HON. GONZALO P. CURIEL, United States District Judge
Presently before the Court are two Motions for Summary Judgment, or in the Alternative Partial Summary Judgment, filed by Defendants Trump University, LLC ("Trump University" or "TU")
For the following reasons, the Court
Donald Trump is a real estate magnate, television personality, and author. In 2004, Mr. Trump helped found Trump University, a private, for profit entity offering real estate seminars and purporting to teach Mr. Trump's "[i]nsider success secrets." (D Ex. 1 (Sexton Decl.), ECF No. 375-3 at 3; D Ex. 2 (Sexton Depo.), ECF No. 375-3 at 15-16; CC Ex. 64, ECF No. 122-5 at 50-52.)
For TU's live events, consumers were first invited to a ninety-minute Free Preview, which was preceded by an orchestrated marketing campaign using mailed invitations as well as a TU website, radio, and newspaper advertising. (CC Ex. 22, ECF No. 122-4 at 7.) For example, consumers were sent "Special Invitation[s] from Donald J. Trump" which included a letter signed by Mr. Trump that stated "[m]y handpicked instructors and mentors will show you how to use real estate strategies." (P Ex. 30, ECF No. 388-26 at 2-3; P Ex. 40, ECF No. 388-29 at 2-3; P Ex. 41, ECF No. 388-30 at 2.) Newspaper advertisements displayed a large photograph of Mr. Trump, stating "[l]earn from Donald Trump's handpicked expert," and quoted Mr. Trump as saying: "I can turn anyone into a successful real estate investor, including you." (CC Ex. 43, ECF No. 122-5 at 5.) Similarly, TU's website displayed large photographs of Mr. Trump and included statements such as "Learn from the Master," "It's the next best thing to being his Apprentice," and "Insider success secrets from Donald Trump." (CC Ex. 64, ECF No. 122-5 at 50-52.) Further, TU advertisements "utilized various forms of recognizable signs to appear to be an accredited academic institution" such as a "school crest that was ubiquitous and used on TU letterhead, power point presentations, promotional materials and advertisements." (ECF No. 298 at 8-9; see also CC Ex. 83 (Marketing Guidelines), ECF No. 195-4 at 2.) Plaintiffs have provided evidence that Mr. Trump reviewed and approved all advertisements. (P Ex. 1 (Bloom Depo.), ECF No. 388-1 at 7; P Ex. 3 (Sexton Depo.), ECF No. 388-2 at 17-19; P Ex. 5 (Trump Depo.), ECF No. 388-4 at 22, 24, 27.)
At the beginning of each Free Preview, a promotional video was played in which Mr. Trump stated:
(ECF No. 386 at 16 (citing CC Ex. 2, ECF No. 122-3 at 4).)
Individuals were then invited to attend a $1,495 Fulfillment Seminar. (TAC, ECF No. 128 ¶ 53.) Those who paid for the
The named Plaintiffs include Tarla Makaeff, Sonny Low, J.R. Everett, and John Brown.
Tarla Makaeff ("Makaeff") is a resident of Los Angeles, California. (CC Ex. 6 (Makaeff Decl.), ECF No. 122-3 at 22 ¶ 1.) She did not attend the Free Preview, but in August 2008 she purchased the three-day Fulfillment Seminar after being invited by a friend who attended the Free Preview. (Id. ¶ 2.) Makaeff also purchased the Trump Elite Program for $34,995 on or about August 10, 2008. (Id. ¶ 4.)
Sonny Low ("Low") is a 70-year-old resident of Chula Vista, California. (CC Ex. 5 (Low Decl.), ECF No. 122-3 at 17 ¶ 1.) He attended the Free Preview on or about November 18, 2009, based on a newspaper advertisement. (Id. ¶ 3.) Low then purchased and attended the three-day Fulfillment Seminar on or about December 6, 2009. (Id. ¶ 4.) Low also paid $25,000 for the Trump Elite Program on December 6, 2009. (Id. ¶ 6.)
