MARILYN L. HUFF, District Judge, UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
On June 25, 2015, Defendant Pharma-Care US, Inc. filed a motion to dismiss and
This case is a putative nationwide consumer class action regarding Defendant's over-the-counter product IntenseX. Plaintiff filed the initial complaint on April 3, 2015. (Doc. No. 1.) He filed the operative first amended complaint ("FAC") on June 11, 2015. (Doc. No. 9.) This Court has jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2). (Id. ¶ 1.)
Plaintiff seeks to litigate on behalf of all persons in the United States who bought IntenseX primarily for personal, family, or household use and not for resale since January 1, 2004. (Id. ¶ 87.) He alleges causes of action for unlawful, unfair, and fraudulent business practices under California's Unfair Competition Law ("UCL"), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200 et seq.; violation of California's False Advertising Law ("FAL"), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17500 et seq.; violation of California's Consumer Legal Remedies Act ("CLRA"), Cal. Civ. Code § 1750 et seq.; breach of express warranty; breach of the implied warranty of merchantability; and violation of the federal Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act ("MMWA"), 15 U.S.C. § 2301 et seq. (FAC ¶¶ 99-146.)
According to Plaintiff, the name "IntenseX" implies that the product will enable intense sex. (Id. ¶ 22.) The label contains the following statements: "Sexual Power and Performance," "IntenseX is designed to intensify your endurance, stamina, and sexual performance," "This fast acting formula quickly dissolves in the body releasing an energy packed blend of potent herbal extracts," "Achieve peak performance to maximize the experience when you want it most," "Laboratory Quality Tested," "Proprietary Stamina Blend," and "Produced using the highest manufacturing standards." (Id. ¶¶ 23-25, 77.) The ingredients are calcium, guarana, muira puama, catuaba, ginkgo biloba, avena sativa, cordyceps, ashwaganda, tribulus terrestris, American ginseng, Korean ginseng, ginger, cinnamon, nutmeg, and cayenne. (Id. ¶ 28.)
The IntenseX website features pictures of amorous couples and claims the product "WORKS SO FAST YOU MAY NOT MAKE IT HOME," and the "FAST ACTING FORMULA ... is the only formula that works within minutes giving you the powerful energy you need to make a `long lasting' impression." (Id. ¶ 70.) The website asserts, regarding ginseng: "Use if you suffer from coldness, rheumatism, colds and flu, frigidity and impotence." (Id. ¶ 56.) The website also states that "Empirical evidence suggests tribulus may help impotence in men and diminished libido in both sexes." (Id. ¶ 57.)
Plaintiff alleges that he bought IntenseX for $9.99 about fourteen months ago in California. (Id. ¶ 75.) When deciding to buy the product, he relied on the label and believed IntenseX had powerful aphrodisiac qualities that would improve his sexual power and performance. (Id. ¶¶ 77-78.) But the product did not deliver the promised benefits. (Id. ¶ 79.) Moreover, he asserts, there is no evidence that the ingredients provide the claimed benefits, and consuming random herbs and extracts is potentially dangerous, which is an unfair and unreasonable risk considering that the product provides no benefits. (Id. ¶¶ 45, 79.)
Plaintiff supports his claims with several reports. According to New York University's
Plaintiff makes three core claims about IntenseX. First, he claims that IntenseX is misbranded because the product label and website make "disease" claims that cause reasonable consumers to believe the product can treat premature ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, and diminished libido. (Id. ¶ 63.) Hence, plaintiff claims, IntenseX violates FDA regulation 21 C.F.R. § 101.93, which regulates the claims manufacturers can make on supplement labels, as well as California's Sherman Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Law ("Sherman Law"), Cal. Health & Safety Code § 109875 et seq., which incorporates the FDA's labeling regulations. (Id. ¶¶ 63-66, 102-03.) In turn, Plaintiff alleges that these violations are "unlawful" conduct within the meaning of the UCL. (Id. ¶¶ 101-03.)
