room for the purpose of sexual assault. There also was evidence of defendant's premeditated intent to kill. Defendant told the police that, at one point, Nadia started to scream and that he did not want anyone coming from next door because he would not be able to "explain all this." The evidence of the manner of death also demonstrated an intent to kill. It showed Nadia was asphyxiated as a result of having her chest compressed while she was bent over the edge of the bathtub, consistent with someone trying to silence her.
In order to counter this strong evidence of defendant's intent to kidnap Nadia for purposes of sexual assault, his intent to commit the charged sexual offenses, and his deliberate and premeditated intent to kill her, defendant presented the testimony of numerous lay witnesses and eight expert witnesses regarding his past behavior and mental disorders. The evidence was proffered in support of the inference that defendant's mental problems made it unlikely defendant formed the requisite mental states. The value of the evidence was reduced, however, because defendant had not presented a consistent version of the events on the day of the crimes or explanation of his actions to his mental health experts. Indeed, Dr. LaCalle acknowledged defendant gave him
Defendant nevertheless contends that admission of the testimony violated sections 28 and 29,
Defendant did not object to the prosecutor's question based on sections 28 and 29. Nor did his stated objections (relevancy, materiality, scope of direct examination) make it obvious or otherwise fairly inform the trial court and the prosecution that defendant objected to the question because such testimony lay outside the boundaries set by these statutes. Defendant's claims on
They are also meritless. Asking Dr. Anderson whether he believed defendant understood the difference between right and wrong when he killed Nadia did not seek evidence of defendant's capacity to form any mental state. (§ 28, subd. (a); see People v. Smithey (1999) 20 Cal.4th 936, 961 [86 Cal.Rptr.2d 243, 978 P.2d 1171].) Nor did the question elicit Anderson's opinion on the ultimate issue: whether defendant acted with, or lacked, a particular mental state. (§ 29; see People v. Samayoa (1997) 15 Cal.4th 795, 837 [64 Cal.Rptr.2d 400, 938 P.2d 2].) Even assuming, without deciding, that section 29 extends to preclude expert opinion testimony that is tantamount to stating an opinion that defendant did or did not have the mental state required for the crime charged (People v. Nunn (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 1357, 1364 [58 Cal.Rptr.2d 294]; People v. Czahara (1988) 203 Cal.App.3d 1468, 1476-1477 [250 Cal.Rptr. 836]; but see People v. Cortes (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 873, 910-911 [121 Cal.Rptr.3d 605]), Anderson's testimony was not such testimony. There was no violation of the provisions of sections 28 and 29.
During cross-examination of Dr. Fossum, the prosecutor inquired about the subpoena duces tecum he sent for the records of her file in this case. Fossum testified that she responded to the subpoena by sending copies of all requested records to the court. She explained that she sent the records with a declaration stating, "the attached records are a complete and true copy of all records pursuant to the subpoena," but she also sent a separate declaration notifying the prosecution that she had not sent certain equipment that she needed on a daily basis. Under further questioning, Fossum admitted that it was not only physical equipment that she failed to produce. She also did not send copies of the instructional booklet that accompanied the Rorschach test; the administration and scoring manuals for other tests; the directions for administering the psychological tests; seven "case books" of materials sent to her by the defense investigation firm, including defendant's diary and his autobiography; and copies of all items shown to defendant, including pictures. Fossum claimed she did not understand that the prosecutor wanted all of these materials, but admitted she did not call the prosecutor to discuss the necessity for her production of these voluminous records and materials. Instead, she contacted the defense investigator regarding the subpoena.
In a similar line of enquiry, the prosecutor asked Dr. Fossum if she took written notes when she interviewed defendant. Fossum testified that she made
The prosecutor then asked whether in a previous criminal case in which Dr. Fossum had been appointed to work as a defense expert, she had interviewed the defendant, tape-recorded the interviews, and then destroyed the tapes. Defendant objected that the prosecutor was seeking irrelevant and immaterial information. The prosecutor responded that the evidence went to bias. The court asked the parties to approach the bench and, after discussion outside the hearing of the jury, the court ruled that the questions would be allowed because they went to Fossum's credibility and tended to show her bias.
Dr. Fossum answered the prosecutor's renewed question by denying that she destroyed her interview tapes in the previous case. She explained that in response to a request for the tapes in that case, she sent copies of all the tapes still in her possession to the public defender, who then sent them to the district attorney's office. Fossum admitted that she did not know whether the tapes that she gave to the public defender constituted all of the tape-recorded interviews and testified that when she was asked about the tapes during the trial of the previous case, she admitted that it was possible that some of the tapes had been reused and no longer existed. She testified she did not know in fact whether that had happened.
On redirect examination, Dr. Fossum explained that she had responded to a subpoena duces tecum from the prosecutor's office in a prior case, and used the same procedure as she did here. That is, she offered to arrange for identical equipment to be viewed by the prosecution or to bring the equipment to court on the day she was going to testify. She did not receive any instructions from the prosecutor in response.
Defendant contends the trial court prejudicially erred in permitting Dr. Fossum to be questioned regarding her handling of the interview tapes in
Here, the prosecutor's questioning went to evidence from which the jury could draw an inference that Dr. Fossum was biased. As noted, she had responded to his subpoena with less than all of the materials he requested. The prosecutor also elicited testimony that she did not produce all of her notes, but only selectively included some of the notes in her report. The prosecutor's proposed questions concerning Fossum's handling of the interview tapes in the prior case were relevant to establish a basis upon which the jury could find that Fossum's failure to fully comply with the subpoena in this case was not the result of an innocuous misunderstanding or forgetfulness, but rather an expression of antipathy toward the prosecution.