J.R. Everett ("Everett") is a 68-year-old resident of Tampa, Florida. (CC Ex. 4 (Everett Decl.), ECF No. 122-3 at 12 ¶ 1; see also ECF No. 128 at 16 ¶ 30.) She attended the Free Preview on October 7, 2009. (CC Ex. 4 (Everett Decl.), ECF No. 122-3 at 12 ¶ 2.) She then purchased the three-day Fulfillment Seminar on or about October 7, 2009, and paid $35,000 for the Trump Elite Program on or about October 16, 2009. (Id. ¶¶ 2-3.)
Finally, John Brown ("Brown") is a resident of New York, New York. (CC Ex. 3 (Brown Decl.), ECF No. 122-3 at 7 ¶ 1.) He attended the Free Preview on September 14, 2009, after learning about it in an advertisement. (Id. ¶ 2.) He purchased the three-day Fulfillment Seminar on or about September 14, 2009. (Id. ¶ 3.) Brown then paid $25,000 for the Trump Elite Program on or about September 26, 2009. (Id. at 8 ¶ 5.)
On April 30, 2010, Plaintiff Makaeff filed a class action complaint against TU, alleging violations of California, New York, and Florida consumer statutes as well as several common law causes of action. (ECF No. 1.) On May 26, 2010, Defendant TU filed a counterclaim against Plaintiff Makaeff for defamation.
The complaint has been amended a number of times, ultimately resulting in the current operative pleading, the third amended complaint ("TAC"), filed September 26, 2012.
On February 21, 2014, the Court granted in part and denied in part Plaintiffs' motion for class certification. (ECF No. 298.) The Court noted that Plaintiffs alleged that Defendants made the following "core" misrepresentations: "(1) Trump University was an accredited university; (2) students would be taught by real estate experts, professors and mentors hand-selected by Mr. Trump; and (3) students would receive one year of expert support and mentoring." (Id. at 4.) The Court granted Plaintiffs' motion for class certification for the following class and five subclasses:
(Id. at 35-36.) For the remaining claims, the Court either denied, or Plaintiffs did not seek, class certification.
On February 12, 2015, Defendant Donald Trump filed a Motion for Summary Judgment, or in the Alternative Partial Summary Judgment. (ECF No. 375.) On February 17, 2015, Defendant TU filed its own Motion for Summary Judgment, or in the Alternative Partial Summary Judgment. (ECF No. 377.) Plaintiffs filed a single omnibus opposition to both motions on March 6, 2015.
On February 19, 2015, Defendants filed a Motion for Decertification of Class Action. (ECF No. 380). On April 10, 2015, Plaintiffs filed their opposition to the Motion for Decertification. (ECF No. 405). On April 24, 2015, Defendants replied. (ECF No. 409).
On February 20, 2015, Plaintiffs filed a Motion for Approval of Class Notice and Directing Class Notice Procedures. (ECF No. 381). On April 17, 2015, Defendants filed their opposition. (ECF No. 408). On April 24, 2015, Plaintiffs filed their reply. (ECF No. 409).
On April 1, 2015, the Court granted Defendants' ex parte motion to delay issuance of any ruling on Defendants' summary judgment motions until after the Court either decertifies the Classes or approves a class notice and the notice is provided to the Classes and the "opt-out" period has expired. (ECF No. 403.)
On May 1, 2015, Plaintiffs filed an unopposed ex parte motion for clarification of the Court's Class Certification Order. (ECF No. 410.)
On September 18, 2015, the Court granted in part and denied in part Defendants' motion for decertification of the class action (ECF No. 418.) The Court denied the motion to decertify on liability issues as to all causes of action, but granted the motion on damages issues as to all causes of action, and bifurcated the damages issues to follow trial on the liability phase. (Id. at 21.) The Court also granted Plaintiffs' motion to clarify the Court's class certification order, and clarified that the class definition going forward would be:
(Id. at 22.)