Second, Plaintiff claims that IntenseX is misbranded because it is marketed for use as an aphrodisiac. (Id. ¶¶ 58-62, 102.) The FDA has determined that any product that is promoted for use as an aphrodisiac is a "new drug" that requires premarket approval. See 21 C.F.R. § 310.528(b). Because Defendant does not have new-drug approval for IntenseX, Plaintiff asserts, the product is misbranded, in violation of FDA regulations, the Sherman Law, and the unlawful prong of the UCL. (FAC ¶¶ 101-03.)
Third, Plaintiff alleges that the IntenseX labeling and advertising is false and misleading because IntenseX is incapable of delivering the aphrodisiac and sexualhealth benefits it promises. (Id. ¶¶ 26-57.) He claims that the product is thus misbranded under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ("FDCA"), the labeling violates California false-advertising laws and the Sherman Law, and these violations are unlawful conduct under the UCL. (Id. ¶¶ 101-03.)
Plaintiff seeks an order compelling Defendant to conduct a corrective advertising campaign and destroy all misleading advertising materials, labels, and product; disgorgement; restitution; interest; attorney fees and costs; and actual and punitive damages. (Id. ¶¶ A-I.)
Defendant requests judicial notice of scans of several items: (1) reproductions of the IntenseX label; (2) the FDA's Regulations on Statements Made for Dietary Supplements Concerning the Effect of the Product on the Structure or Function of the Body, 65 Fed.Reg. 1000 (Jan. 6, 2000); and (3) three publications Plaintiff relied upon and cited in the FAC. (Doc. No. 11-2 & Exhs. A-E.) Plaintiff does not oppose the request.
The contents of the Federal Register are noticeable as a matter of law. See 44 U.S.C. § 1507 ("The contents of the Federal Register shall be judicially noticed...."); Bayview Hunters Point Cmty. Advocates v. Metro. Transp. Comm'n, 366 F.3d 692, 702 n. 5 (9th Cir. 2004) (granting request for judicial notice of a proposed rulemaking published in the Federal Register). Hence, the Court also grants Defendant's request for judicial notice of the FDA publication from the Federal Register.
The Court will not take judicial notice of the publications Plaintiff relied on and cited in the complaint, but will consider them under the doctrine of incorporation by reference. "Even if a document is not attached to a complaint, it may be incorporated by reference into a complaint if the plaintiff refers extensively to the document or the document forms the basis of the plaintiff's claim." United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir.2003). "The defendant may offer such a document, and the district court may treat such a document as part of the complaint, and thus may assume that its contents are true for purposes of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6)." Id.
A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of the pleadings and allows a court to dismiss a complaint if the plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. See Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir.2001). Generally, a complaint must satisfy only the minimal notice requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) to avoid dismissal on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. See Porter v. Jones, 319 F.3d 483, 494 (9th Cir.2003). Rule 8(a)(2) requires pleadings to contain "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief." Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2). The complaint "must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). A complaint can be dismissed only if it "lacks a cognizable legal theory or sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory." Mendiondo v. Centinela Hosp. Med. Ctr., 521 F.3d 1097, 1104 (9th Cir.2008). When ruling on a motion to dismiss, courts consider the contents of the complaint, accepting all factual allegations as true. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937. Courts "are not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Courts may also consider documents incorporated into the complaint by reference and items that are proper subjects of judicial notice. See Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308,
Defendant contends that all of Plaintiff's claims must be dismissed under these standards. The Court addresses each of its arguments in turn.
Defendant contends that Plaintiff's state-law claims are all expressly preempted by the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act ("FDCA"), 21 U.S.C. § 301 et seq., as amended by the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 ("NLEA"). (Doc. No. 11-1 at 14-15.) The FDCA sets guidelines for when food is misbranded. See 21 U.S.C. § 343. Subsection 343(a)(1) provides that food is misbranded if the "labeling is false or misleading in any particular." Subsection § 343(r)(6), provides that dietary supplement labels can make so-called "structure/function" claims, but not "disease" claims. A structure/function claim is a statement that
Id. § 343(r)(6)(A). A disease claim is a representation that a product can "diagnose, mitigate, treat, cure, or prevent a specific disease or class of diseases." Id. § 343(r)(6). If a product makes a disease claim, it is subject to regulation as a drug. See 21 C.F.R. § 101.93(f).