We are persuaded by our reading of the record of the bench conference on defendant's objection that the prosecutor made a sufficient showing, based on a good faith belief that his inquiry would reveal bias, for the trial court to allow the proposed questioning of Dr. Fossum. The prosecutor stated that the basis for his question to Fossum about the prior case was a conversation he had with the prosecutor in the prior case who told him Fossum had testified to destroying interview tapes. Contemporaneous notes of an interview of a
Contrary to defendant's argument, the prosecutor did not need to establish more in order to demonstrate that cross-examination of Dr. Fossum about her handling of the tapes in the prior case would be relevant to show her possible bias in this case. It was enough to show a good faith belief that Fossum had failed to preserve her original interview tapes of the defendant in the prior case, and that the prosecution had questioned her at trial about that failure. A rational inference that a jury could draw from such evidence would be that when Fossum handled the disks and notes in the present case, she knew that, as the prosecutor put it, her "raw data" of a defendant's interview was significant to the prosecution and should be preserved. A further possible rational inference would be that her failure in this case to copy or otherwise ensure the preservation of her full notes and to produce those materials in response to the subpoena reflected a desire to resist disclosure and potentially conceal source materials from the prosecution. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in ruling that the prosecutor was entitled to explore such potential bias as part of the cross-examination.
Near the beginning of her testimony, Dr. Fossum testified that she was asked to analyze the extent to which events in defendant's workplace might have triggered or led to the crimes against Nadia. The prosecutor objected to further questions based on a lack of foundation, adding that the question called for speculation regarding Fossum's qualifications to make such an assessment. The trial court allowed the prosecutor to voir dire Fossum regarding her qualifications.
During the voir dire examination, Dr. Fossum admitted she had not published any paper with respect to the effect of workplace environment on homicides, and that she had not conducted any research with respect to the causal relationship between being fired and subsequently committing homicide. Fossum claimed, however, that her graduate school doctoral level exams in psychological assessment and broad use of psychological assessment instruments tested her ability to validly and accurately assess the effect of a firing on subsequent conduct, including homicide. The prosecutor renewed the objection to Fossum's qualifications and, continuing outside the presence of the jury, added that it was for the jury to decide the question of whether there was any link between defendant's job loss and the killing of Nadia.
Still outside the presence of the jury, Dr. Fossum described, in further support of her qualifications, her educational background, her training and clinical experience with respect to identifying and assessing various stressors that affected the behavior of her patients, her psychological and clinical evaluation of defendant, her previous qualification as an expert in approximately 50 to 75 cases and her testimony in the penalty phase of one other capital trial in which she considered the defendant's job loss in connection with his psychosocial history. She testified that because there had been a limited number of workplace homicides since 1989, very few psychologists had come into contact with a patient who was fired and then killed somebody on the same day. Nevertheless, she explained, a psychologist is capable of assessing the subject's psychological history and commenting on his state of mind at the time he engages in a range of behaviors. She agreed she was a clinician, not a researcher.
The trial court indicated that although it was reluctant to exclude any expert testimony offered by the defense, it questioned whether the defense was asking Dr. Fossum about a subject that was sufficiently beyond common experience so that the trier of fact needed expert assistance. (Evid. Code,
After conferring with Dr. Fossum during an ensuing break in the proceedings, the defense informed the trial court that it had learned that Fossum, after being retained, had sought to gather all printed data and research material on the issue of a person being fired and then committing a homicide. The defense contended Fossum's research and investigation into this area would be helpful to the jury because it is very rare for anyone to become so enraged by being fired that he or she kills. The defense claimed Fossum could assist the jury by explaining that a person with defendant's brain or mental dysfunction would be affected by a firing more than the average person and could potentially react in the way defendant had. The trial court granted the defense request to make a further showing regarding Fossum's qualifications.
Once again testifying outside the presence of the jury, Dr. Fossum stated that she had extensive experience working in the clinical setting with people who had suffered job loss and that she had additionally sought to gather the available research material regarding the connection between being fired and committing an immediate homicide from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Fossum testified that in response to her search request, she was provided five news articles, but she felt that none was sufficiently pertinent to this case. She described one of the articles as a 1992 Wall Street Journal article regarding workplace homicide as the fastest growing form of murder in America. The other four articles referred almost exclusively to homicides committed by people such as customers or individuals robbing a store. None of the five articles concerned a person being fired and then committing violent crimes against strangers at another location.
The defense maintained that Fossum's research was relevant because it concerned the anger of workers expressed toward coworkers or supervisors, and there was evidence here that defendant's anger toward his coworker Scott could be "extrapolate[d]" to Nadia.
The trial court noted that the defense had already presented evidence that defendant's anger toward Scott led to the crimes against Nadia. The question,
During Dr. Fossum's subsequent trial testimony, she testified that Scott's castigation of defendant on the day of the crimes triggered a decompensation of defendant's narcissistic personality, which distinguished that day from the earlier incident in which defendant took Flores to a motel room. The prosecutor objected and asked the jury to be admonished to disregard the testimony in light of the trial court's earlier ruling. At a sidebar, the court clarified its earlier ruling. The court explained that it never intended to say Fossum could not mention that defendant's job loss was a factor that contributed to his mental state or affected his personality disintegration "or something like that." Rather, what had been litigated and decided was that she could not draw on studies to testify in general about the effect of job loss on homicides in the workplace. The court clarified that its ruling would allow Fossum to testify that defendant's job loss contributed to his mental state, caused confusion, or caused decompensation, but she could not state that defendant's job loss caused the homicide.
With this understanding of the ruling, Dr. Fossum was asked without objection to describe some of the factors that distinguished defendant's frame of mind on the date of these crimes from the day he took Flores to a motel. Fossum responded that defendant did not appear to have "intrusive, massive rage" when he was interacting with Flores. On the day of the crimes, however, his intrusive affect or emotions, particularly the emotion of rage, led him to be unable to exercise control over his behavior. According to Fossum, defendant's being severely castigated by a female authority figure, Scott, was exactly the opposite of what his "fragile narcissistic personality structure" required to remain intact, and the experience contributed to this emotional intrusion. The fact that defendant thought he was fired was "very definitely" a factor that contributed to such intrusion.