On September 21, 2015, the Court granted in part and denied in part Plaintiff's motion for approval of class notice and directing class notice procedures. (ECF No. 419.) On November 15, 2015, the opt-out period expired. (See id. at 11.)
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 empowers the Court to enter summary judgment on factually unsupported claims or defenses, and thereby "secure the just, speedy and inexpensive determination of every action." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325, 327, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Summary judgment is appropriate if the "pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). A fact is material when it affects the outcome of the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).
The moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of any genuine issues of material fact. Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548. The moving party can satisfy this burden by demonstrating that the nonmoving party failed to make a showing sufficient to establish an element of his or her claim on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. Id. at 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548. If the moving party fails to bear the initial burden, summary judgment must be denied and the court need not consider the nonmoving party's evidence. Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 159-60, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970).
Once the moving party has satisfied this burden, the nonmoving party cannot rest on the mere allegations or denials of his pleading, but must "go beyond the pleadings and by her own affidavits, or by the `depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file' designate `specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.'" Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548. If the non-moving party fails to make a sufficient showing of an element of its case, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548. "Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no `genuine issue for trial.'" Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). In making this determination, the court must "view[ ] the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party." Fontana v. Haskin, 262 F.3d 871, 876 (9th Cir.2001). The Court does not engage in credibility determinations, weighing of
Defendants TU and Donald Trump have each filed separate motions for summary judgment. The Court first addresses Defendant TU's motion, and then turns to Defendant Donald Trump's motion.
Defendant TU primarily argues that it is entitled to summary judgment as to the California, Florida, and New York subclasses because Plaintiffs failed to produce sufficient evidence of restitution or damages. (ECF No. 377-1 at 9.) TU also argues that Plaintiffs have not shown they are entitled to injunctive relief under the UCL, FAL, and CLRA. (ECF No. 377-1 at 11-16.)
The UCL, FAL, and CLRA all provide for injunctive relief. Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17203, 17535; Cal. Civ. Code § 1780(a)(2). Defendant TU argues that Plaintiffs are not entitled to injunctive relief for two reasons.
First, TU contends that Plaintiffs are not entitled to an injunction because TU has discontinued its allegedly wrongful conduct. (ECF No. 377-1 at 12.) See Cal. Serv. Station v. Union Oil Co., 232 Cal.App.3d 44, 283 Cal.Rptr. 279, 285 (Ct.App. 1991) ("Injunctive relief will be denied if at the time of the order of judgment, there is no reasonable probability that the past acts complained of will recur, i.e., where the defendant voluntarily discontinues the wrongful conduct."). TU relies on the facts that: (1) it ceased enrolling students in classes after July 2010; and (2) it changed its name to the Trump Entrepreneur Initiative on June 2, 2010. (ECF No. 377-1 at 12.) Plaintiffs counter that they are entitled to an injunction because Defendant Donald Trump has stated, both at his deposition and publicly, that he intends to restart TU in the future. (ECF No. 386 at 45.) Specifically, Mr. Trump testified at his deposition, taken on September 12, 2012: "Do we plan to start [TU] again after this lawsuit is won and after we bring the lawsuit against your firm. I would say probably yeah." (P Ex. 5, ECF No. 388-4 at 11.) In addition, in a May 13, 2011 New York Times article, Mr. Trump told reporters that TU was "on hiatus." (P Ex. 31, ECF No. 388-27 at 7.) The Court finds that Plaintiffs have raised a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether "there is no reasonable probability that the past acts complained of will recur." Cal. Serv. Station, 283 Cal.Rptr. at 285. As such, TU has failed to show that Plaintiffs are not entitled to injunctive relief on the ground that it has ceased its allegedly wrongful conduct.