The FDCA contains an express preemption provision that preempts state-law food-labeling requirements that are "not identical to the requirements of section 343(r)." 21 U.S.C. § 343-1(a)(5). This provision applies to supplements because supplements are deemed to be "food" for purposes of the FDCA. 21 U.S.C. § 321(ff). Under this framework, state-law claims are preempted only "where application of state laws would impose more or inconsistent burdens on manufacturers than the burdens imposed by the FDCA." Gallagher v. Bayer AG, 2015 WL 1056480, at *4 (N.D.Cal. Mar. 10, 2015). "The NLEA is clear ... that if state law seeks to impose liability consistent with the FDCA, the law is not preempted." Salazar v. Honest Tea, Inc., 74 F.Supp.3d 1304, 1311 (E.D.Cal.2014).
Defendant contends that Plaintiff's state-law claims are expressly preempted because the FDA has determined that statements like the ones on the IntenseX label are acceptable structure/function claims. (Doc. No. 11-1 at 15.) Defendant relies on guidance the FDA issued with the final regulation interpreting the distinction between structure/function claims and disease claims, 21 C.F.R. § 101.93(f)-(g). The guidance explains that "`arouses or increases sexual desire and improves sexual performance' is an acceptable structure/function claim because it does not imply treatment of a disease." 65 Fed.Reg. 1000, 1030 (Jan. 6, 2000). But "improves performance, staying power, and sexual potency" and "builds virility and sexual potency" are disease claims because they use the term "potency," which implies treatment of impotence. Id.
This regulation preempts Plaintiff's theory that the IntenseX label makes impermissible disease claims. Among other things, the label promises "Sexual Power and Performance," that IntenseX is "designed to intensify your endurance, stamina, and sexual performance," and that it will enable users to "[a]chieve peak performance to maximize the experience when
But Plaintiff also identifies statements on the IntenseX website that are disease claims. For example, the website states: "Empirical evidence suggests tribulus may help impotence in men and diminished libido in both sexes." (FAC ¶ 57.) This statement is a disease claim because it "implies treatment of impotence, a disease." 65 Fed.Reg. at 1030. Plaintiff asserts that these statements violate 21 C.F.R. § 101.93, the Sherman Law, and the unlawful prong of the UCL. (Id. ¶¶ 63, 65-67, 102.) The Sherman Law incorporates FDA regulations and adopts them as the laws of California. See Cal. Health & Safety Code § 110100(a) ("All food labeling regulations ... adopted pursuant to the federal act ... shall be the food labeling regulations of this state."). Claims under the Sherman Law are not expressly preempted because the Sherman Law incorporates and parallels federal law. See Hesano v. Iovate Health Sciences, Inc., 2014 WL 197719, at *6 (S.D.Cal. Jan. 15, 2015) (holding that a Sherman Law claim was not expressly preempted).
Plaintiff's other theories are also not expressly preempted. His second theory is that IntenseX is misbranded because it is marketed as an aphrodisiac, so that it is a "new drug" that is subject to the premarket approval process. (FAC ¶¶ 58-62.) In 21 C.F.R. § 310.528, the FDA determined: "Any product that bears labeling claims that it will arouse or increase sexual desire, or that it will improve sexual performance, is an aphrodisiac drug" that must be approved as a new drug before it is marketed. Like Plaintiff's theory regarding the website, this theory is not expressly preempted because Plaintiff alleges a violation of FDA regulations, a parallel violation of the Sherman Law, and a resulting violation of the unlawful prong of the UCL. (FAC ¶¶ 101-03.)