"Expert opinion testimony is admissible only if it is `[r]elated to a subject that is sufficiently beyond common experience that the opinion of an expert would assist the trier of fact.' (Evid. Code, § 801, subd. (a).) `A person is qualified to testify as an expert if he has special knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education sufficient to qualify him as an expert on the subject to which his testimony relates. Against the objection of a party, such special knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education must be shown before the witness may testify as an expert.' (Evid. Code, § 720, subd. (a).) `"The competency of an expert is relative to the topic and fields of knowledge about which the person is asked to make a statement."' [Citation.] We review the trial court's ruling on the admissibility of expert testimony for abuse of discretion. [Citation.]" (People v. Watson, supra, 43 Cal.4th at p. 692.)
The scope of the trial court's ruling was defined by its last clarification, which precluded Dr. Fossum from drawing on studies to testify in general about the effect of job loss on homicides and from stating directly that defendant's being fired "caused" him to commit the homicide. That clarification did not preclude defendant from asking Fossum her opinion concerning how events in defendant's workplace might have factored into his mental state on the day of the crimes, and indeed defense counsel proceeded to elicit such testimony from her. Fossum was allowed to testify without objection to factors that distinguished defendant's state of mind on the day of the crimes from the day he took Flores to a motel. Fossum opined that on the day defendant took Flores to a motel he did not have the intrusive amount of rage that he had on the day of the crimes. Fossum explained that defendant's rage on the day of the crimes led to the "decompensation of his narcissistic personality" and inability to control his behavior. She specifically testified that events from his workplace, that is, being castigated by Scott and "fired," were factors that contributed to this intrusive rage.
We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court's ruling. The court appropriately allowed Dr. Fossum to testify to matters within the scope of her
Paul Shawhan, defendant's supervisor at USA Aluminum in 1988, was asked whether he observed anything about defendant or had conversations with defendant that he considered to be "abnormal." The trial court sustained the prosecutor's objection that the question was vague and ambiguous. The court ruled that a lay witness could not testify that something was "abnormal," but could testify that something was unusual. The defense subsequently asked Shawhan whether he ever observed defendant say or do anything unusual. Shawhan responded, as noted earlier, that defendant acted "like a self-appointed police officer," continually "reporting other people's little infractions." Shawhan testified that he eventually terminated defendant's employment because defendant got into a physical confrontation with another employee. According to Shawhan, the other employee was simply paying for his food at a lunch truck when defendant became upset, "jump[ed] up in his face and start[ed] making all kinds of motions like he [defendant] was going to do something." Shawhan stated that defendant seemed both angry and anxious. Shawhan also testified that defendant responded to being fired with a statement that "it was okay" because the Los Angeles Police and Sheriff's Departments wanted him to go to work for them. Defendant claimed law enforcement departments were interested in people like him who possessed an "international passport."
The defense asked defendant's ex-wife, Esparza, whether defendant was wild, "savage-acting," or "out of control" when he and her brother fought at the couple's wedding reception. The trial court sustained objections that the questions lacked foundation and called for speculation. The court sustained objections on the same grounds when the defense asked Esparza for her opinion concerning the reason for defendant's attack on her. She was later allowed to testify without objection, however, that defendant said he had attacked her because of his jealousy. The prosecutor again raised the same objections when Esparza was asked if defendant had ever attempted to commit suicide during their marriage. The trial court sustained the objection at that time, but advised the defense to ask first about defendant's acts and then it might permit Esparza to express an opinion "depending on what combination appears." The defense asked Esparza if defendant ever threatened to commit suicide during their marriage. The trial court sustained an objection that the question was irrelevant.
In each of these instances, defendant contends the trial court prejudicially erred in disallowing the lay opinion testimony.
"A lay witness may express an opinion based on his or her perception, but only where helpful to a clear understanding of the witness's testimony (Evid. Code, § 800, subd. (b)), `i.e., where the concrete observations on which the opinion is based cannot otherwise be conveyed.' [Citation.]" (People v. Hinton (2006) 37 Cal.4th 839, 889 [38 Cal.Rptr.3d 149, 126 P.3d 981].) Such a situation may arise when a witness's impression of what he or she observes regarding the appearance and demeanor of another rests on "subtle or complex interactions" between them (ibid.) or when it is impossible to otherwise adequately convey to the jury the witness's concrete observations. (People v. Melton (1988) 44 Cal.3d 713, 744 [244 Cal.Rptr. 867, 750 P.2d 741]; People v. Manoogian (1904) 141 Cal. 592, 595-597 [75 P. 177].) A lay witness generally may not give an opinion about another person's state of mind, but may testify about objective behavior and describe behavior as being consistent with a state of mind. (People v. Chatman (2006) 38 Cal.4th 344,
It is unnecessary for us to consider whether the trial court abused its discretion in any of the rulings defendant challenges because even assuming error, we conclude any error was harmless. Shawhan and Morrison were both allowed to testify to defendant's unusual behavior and statements. Esparza was allowed to testify that defendant said he attacked her because of his jealousy. Defendant was otherwise allowed to present the testimony of numerous witnesses regarding his lifelong behavioral and mental problems and Dr. Anderson specifically testified that defendant told him he spoke to Nadia about being suicidal. In addition, Anderson expressed his professional opinion that on the day of the crimes defendant was deeply depressed and suicidal. Indeed, the substance of all of the excluded testimony was before the jury either in slightly different forms from these witnesses or from other witnesses. Viewing the record as a whole, there is no reasonable probability the jury would have reached a more favorable verdict if the trial court had allowed Shawhan, Morrison, and Esparza to answer these defense questions. (People v. Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d at p. 836; see People v. McNeal (2009) 46 Cal.4th 1183, 1202-1203 [96 Cal.Rptr.3d 261, 210 P.3d 420] [applying the Watson standard to the claim of erroneous exclusion of evidence]; People v. Benavides, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 91 ["violations of state evidentiary rules do not rise to the level of federal constitutional error"].)