Second, TU argues that Plaintiffs are not entitled to injunctive relief because named Plaintiffs Makaeff and Low do not face "a real or immediate threat of irreparable injury" as neither testified that they intended to further purchase TU seminars or mentorships.
However, Plaintiffs do not address the Ninth Circuit's decision in Perez (or other Ninth Circuit and Supreme Court authority regarding Article III standing), and there is a split among district courts in this Circuit regarding whether a plaintiff has Article III standing to seek injunctive relief regarding allegedly misleading advertising if they do not claim that they are still interested in buying the defendant's product. See In re 5-hour ENERGY Mktg. & Sales Practices Litig., No. 13-MDL-2438-PSG, 2014 WL 5311272, at *10-11 (C.D.Cal. Sept. 4, 2014) (noting split and collecting cases); Mason v. Nature's Innovation, Inc., No. 12-cv-3019-BTM (DHB), 2013 WL 1969957, at *2-5 (S.D.Cal. May 13, 2013) (same).
The plaintiff bears the burden of showing that the Article III standing requirements are met. Bates v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 511 F.3d 974 (9th Cir.2007). In a class action, standing is satisfied if at least one of the named plaintiffs meets the requirements. Id. Article III standing requires that: (1) the plaintiff suffered an injury in fact; (2) the injury is "fairly traceable" to the challenged conduct; and (3) the injury is "likely" to be "redressed by a favorable decision." Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992) (internal quotations marks and citations omitted). To establish standing for prospective injunctive relief, the plaintiff must demonstrate that "he has suffered or is threatened with a `concrete and particularized' legal harm... coupled with `a sufficient likelihood that he will again be wronged in a similar way.'" Bates, 511 F.3d at 985 (citation omitted). As to the second inquiry, the plaintiff must establish a "real and immediate threat of repeated injury." Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Although past wrongs are evidence relevant to whether there is a real and immediate threat of repeated injury, past wrongs do not in and of themselves amount to a real and immediate threat of injury sufficient to make out a case or controversy. Id.
As noted above, district courts in this Circuit are split over whether a plaintiff seeking to enjoin allegedly misleading advertising must show that they would likely purchase the item again to establish standing. See In re 5-hour ENERGY Mktg. & Sales Practices Litig., 2014 WL 5311272, at *10-11. Some district courts have held that a plaintiff is not required to make such a showing based on policy grounds.
This Court concludes that Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit precedent are clear that for a plaintiff to have standing to pursue injunctive relief, there must be a real and immediate threat of repeated injury. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130; Perez, 711 F.3d at 1114; Bates, 511 F.3d at 985. As such, this Court declines to follow Henderson, and holds that Plaintiffs must demonstrate a real and immediate threat of repeated injury in order to have Article III standing to pursue injunctive relief. Here, Plaintiffs have failed to raise a genuine dispute of material fact that the named Plaintiffs, Makaeff and Low, intend to again purchase TU's seminars or mentorships in the future.
Therefore, Plaintiffs lack Article III standing to pursue their claims for injunctive relief under the UCL, FAL, and CLRA. Accordingly, the Court
Defendant TU makes a number of other arguments centering around the idea that Plaintiffs have not established a viable damages methodology. First, Defendant TU argues that it is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs' claims for restitutionary relief under the UCL, FAL, and CLRA because Plaintiffs "have no admissible evidence establishing a valid methodology for restitution or the amount of restitution." (ECF No. 377-1 at 12, 15.) Second, TU argues that Plaintiffs are not entitled to monetary damages under the CLRA for the same reasons it raised regarding restitution. (ECF No. 377-1 at 15-16.) Third, for named Plaintiff Low's financial elder abuse claim, Defendant TU argues that "Low has failed to provide damages due to the lack of evidence of the value of services received versus what he paid for the TU seminars and mentorships." (ECF No. 377-1 at 16-17; ECF No. 391 at 10.) Fourth, for the Florida subclass's MAL, FDUTPA, and financial elder abuse claims, Defendant TU argues named Plaintiff Everett has not established damages as she has not provided evidence that TU's seminars and mentorships were worthless.