Plaintiff's third theory is that the IntenseX label is false and misleading because IntenseX does not and cannot provide the promised benefits. Because the label is false and misleading, Plaintiff asserts, it violates 21 U.S.C. § 343(a) of the FDCA and the unlawful and fraudulent prongs of the UCL. (FAC ¶¶ 102, 109.) This theory is not preempted because state false-advertising laws are consistent with the FDCA's prohibition on false and misleading labeling and they are unrelated to the labeling requirements of § 343(r)(6). See Gallagher, 2015 WL 1056480, at *7 ("Not preempted would be a claim that `supports heart health' as a structure/function claim is a false and misleading statement contrary to scientific studies."). The FDA recognized this when it issued the final regulations interpreting § 343(r)(6):
65 Fed.Reg. at 1001. Thus, Plaintiff's claims premised on the theory that the IntenseX labeling is false and misleading are also not expressly preempted.
Next, Defendant proposes that Plaintiff's claims are impliedly preempted under 21 U.S.C. § 337(a). (Doc. No. 11-1 at 15-18.) Section 337(a) provides that "all ... proceedings for the enforcement, or to restrain violations of the [FDCA] shall be by and in the name of the United States." In a case involving medical devices, the Supreme Court held that § 337(a) impliedly preempted state-law fraud-on-the-FDA claims. See Buckman Co. v. Plaintiffs' Legal Comm., 531 U.S. 341, 121 S.Ct. 1012, 148 L.Ed.2d 854 (2001). The Court reasoned that policing fraud on federal agencies was not a traditional state function, the premarket approval process for medical devices was heavily regulated, and the FDA's exclusive authority to enforce the regulations was a critical component of the regulatory framework. See id. at 347-49, 121 S.Ct. 1012. The Court concluded: "State-law fraud-onthe-FDA claims inevitably conflict with the FDA's responsibility to police fraud consistently with the Administration's judgment and objectives." Id. at 350, 121 S.Ct. 1012.
Defendant contends that the rule from Buckman applies here. It relies on several medical-device cases, which are inapposite, and Fraker v. KFC Corp., 2007 WL 1296571 (S.D.Cal. Apr. 30, 2007), which concluded that § 337(a) impliedly preempted state-law food-labeling claims under Buckman. See id. at *3-4. The year after Fraker, however, the California Supreme Court held that § 337(a) does not preempt consumer food-labeling claims brought under the Sherman Law. See In re Farm Raised Salmon Cases, 42 Cal.4th 1077, 1089-96, 72 Cal.Rptr.3d 112, 175 P.3d 1170 (2008). It reasoned that the express-preemption provisions that apply to food labeling expressly allow parallel state laws, and Congress was presumably aware that most states had consumer-protection laws prohibiting unfair and deceptive marketing. See id. at 1091, 72 Cal.Rptr.3d 112, 175 P.3d 1170. Moreover, an uncodified portion of the NLEA provided that "the NLEA shall not be construed to preempt any provision of State law, unless such provision is expressly preempted under section 343-1 of the FDCA." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Pub. L. No. 101-535, § 6(c)(1) (Nov. 8, 1990)).
Since then, district courts have routinely rejected arguments that state-law UCL, FAL, and CLRA food-labeling claims and related claims under the Sherman Law are impliedly preempted under § 337(a) and Buckman. See Vassigh v. Bai Brands, LLC, 2015 WL 4238886, at *4-5 (N.D.Cal. July 13, 2015) (collecting cases); Hesano, 2014 WL 197719, at *7 (S.D.Cal. Jan. 15, 2014) ("The FDCA ... does not preclude states from adopting their own parallel laws and adopting a different mechanism for enforcing those laws."); Trazo v. Nestle USA, Inc., 2013 WL 4083218, at *7 (N.D.Cal. Aug. 9, 2013) ("While state law tort actions cannot be used to improperly intrude on the FDA's exclusive jurisdiction, Plaintiffs here sue under state law — namely, the Sherman Law, UCL, FAL, and CLRA — and so their claims are not impliedly preempted."). This Court concludes that Plaintiff's claims are not impliedly preempted.