Thomas Nixon, the assistant manager of the Ha'Penny Inn, was permitted to testify over defendant's hearsay objection that defendant registered for two guests when he rented a room at the motel on March 20, 1989. Nixon had no independent knowledge of events when defendant registered, but based his testimony on a receipt bearing his own initials that he prepared when defendant checked out. Nixon testified that the occupancy information appearing on the receipt would have been copied from a registration card bearing that information that had been prepared by a motel desk clerk at the time defendant checked in. That clerk did not testify.
Defendant contends the trial court prejudicially erred in admitting Nixon's testimony because the underlying motel records did not fall within any exception to the hearsay rule. We understand defendant also to argue that the trial court erred in admitting the three documents that were the basis for Nixon's testimony. We conclude the records and testimony were properly admitted.
The trial court allowed Nixon to testify to the number of guests listed on the motel records because it determined that the number came within the exception for adoptive admissions.
Defendant claims Maki establishes the trial court's ruling in this case was error. We disagree. As we shall explain, there was substantial evidence from which the trial court reasonably could infer that defendant knew he was being registered at the motel for two guests and that he adopted the registration card and receipts' representation to that effect by his signature on the documents.
Both Nixon and the office manager, Mrs. Kennelly, testified regarding the standard practice the desk clerks used when they prepared the registration cards and receipts as they checked guests in and out of the Ha'Penny Inn. Mrs. Kennelly testified she supervised the desk clerks and the front office procedures for the motel. She described the standard procedure for checking guests into the motel as follows: the desk clerk would hand the guest a registration card to fill out; when the registration card was returned, the clerk would ask the guest for photo identification; the clerk would compare and verify the guest's identity and written information with the signature, photo and information on the identification card; the clerk would request payment and fill out a receipt for the payment received. She explained that the motel wanted to know how many guests would be in the room because there was a different price for the room depending on how many people were staying in it. As defendant himself summarized her testimony on this point, "according to Kennelly, at the time of registration the motel employee generally requested that the guest state how many people were going to be in the room." Kennelly added that the staff accepted the registrant's response unless they saw that there were other people with the registering guest.
Nixon also testified about the standard procedure for checking guests in and out. According to Nixon, there were several documents that had to be
Mrs. Kennelly and Nixon recognized some of the handwriting on defendant's registration card, specifically including the numeral "2" entered in the space provided for the number of persons staying in the room, and the handwriting on defendant's room payment receipt as belonging to Mrs. Kennelly's son, Parley, who was working as a part-time front desk clerk at the time of Nadia's death. Mrs. Kennelly testified that there was formal training for front desk clerks, including Parley, adding that she had never found that Parley made mistakes when he registered guests at the motel.
Nixon was asked about the receipt for defendant's return of his key at checkout and the return of defendant's $10 deposit. Nixon identified the handwriting on that receipt as being his. Nixon testified that when defendant returned his key at checkout, Nixon took the number "2" for the number of guests registered for the room from defendant's registration card and entered it on the key deposit return receipt, along with some other information, before defendant signed the receipt.
From the evidence of the motel's price structure and its standard registration practice, the trial court could reasonably infer that Parley, who had received formal training regarding his duties as a front desk clerk, obtained the information that two people would be staying in defendant's room from defendant when defendant checked into the motel, that Parley marked that information on defendant's registration card and room payment receipt, and that defendant signed the room payment receipt after it was completed by Parley. Because a motel guest would have a distinct financial reason to check that the motel did not register and charge him or her for more than the actual
Moreover, the motel records were also admissible under the hearsay exception for business records. (Evid. Code, § 1271.) Mrs. Kennelly testified the documents were made in the regular course of the motel's business at or about the time the transactions occurred. (Id., subds. (a) & (b).) Both she and Nixon testified to the identity of the documents and their mode of preparation. (Id., subd. (c).) Contrary to defendant's claims, their testimony is not conflicting and considered as a whole, the testimony regarding the motel's standard practice is sufficient to show "[t]he sources of information and method and time of preparation were such as to indicate its trustworthiness." (Id., subd. (d).)
We find no abuse of discretion by the trial court in allowing Nixon to testify that defendant registered for two guests at the Ha'Penny Inn based on the motel records.
A number of defendant's expert witnesses testified that they were appointed by the court at the request of the defense or to assist the defense. The
Defendant requested the court to provide the jury with the same special instruction that the court had used in defendant's first trial, regarding the court's role in the appointment and payment of defense investigators and experts. The instruction stated that under the law an indigent defendant is entitled to apply to the court for public funds to employ investigators, experts and others who are reasonably necessary for the preparation or presentation of the defense. The instruction explained that the purpose for such a law is to ensure that an indigent defendant is not deprived of an effective defense because of his financial condition, in view of the circumstance that the investigation and presentation of the prosecution is paid for with public funds. The instruction also explained that the court "is involved in reviewing and processing the application, and in appointing the investigators, experts, and others who will assist the defense, only for the purpose of ensuring that the persons appointed are reasonably necessary for the preparation or presentation of the defense, and to monitor the fees to be paid to such investigators and experts to ensure that such fees are within the guidelines established by the Court for that purpose." Finally, the instruction directed the jury not to view either the court's approval of a request for or appointment of a defense investigator or expert as an indication that the court was taking any position with respect to the credibility of such person when he or she later testified and made it clear that it was up to the jury to determine the credibility of any such witness and the weight to be given their testimony.