These arguments were addressed in the Court's September 18, 2015 Order on Defendants' Motion to Decertify and are thus moot. (See ECF No. 418 (granting decertification on damages issues as to all causes of action and bifurcating the damage issues to follow trial on the liability phase)). Accordingly, the Court
In sum, the Court
Defendant Donald Trump primarily argues that he is entitled to summary judgment because he did not personally make the alleged "core" misrepresentations to the class representatives, nor did the class representatives rely on misrepresentations made by him. (ECF No. 375-1 at 11.) Mr. Trump also argues that the representation that he "hand-picked" TU instructors is true, and repeats Defendant TU's arguments that Plaintiffs failed to produce sufficient evidence of restitution or damages. (Id.)
As a preliminary matter, because it relates to all three subclasses's claims, the Court considers Mr. Trump's argument that the representation that he "handpicked" or "hand-selected" the TU instructors was true and, therefore, is not a misrepresentation. (ECF No. 375-1 at 14, 21 n.14, 32-33, 36 n.23; ECF No. 390 at 7.) Mr. Trump relies on his own interrogatory responses and deposition testimony that he "attended periodic meetings with various experts responsible for drafting and developing Trump University course materials" and he saw resumes of instructors. (D Ex. 3 (Supp. Resp. Interrogatories Nos. 10 & 14), ECF No. 375-3 at 25-26, 28-29; D Ex. 4 (Trump Depo.), ECF No. 375-3 at 41-45.)
However, Plaintiffs counter that Mr. Trump also stated in his interrogatory responses that he "personally was involved in the selection of Don Sexton, Gary Eldred, Michael Gordon and Jack Kaplan. Additionally, most if not all speakers, instructors and mentors were selected by Trump University representatives ...." (ECF No. 386 at 18 & n.14; CC Ex. 105 (Resp. Interrogatory No. 13), ECF No. 195-5 at 72.) Sexton, Eldred, Gordon, and Kaplan are current or former professors who drafted and developed Trump University course materials. (CC Ex. 105 (Resp. Interrogatory No. 10), ECF No. 195-5 at 70.) Sexton, Gordon, and Kaplan were not speakers at any of the Live Events, although Eldred was a speaker for at least one event. (P Ex. 17, ECF No. 388-15.) Further, several instructors testified that they never met with Mr. Trump. (P Ex. 4 (Martin Depo.), ECF No. 388-3 at 3; P Ex. 16 (Sperry Depo.), ECF No. 388-14 at 4-6; P Ex. 18 (Childers Depo.), ECF No. 388-16 at 4; P Ex. 19 (Miller Depo.), ECF No. 388-7 at 3-4.)
Mr. Trump largely relies on the same arguments as Defendant TU regarding Plaintiffs' alleged failure to show their entitlement to the available remedies.
Like Defendant TU, Mr. Trump argues that Plaintiffs are not entitled to an injunction under the UCL, FAL, and CLRA. (ECF No. 375-1 at 22-23; ECF No. 390 at 13.) For the same reasons discussed above with respect to TU, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs lack Article III standing to pursue their claims for injunctive relief under the UCL, FAL, and CLRA because they have failed to raise a genuine dispute of material fact that the named Plaintiffs, Makaeff and Low, intend to again purchase TU's seminars or mentorships in the future.
Accordingly, the Court
Like Defendant TU, Mr. Trump argues that Plaintiffs are not entitled to restitution under the UCL, FAL, and CLRA, or monetary damages under the CLRA, because Plaintiffs have failed to provide sufficient evidence that TU's programs were worthless. (ECF No. 375-1 at 22-27, 29; ECF No. 390 at 7-10.) For the same reasons discussed above with respect to TU, the Court finds these arguments unpersuasive.