Next, Defendant proposes that Plaintiff's claims fail because he alleges
Plaintiff alleges only a lack of substantiation at points. For example, he alleges that "there is as yet no real evidence" that herbs offer any benefits for increasing sexual performance or desire, and there are "no reliable scientific studies" establishing that ginkgo biloba improves sexual function. (FAC ¶¶ 32-33.) But Plaintiff also alleges falsity. For example, he alleges that several studies have shown that ginkgo biloba has no effect on improving sexual function, and that avena sativa, guarana, ginger, nutmeg, cinnamon, and cayenne also do not improve sexual function. (Id. ¶¶ 34-35, 38-43.) Further, the FDA has determined that "labeling claims for aphrodisiacs for [over-the-counter] use are either false, misleading, or unsupported by scientific data." 21 C.F.R. § 310.528(a).
Defendant argues that Plaintiff has pleaded himself out of court, since the materials he relies on refer to studies that found that ginkgo biloba and ginseng had positive effects on sexual function.
Next, Defendant contends that Plaintiffs's UCL, FAL, and CLRA claims are not plausible because no reasonable consumer could be deceived by the representations on the IntenseX label. (Doc. No. 11-1 at 22-24.) Claims under the UCL, FAL, and CLRA are governed by the "reasonable consumer" test. Williams v. Gerber Prods. Co., 552 F.3d 934, 938 (9th Cir.2008). What a reasonable consumer would believe is rarely an appropriate subject for a motion to dismiss. See id. at 938-39. Plaintiff alleges, among other things, that the IntenseX labeling represents to consumers that the product has aphrodisiac effects, when it has none. (FAC ¶¶ 29-30.) Defendant did not explain why no reasonable consumer could be deceived by such representations. Hence, the Court declines to dismiss Plaintiff's claims on this basis.
Next, Defendant argues that Plaintiff's UCL, FAL, and CLRA claims must be dismissed because they are insufficiently particular under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). (Doc. No. 11-1 at 25-26.) Under Rule 9(b), a plaintiff must plead fraud with particularity. "Averments of fraud must be accompanied by the who, what, when where, and how of the misconduct charged." Vess v. Ciba-Geigy
Defendant contends that Plaintiff's claim for breach of express warranty fails because Plaintiff has not alleged the elements of a claim. (Doc. No. 11-1 at 26-27.) To plead a claim for breach of express warranty, the plaintiff must allege the exact terms of the warranty, reasonable reliance, and that a breach of the warranty proximately caused his injury. See Williams v. Beechnut Nutrition Corp., 185 Cal.App.3d 135, 142, 229 Cal.Rptr. 605 (1986). "Any description of the goods which is made part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the goods shall conform to the description." Cal. Com.Code § 2313(1)(b); see Viggiano v. Hansen Natural Corp., 944 F.Supp.2d 877, 893 (C.D.Cal.2013) ("A description of the goods at issue can create an express warranty so long as it was part of the basis of the bargain between the parties.").
Plaintiff has adequately pleaded the elements of a claim for breach of express warranty. He identifies the specific statements made on the IntenseX packaging that promised increased sexual power and performance; he alleges that he and putative class members reasonably relied on those statements; and he alleges that the product did not and cannot provide the promised effects. (FAC ¶¶ 22-26, 77, 126-28.) Defendant has not shown that this claim must be dismissed for any other reason, so its motion to dismiss this claim is denied.
Defendant argues that Plaintiff's claim for breach of the implied warranty of merchantability must be dismissed because Plaintiff does not allege that IntenseX was unfit for its ordinary use. (Doc. No. 11-1 at 27-28.) The implied warranty of merchantability "is breached when the goods do not conform to the promises or affirmations contained on the container or label or are not fit for the ordinary purposes for which the goods are used." Martinez v. Metabolife Int'l, Inc., 113 Cal.App.4th 181, 189, 6 Cal.Rptr.3d 494 (2003). These are two separate definitions of merchantability. See Hauter v. Zogarts, 14 Cal.3d 104, 117-18, 120 Cal.Rptr. 681, 534 P.2d 377 (1975). Defendant relies on the "ordinary use" definition, but Plaintiff relies on the other definition, alleging that the product "did not and does not" provide the benefits promised on the label. (FAC ¶¶ 131, 134.) Defendant has not shown that Plaintiff's theory fails, so the Court denies Defendant's motion to dismiss it.