The prosecution did not object to defendant's request for the special instruction, but asked the court for a modification. The prosecutor argued that to the extent the defense had emphasized the court's appointment of its experts and to the extent jurors might question whether the court was validating the credentials of those experts and examining and approving their fees, the instruction should make it clear that the court's approval was based on information submitted by the defense and not on its own independent review.
The trial court agreed that "it [(the appointment procedure)] is not just an open checkbook." Nevertheless, the court felt that the prosecution's request was fair because the defense had, by making a point of the court's appointment of its experts, attempted to enhance the witnesses' credibility. The court prepared a slightly different version of the instruction, which it viewed as a compromise. The court's instruction provided, in relevant part: "The Court is involved in ... reviewing and processing the application submitted by the defense attorneys, and in appointing the investigators, experts, and others requested in the application, only for the purpose of ensuring that the persons appointed are reasonably necessary for the preparation or presentation of the defense, and to monitor the fees to be paid to such investigators and experts to ensure that such fees are within the guidelines established by the Court for that purpose." (Changes made by the trial court are in italics.)
The doctrine of invited error bars a defendant from challenging a jury instruction given by the trial court when the defendant has requested the instruction based on a "`"`conscious and deliberate tactical choice.'"'" (People v. Harris (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1269, 1293 [78 Cal.Rptr.3d 295, 185 P.3d 727].) The doctrine applies here to bar defendant's challenge to the giving of the instruction because, despite his claims to the contrary, the record reflects defendant had expressed a tactical reason for requesting the instruction. That is, anticipating and responding to the prosecution's attempts to show bias by the defense experts due to their receipt of substantial fees for their services, defendant elicited testimony that the court appointed his experts and paid their fees. Even though defendant clarified that, with the exception of Dr. Anderson, the experts were appointed to assist the defense at the request of defendant, it was clear that defendant elicited the testimony of their court appointment and payment in order to counter the inference that there was no objective oversight of their retention or payment. During the instruction conference regarding the prosecutor's proposed modification to the special instruction, defense counsel stated: "We felt that with the appearance being
The only claim properly preserved by defendant is his claim regarding the trial court's modification of the instruction in response to the prosecution's proposed changes. However, the instruction as a whole generally, and the language inserted by the court specifically, constituted an accurate statement of the law justified by the parties' presentation of the evidence. The trial court's modification tempered the language proposed by the prosecution to address defendant's expressed concerns. It is not reasonably likely that any juror would have understood or been influenced by the instruction in the manner suggested by defendant.
During the guilt phase of trial, evidence was admitted of defendant's prior criminal acts. The prosecution introduced the testimony of third-grader Sandra C. regarding defendant's attempt to lure her into his car and the rebuttal testimony of Flores regarding defendant's actions in enticing her when she was 15 years old to accompany him to a motel where defendant proposed they engage in sexual conduct. Defendant introduced the testimony of his ex-wives, Lara and Esparza, regarding his sudden violent assaults on them. Lara testified that after defendant accused her of discussing her ex-boyfriend with a girlfriend, he initiated sexual activity, during which he stabbed her. Esparza testified that defendant attacked her, pushed her against the bathtub and then choked her while pushing her over its edge, and told her he was going to kill her.
Initially, both defendant and the prosecution requested that the trial court give CALJIC Nos. 2.50, 2.50.1, and 2.50.2, which instruct the jury that it may not consider such evidence as evidence of propensity or bad character, that it may properly consider the evidence for specified limited purposes, and that the prosecution has the burden to prove by a preponderance of the
Defendant argued it would be inappropriate for the court to instruct the jury with the pattern language of CALJIC No. 2.50 because the instruction would describe his prior acts as "crimes" when he had not been convicted of them. After discussion of the matter, the court modified the instruction to include language referencing prior "acts" as well as crimes.
Defendant raised another "troubling point" with the instruction. He noted that the defense had presented the testimony of Lara and Esparza regarding defendant's attacks on them for the purpose of showing defendant's mental defect, and that evidence of such attacks, along with the Flores incident, had been part of the records considered by the defense experts. As the proponent of the evidence, defendant claimed he was entitled to an instruction restricting consideration of that evidence to those stated purposes — consideration of defendant's asserted mental defects and for evaluating the expert testimony.
The court observed that the prosecution wanted to use the evidence to show defendant's criminal intent and that the defense was using the evidence to try to show he did not act with that intent because of his mental defects. The court stated that it did not matter who called the witnesses and that under these circumstances it was appropriate to give a modified version of CALJIC No. 2.50. Defendant agreed, but argued that the instruction should be further modified to state the additional purpose for which defendant introduced the evidence, i.e., to support the doctors' testimony regarding his mental defects. To address defendant's concern, the trial court suggested removing the language that stated the evidence was introduced "for the purpose of" and substituting "which may show." Defendant agreed to the modification, but still objected to the instruction in its entirety. The court gave the instruction, as modified.
Defendant claims on appeal that the trial court erred in failing to give the limiting instruction the defense requested, but it is difficult to understand the
Noting that on appeal defendant does not challenge the giving of CALJIC Nos. 2.50, 2.50.1, and 2.50.2, the Attorney General contends defendant failed to preserve his claim that the trial court should have further modified CALJIC
We further reject defendant's claim that the jury was likely to understand the modified CALJIC No. 2.50 given here as applying only to prosecution evidence and as a result, that it was reasonably likely the jury would consider Lara's and Esparza's testimony for the purpose of establishing defendant's criminal propensity, notwithstanding the modified CALJIC No. 2.50 instruction. (See People v. Whisenhunt (2008) 44 Cal.4th 174, 214 [79 Cal.Rptr.3d 125, 186 P.3d 496] ["When reviewing [assertedly] ambiguous instructions, we inquire whether the jury was `reasonably likely' to have construed them in a manner that violated the defendant's rights."].) CALJIC No. 2.50 properly informed the jury that it could not use evidence of defendant's prior crimes or acts as reflecting defendant's bad character or disposition to commit crimes and identified the limited purposes for which the evidence could be considered. The instruction did not distinguish between evidence of bad acts introduced by the prosecution and evidence of bad acts introduced by the defense. In fact, the trial court deleted language that defendant argued could suggest the instruction was limited to evidence introduced by the prosecution and defendant agreed with the court's modification. Even read in conjunction with CALJIC No. 2.50.1, it is not reasonably likely that the jury would have
Finally, we reject defendant's claim that without an additional limiting or clarifying instruction, it is reasonably likely the jury did not understand that the testimony of Lara and Esparza constituted evidence of mental illness within the meaning of CALJIC No. 3.32 (evidence of mental disease is received for limited purpose of determining whether the defendant actually formed a required specific intent). The defense experts testified regarding defendant's mental illness as reflecting on defendant's intent at the time he committed the crimes. Drs. Berg, LaCalle, and Purisch specifically considered reports of defendant's attacks on Lara and Esparza as supporting their diagnoses of defendant's mental illness. The jury was properly instructed that it could consider evidence of defendant's prior criminal misconduct for the issue of intent. And defense counsel drew the connection for the jury in closing argument, arguing that defendant has a legitimate mental illness that has existed throughout his life, that all the experts agreed he had such mental illness on the day of the charged crimes, and that as a result of his mental illness he was not thinking when he was with Nadia. Instead, counsel argued, defendant was in a trancelike state, just like he was when he stabbed Lara, and that he panicked afterward, just like he did in the incidents with Lara, with Esparza, and on other occasions. The jury would have understood from such arguments how defendant believed his prior assaults on Lara and Esparza supported his claim of mental illness and lack of criminal intent.
The trial court did not err in giving CALJIC No. 2.50 as modified or in failing to give a further limiting instruction regarding Lara's and Esparza's testimony describing defendant's prior assaults on them.
Defendant contends the trial court erred in instructing the jury on first degree murder because the information charged him only with one count of murder in violation of section 187, subdivision (a). He characterizes that provision as a statute defining second degree murder. Because, according to defendant, the information charged only second degree murder, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to try him for first degree murder. Defendant's argument is premised on his reading of People v. Dillon (1983) 34 Cal.3d 441 [194 Cal.Rptr. 390, 668 P.2d 697]. The argument is a familiar one that we have rejected many times. We do so again for the reasons previously expressed.
Defendant also contends the information failed to allege all the facts necessary to subject him to punishment for first degree murder, including the death penalty, rendering his conviction defective under Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466, 476 [147 L.Ed.2d 435, 120 S.Ct. 2348] (Apprendi). As we stated in People v. Harris, supra, 43 Cal.4th at page 1295: "The Apprendi claim is illusory; the information included special circumstance allegations that fully supported the penalty verdict."
CALJIC No. 4.01 informs the jury that "[a] verdict of `not guilty by reason of insanity' does not mean the defendant will be released from custody." The instruction briefly explains the procedures that would be followed in the event of such a verdict; admonishes the jury determining the defendant's sanity at the time of the crimes not to consider what might happen to the defendant under such procedures; directs the jury to assume (if it determines the defendant was insane at the time of his or her crimes) that the "officials charged with operation of [the] mental health system will perform their duty in a correct and responsible manner, and that they will not release ... defendant unless [he] can be safely returned into society"; and informs the jury that it would be a violation of its duty to find the defendant sane at the time he committed his offenses "because of a doubt that the Department of Mental Health or the courts will properly carry out their responsibilities." (Ibid.; see CALCRIM No. 3450.)
CALJIC No. 4.01 was drafted in response to two appellate court cases (People v. Moore (1985) 166 Cal.App.3d 540 [211 Cal.Rptr. 856]; People v. Dennis (1985) 169 Cal.App.3d 1135 [215 Cal.Rptr. 750]), which found that on request of the defendant or jury, the trial court must instruct regarding the consequences of a not guilty by reason of insanity verdict.
Defendant requested the trial court give CALJIC No. 4.01 in this case, but objected to the inclusion of the standard language informing the jury that a defendant who has been found not guilty by reason of insanity and who is determined by the courts not to have fully recovered his sanity could be placed "in outpatient treatment."
The trial court concluded that removing the language regarding outpatient treatment placement would be misleading because the next paragraph of CALJIC No. 4.01 would then inaccurately indicate that defendant could never be removed from mental hospital placement until he had either recovered his sanity or served the maximum period of confinement that could have been imposed had he been found sane. (See fn. 18, ante, at p. 145.) To address defendant's concern, the court decided to modify the standard language of the instruction to indicate that a defendant's placement in outpatient treatment would depend "upon the seriousness of his present mental illness and the seriousness of the crimes for which he has been convicted in the guilt phase of the trial." (Italics indicate language added by the trial court.) Defendant complained that the modified language was misleading because it continued to imply that outpatient treatment would be available to him if he was determined to be insane. Defendant objected that the instruction failed to explain, given the crimes for which he was convicted, that there would be a mandatory period of inpatient treatment. Defendant repeated his request for the instruction, but continued to object to the language regarding outpatient treatment. The trial court overruled the objection.
Because there was no error in the trial court's instruction, defendant's constitutional rights of due process and jury trial were not violated.