Defendant asserts that Plaintiff's Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act ("MMWA") claim fails because product descriptions are not warranties and the IntenseX labeling is regulated by the FDCA, making the MMWA inapplicable. (Doc. No. 11-1 at 28-29.) The MMWA regulates warranties on consumer goods. It applies to written warranties, which are defined as a written affirmation that "relates to the nature of the material or workmanship and affirms or promises that such
The MMWA is expressly "inapplicable to any written warranty the making or content of which is otherwise governed by Federal Law." 15 U.S.C. § 2311(d). But the next sentence provides: "If only a portion of a written warranty is so governed by Federal law, the remaining portion shall be subject to this chapter." Id. Some courts have dismissed MMWA claims in product labeling actions based on the first sentence, with little analysis and no mention of the second sentence. See, e.g., Bates v. Gen. Nutrition Centers, Inc., 897 F.Supp.2d 1000, 1002 (C.D.Cal.2012) ("Defendants are correct that the [MMWA] claim should be dismissed because the [FDCA] governs written warranties on the labeling of dietary supplements."). Other courts have allowed supplement labeling claims under the MMWA to proceed, with no discussion of this provision. See, e.g., Dorsey v. Rockhard Labs., LLC, 2014 WL 4678969, at *9-10 (C.D.Cal. Sept. 19, 2014) ("As to the statements `Sexual Performance Enhancer for Men' and `Fast & Effective,' Plaintiff has stated a plausible claim under the MMWA.").
Plaintiff borrows the state-law warranty claims, (FAC ¶ 139), which are adequately pleaded, and he asserts that the product is ineffective, contrary to the representations on the label, (id. ¶ 142). As a result, the complaint states a claim under both applications of the MMWA. Plaintiff will have to prove that the product does not work and is "defective" within the meaning of the MMWA, and Defendant is free to claim that the label made no warranty within the meaning of the MMWA. See Dorsey, 2014 WL 4678969, at *9 ("Sexual Performance Enhancer for Men" and "Fast & Effective" were warranties for purposes of the MMWA and "not mere product descriptions"); Allen v. Hyland's Inc., 2013 WL 1748408, at *5-6 (C.D.Cal.2013) ("While a product that is `synthetic' and `artificial' may not be defective, a product that is ineffective is."). Whether § 2311(d) precludes Plaintiff's MMWA claim is better suited for a motion for summary judgment, when the record is more fully developed and the parties further analyze the statutory scheme under the facts of the case.
Defendant asserts that Plaintiff has failed to plead any UCL violation. (Doc. No. 11-1 at 29-30.) But Plaintiff's theories that the IntenseX labeling violates FDA regulations, the Sherman Law, and the unlawful prong of the UCL survive Defendant's challenges. Plaintiff's false-advertising theory under the fraudulent prong of the UCL also survive. Defendant contends that Plaintiff has not adequately alleged a violation of the unfair prong because he did not identify the established public policy the label violates and he has not pleaded facts to suggest that Defendant's conduct was immoral, oppressive, or substantially injurious to consumers. (Doc. No. 11-1 at 29-30.) But Plaintiff alleges that the IntenseX labeling "offends public policy by seeking to profit from consumers' vulnerability to false or
Defendant contends that Plaintiff's CLRA claim must be dismissed because he did not file an affidavit showing that this action was commenced in the proper county. (Doc. No. 11-1 at 18 n.9.) The CLRA requires plaintiffs to file an affidavit with the complaint showing that the action was commenced in the correct county. See Cal. Civ.Code § 1780(d). The correct county is "the county in which the person against whom it is brought resides, has his or her principal place of business, or is doing business, or in the county where the transaction or any substantial portion thereof occurred." Id. If a plaintiff does not file the required affidavit, the statute directs the court to dismiss the action without prejudice. See id.