During the second part of his penalty phase closing argument, the prosecutor told the jury that he would like to spend a few minutes on some sociological and philosophical considerations. He referred to John Locke's theory of the social contract, in which Locke tried to explain the purpose of the rule of law. The prosecutor said that "[i]n the old days it used to be if someone stole my horse, I would go steal his horse. Or if someone assaulted my son, I would go assault his son." But, said the prosecutor, "a long time ago, individuals basically handed over their rights, certain rights to the government. And among those rights were the rights to seek redress for wrongs. And they said, `We as individuals are going to let, in effect, society speak through our laws. We are going to have a set of laws.'" The prosecutor went on to explain that now when a person is a victim of crime, giving as an example a car theft, the person expects there to be a law to correct that wrong and for the perpetrator, if caught, to be punished in a manner commensurate with the type of wrong committed. The prosecutor told the jury, "[y]ou have that expectation because you are part of that compact or that agreement. We all are. That's what it is, and we have the expectation that the law in California will be carried out." However, the prosecutor continued, "the government has decided in this one case — in this one case in the State of California, we are going to take that right back and we are going to give it back to the people. And that's what you have, the right of punishment and sentencing in a capital-type case. [¶] And it is because of that that your decision, whether it is life without the possibility of parole or the death penalty, is an expression — is an expression of society's attitudes towards crimes. Because, if you think about it for a minute, the only way society can say anything about a crime, how they feel about it — good, bad, or otherwise — is how? By punishment."
"In deciding whether Caldwell error occurred, we do not consider the challenged statements in isolation but in the context in which they occurred." (People v. Loy, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 59; accord, People v. Hinton, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 905.) Moreover, "[t]he high court has since clarified that Caldwell error occurs only when the remarks to the jury concerning its role in the sentencing process are inaccurate or misleading in a way that allows the jury to feel less responsible than it should for the sentencing decision." (People v. Elliott, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 556-557, citing cases.)
Defendant contends many features of California's death penalty scheme and related jury instructions violate the United States Constitution. Acknowledging that we have previously rejected these claims, defendant presents them for purposes of urging our reconsideration and preserving them for federal review. We are not persuaded to reconsider the conclusions we have previously reached and reject them again as follows:
Section 190.2 is not impermissibly overbroad in violation of the United States Constitution. "Specifically, the various special circumstances are not so numerous as to fail to perform the constitutionally required narrowing function, and the special circumstances are not unduly expansive, either on their face or as interpreted by this court." (People v. Jennings (2010) 50 Cal.4th 616, 688 [114 Cal.Rptr.3d 133, 237 P.3d 474]; accord, People v. Streeter (2012) 54 Cal.4th 205, 267-268 [142 Cal.Rptr.3d 481, 278 P.3d 754].)
Allowing the jury to consider the circumstances of the crime (§ 190.3, factor (a)) does not permit arbitrary and capricious imposition of a sentence of death in violation of the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. (People v. Jennings, supra, 50 Cal.4th at pp. 688-689; People v. Jenkins (2000) 22 Cal.4th 900, 1050-1051 [95 Cal.Rptr.2d 377, 997 P.2d 1044].)
Section 190.3 and the pattern jury instructions based thereon are not constitutionally defective for failing to require the state to bear the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt or even the burden of persuasion that an aggravating factor exists, that the aggravating factors outweigh the mitigating factors, and that death is the appropriate penalty. (People v. Bramit, supra, 46 Cal.4th 1221, 1249-1250; People v. Lenart (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1107, 1136-1137 [12 Cal.Rptr.3d 592, 88 P.3d 498].) The death penalty law is not unconstitutional for "failing to inform the jury that no party bore the burden
There is no need to instruct the jury that mitigating factors can be considered only in mitigation or that if the mitigating evidence outweighs the aggravating evidence, the jury must impose a sentence of life without the possibility of parole. (People v. Fuiava, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 732-733.) The trial court is not required to omit from the jury instructions those sentencing factors that appear not to apply to defendant's case. (Id. at p. 733.) And, use of the adjectives "extreme" and "substantial" in section 190.3, factors (d) and (g), does not unconstitutionally impose a barrier to the consideration of mitigating evidence. (People v. Clark, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 1007.)
The absence of written or other specific findings by the jury regarding aggravating factors did not deprive defendant of his federal due process and Eighth Amendment rights to meaningful appellate review, violate equal protection of the laws or violate defendant's Sixth Amendment right to trial by jury. (People v. Parson (2008) 44 Cal.4th 332, 370 [79 Cal.Rptr.3d 269, 187 P.3d 1]; People v. Romero (2008) 44 Cal.4th 386, 428-429 [79 Cal.Rptr.3d 334, 187 P.3d 56].)
"The instruction that jurors may impose a death sentence only if the aggravating factors are `"so substantial"' in comparison to the mitigating circumstances that death is warranted does not create an unconstitutionally vague standard." (People v. Carrington (2009) 47 Cal.4th 145, 199 [97 Cal.Rptr.3d 117, 211 P.3d 617].) CALJIC No. 8.88 does not violate the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments by asking the jury to consider whether the circumstances "warrant[]" death, rather than if death is the "appropriate" penalty. (People v. Duenas (2012) 55 Cal.4th 1, 27 [144 Cal.Rptr.3d 820, 281 P.3d 887].)
"California's capital sentencing procedures do not violate principles of equal protection of the law on the ground they provide safeguards different from those found in noncapital cases." (People v. Williams, supra, 43 Cal.4th at p. 650.)
Finally, "California does not employ the death penalty as a `"regular punishment for substantial numbers of crimes"' [citation], and its imposition does not violate international norms of decency or the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. [Citation.]" (People v. Clark, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 1008.)
Defendant was sentenced to death for his conviction of first degree murder with special circumstances. With respect to his convictions of the four nonhomicide offenses, the trial court imposed, but stayed, a determinate sentence totaling 19 years, calculated as follows: the upper term of 11 years for the conviction of kidnapping for purposes of child molestation; a consecutive upper term of eight years for the conviction of rape; a concurrent upper term of eight years for the conviction of sodomy; and a concurrent upper term of eight years for the conviction of a lewd and lascivious act with a child.
The trial court stated it imposed the upper term of 11 years for defendant's kidnapping conviction because it found that the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances. (Cal. Rules of Court, former rule 420(a) & (b).)
Defendant argues that under the statutes and rules in existence at the time of his sentencing hearing in 1993, he is entitled to a remand for resentencing because the trial court (1) improperly used two aggravating factors that constituted elements of kidnapping in violation of section 207, subdivision (b), as reasons for its imposition of the 11-year upper term for that crime, (2) failed to state the reason for its imposition of the upper terms on his rape, sodomy, and lewd act convictions, and (3) made findings of aggravating facts for the purpose of imposing the upper terms or consecutive sentences in violation of defendant's federal constitutional rights under Apprendi, supra, 530 U.S. 466, Blakely, supra, 542 U.S. 296, and Cunningham, supra, 549 U.S. 270.
The Attorney General does not address defendant's first two claims because she concedes the third error as to the trial court's imposition of upper terms. She argues it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
We agree with the parties that the trial court violated defendant's Sixth Amendment rights when it selected the upper term for defendant's conviction of kidnapping for purposes of child molestation, relying on Nadia's vulnerability, the fact defendant planned and premeditated the crime, and the circumstance that defendant took advantage of a position of trust in order to perpetrate the crime — facts that were not established by the jury's verdict or admitted by defendant. (Cunningham, supra, 549 U.S. at p. 293; People v. Black, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 816; Sandoval, supra, 41 Cal.4th at pp. 837-838, 839.)
In considering prejudice, "the pertinent inquiry is `whether, if the question of the existence of an aggravating circumstance or circumstances had been submitted to the jury, the jury's verdict would have authorized the upper term sentence.' (Sandoval, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 838.) `[I]f a reviewing court concludes, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the jury, applying the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard, unquestionably would have found true at least a single aggravating circumstance had it been submitted to the jury, the Sixth Amendment error properly may be found harmless.' (Id. at p. 839.)" (People v. Myles, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1221.)
We agree with the Attorney General that the error in this case was harmless. We are persuaded beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury would have found true at least one of the aggravating circumstances stated by the court had they been charged and submitted to the jury for its consideration.
The evidence presented to the jury reflected that defendant rented a motel room for two persons. He then drove to the area near Diamond Elementary School where he contacted third-grader Sandra C. He unsuccessfully tried to
Although it is true, as defendant points out, that section 207, subdivision (b), proscribes kidnapping of a child for purposes of child molestation by means of "false promises, misrepresentations, or the like," the specific nature of the ruse used by defendant also went beyond the elements of the offense. Defendant claimed to be a person with very "special status" to children of Nadia's age — a teacher, making it more likely she would accede to his request for help. (See, e.g., People v. King (2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 1281, 1322-1323 [108 Cal.Rptr.3d 333] [defendant exploited position of trust by acting as police officer].)
Finally, under the circumstances of this case, we do not find it necessary to remand for resentencing on defendant's rape, sodomy, and lewd act convictions because of the trial court's failure to state reasons for its imposition of the upper term as to those convictions. Such error is harmless because it is not reasonably probable that resentencing would result in a sentence more favorable to defendant. (People v. Davis (1995) 10 Cal.4th 463, 552 [41 Cal.Rptr.2d 826, 896 P.2d 119]; People v. Zamarron (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th 865, 870 [36 Cal.Rptr.2d 17].)
Defendant contends that the cumulative effect of the errors he has raised undermined the fundamental fairness of the trial and reliability of the death judgment. He contends reversal is required. "`Defendant has demonstrated few errors, and we have found each error or possible error to be harmless when considered separately. Considering them together, we likewise conclude that their cumulative effect does not warrant reversal of the judgment.' [Citation]." (People v. Panah (2005) 35 Cal.4th 395, 479-480 [25 Cal.Rptr.3d 672, 107 P.3d 790].)
The judgment is affirmed.
Kennard, J., Baxter, J., Werdegar, J., Chin, J., Corrigan, J., and Liu, J., concurred.
As another example, defendant also suggests seven Caucasian prospective jurors gave comparable answers to L.M.'s statement that she did not discuss her daughter's psychology course work with her daughter. However, all of the proffered comparison jurors' statements were about not discussing the work of their friends or family members with such friends or family. It is clear from the prosecutor's comments that he was not concerned generally about prospective jurors discussing other people's work with them, but concerned specifically that L.M. was hiding her discussion of psychology with her daughter to avoid providing a basis for a challenge.
Section 29 provides: "In the guilt phase of a criminal action, any expert testifying about a defendant's mental illness, mental disorder, or mental defect shall not testify as to whether the defendant had or did not have the required mental states, which include, but are not limited to, purpose, intent, knowledge, or malice aforethought, for the crimes charged. The question as to whether the defendant had or did not have the required mental states shall be decided by the trier of fact."
"The Court is involved in the reviewing and processing [of] the application submitted by the defense attorneys, and in appointing the investigators, experts, and others requested in the application, only for the purpose of ensuring that the persons appointed are reasonably necessary for the preparation or presentation of the defense, and to monitor the fees to be paid to such investigators and experts to ensure that such fees are within the guidelines established by the Court for that purpose.
"Neither the approval of such a request, nor the appointment of such an investigator, expert, or other person by the Court to assist with the defense, should be taken by the jury as an indication that the Court has taken any position with respect to the credibility of such person when that person later testifies as a witness. It is for you, the jury, to determine the credibility [of] any such witness and the weight to be given to the testimony of such a witness."
CALJIC No. 2.50.1, as given in this case, read: "Within the meaning of the preceding instruction, such other crime or act purportedly committed by a defendant must be proved by a preponderance of the evidence. You must not consider such evidence for any purpose unless you are satisfied that the defendant committed such other crime or act. [¶] The prosecution has the burden of proving these facts by a preponderance of the evidence."
CALJIC No. 2.50.2 defines the term "preponderance of the evidence." It concludes with the admonition that the jury "should consider all of the evidence bearing upon every issue regardless of who produced it."