Plaintiff argues that this requirement is procedural, so that it does not apply to CLRA claims filed in federal court. Under the facts of this case, the Court agrees. Additionally, this appears to be the proper county, as Plaintiff alleges that Defendant conducts business in this district, has an office in this district, and the subsidiary responsible for selling and marketing IntenseX is located in San Diego. (FAC ¶¶ 2-3.)
Last, Defendant contends that Plaintiff does not have standing to seek injunctive relief because he does not allege that he will purchase IntenseX again. (Doc. No. 11-1 at 30-31.) To establish standing, the plaintiff must show that he suffered an injury in fact, the injury is "fairly traceable" to the defendant's conduct, and the injury is likely to be redressed by a favorable decision. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992). A plaintiff seeking injunctive relief must demonstrate that "he has suffered or is threatened with a concrete and particularized legal harm ... coupled with a sufficient likelihood that he will again be wronged in a similar way." Bates v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 511 F.3d 974, 985 (9th Cir.2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). Injunctive relief is a remedy, not a cause of action. See Shell Oil Co. v. Richter, 52 Cal.App.2d 164, 168, 125 P.2d 930 (1942).
District courts are split as to whether plaintiffs in product-labeling actions have standing to seek injunctive relief, since consumers who know the truth cannot claim any future reliance on the purportedly misleading labeling. See In re 5-hour ENERGY Marketing & Sales Practices Litig., 2014 WL 5311272, at *10-11 (C.D.Cal.2014). Some have held that consumers have standing to seek injunctive relief because denying standing would thwart the purposes of California's consumer-protection laws. See id. (collecting cases). Others have held that consumers continue to be harmed if the misrepresentations continue, since they cannot rely on the defendant's representations. See id. at *11 (collecting cases). Courts use this second approach only when the plaintiff indicates a desire to purchase the product again in the future. See id. A third group has concluded that Article III's standing requirements cannot be avoided on policy grounds. See id. (collecting cases).
Plaintiff has standing to pursue his claims, and Defendant does not contend otherwise. Defendant's request to shave off one remedy does not require dismissal of his claims. For now, the Court declines to dismiss Plaintiff's requests for injunctive relief.
Defendant moves to strike Plaintiff's allegations regarding punitive damages, Plaintiff's proposed class definition, and the statements on the IntenseX website. (Doc. No. 11-1 at 18 n.8, 31-32.) Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f) provides that courts "may strike from any pleading an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter." Courts ordinarily grant motions to strike only when the matter to be stricken clearly has no possible bearing on the litigation. See Ollier v. Sweetwater Union High Sch. Dist., 735 F.Supp.2d 1222, 1223-24 (S.D.Cal.2010). "Motions to strike are rarely granted in the absence of a showing of prejudice to the moving party." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Defendant contends that Plaintiff has not properly pleaded punitive damages. (Doc. No. 11-1 at 31.) Defendant relies on California Civil Code § 3294(b), which provides, for corporate punitive damages liability, that an "officer, director, or managing agent of the corporation" must have consciously disregarded, authorized, or ratified each act of "oppression, fraud, or malice." See also White v. Ultramar, Inc., 21 Cal.4th 563, 572, 88 Cal.Rptr.2d 19, 981 P.2d 944 (1999). Plaintiff alleges that he notified Defendant by certified mail of the alleged CLRA violations, based on the purportedly false and misleading labeling, but Defendant did not remedy them. (FAC ¶ 123-25.) He also alleges that Defendant's "senior officers and directors ... allowed IntenseX to be sold with full knowledge or reckless disregard that the challenged claims are fraudulent, unlawful, and misleading." (FAC ¶ 86.) In light of these allegations, the Court declines to strike Plaintiff's prayer for punitive damages at this time. The Court also declines to strike the other challenged allegations, as Defendant has not shown that the Rule 12(f) standards are met.
The Court denies Defendant's motion to dismiss and strike, (Doc. No. 11). Many of the issues raised are better suited for summary judgment. Defendant must answer no later than