Mr. Trump's only additional argument is that restitution is improper for the UCL and FAL claims because named Plaintiffs Makaeff and Low contracted with and paid money to TU, not Mr. Trump himself, and therefore requiring Mr. Trump to repay the money would not be restitutionary in nature. (ECF No. 375-1 at 23-24.) Mr. Trump contends that restitutionary relief allows for "`money or property identified as belonging in good conscience to the plaintiff [that can] clearly be traced to particular funds or property in the defendant's possession,'" and here Mr. Trump never directly obtained any money from Makaeff and Low. (Id. (quoting Colgan v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc, 35 Cal.App.4th 663, 38 Cal.Rptr.3d 36, 62 (2006)).)
Plaintiffs counter that liability under the UCL and FAL "`may be imposed against those who aid and abet the violation,'" and here there is evidence that Mr. Trump personally participated in the alleged misrepresentations and misconduct. (ECF No. 386 at 29-31 (quoting People v. Sarpas, 225 Cal.App.4th 1539, 172 Cal.Rptr.3d 25, 48 (Ct.App.2014).) See also Coastal Abstract Serv., Inc. v. First Am. Title Ins. Co., 173 F.3d 725, 734 (9th Cir.1999) ("A corporate officer or director is, in general, personally liable for all torts which he authorizes or directs or in which he participates, notwithstanding that he acted as an agent of
Mr. Trump replies that — even though he reviewed and approved advertisements, had an ownership stake in TU indirectly through two other limited liability companies (of which he is the controlling member), and periodically reviewed TU financial statements — Mr. Trump is not personally liable because he did not control the day-to-day operations of TU. (ECF No. 390 at 11-12 & n.10.) Mr. Trump notes that in the cases cited by Plaintiffs, aiding and abetting liability under the UCL was based on significant involvement in day-to-day operations. (Id. at 390 at 12 n.11.) See Hahn, 2014 WL 5100220, at *13 (defendant franchiser "exercised wide-reaching control over its franchisees' day-to-day operations"); Sarpas, 172 Cal.Rptr.3d at 48 (individual defendant "ran and `oversaw' the company's day-to-day operations").
Based on the foregoing, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have raised a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether Mr. Trump can be personally liable for the alleged misrepresentations and misconduct. For example, Plaintiffs have provided evidence that Mr. Trump reviewed and approved all advertisements. (ECF No. 386 n.54; P Ex. 3 (Sexton Depo.), ECF No. 388-2 at 17-19; P Ex. 5 (Trump Depo.), ECF No. 388-4 at 22, 24, 27.) These advertisements included the alleged core misrepresentations, such as that Mr. Trump "hand-picked" the instructors and mentors. (CC Ex. 43, ECF No. 122-5 at 5; P Ex. 30, ECF No. 388-26 at 2-3.)
Accordingly, the Court
Mr. Trump argues that summary judgment is appropriate on the UCL and FAL claims because named Plaintiffs Makaeff and Low both testified at their depositions that they were not exposed to the alleged core misrepresentations by Mr. Trump himself, and their decision to purchase the TU programs was caused by reliance on misrepresentations made by TU rather than Mr. Trump. (ECF No. 375-1 at 20-22.) Plaintiffs respond that Mr. Trump "cherry-pick[s]" excerpts from Makaeff's and Low's depositions, and ignores evidence that Mr. Trump's misrepresentations caused their injuries. (ECF No. 386 at 42.)
To have standing to bring a class action under the UCL based on fraud or the FAL, the class representatives must show "actual reliance" on a misrepresentation. In re Tobacco II Cases, 46 Cal.4th 298, 93 Cal.Rptr.3d 559, 207 P.3d 20, 39 (Cal.2009); see also Kwikset Corp. v. Superior
Mr. Trump argues that named Plaintiff Makaeff admitted at her deposition that he did not personally make to her any of the three core misrepresentations, and that her decision to purchase the Trump Elite Program was not caused by reliance on any misrepresentation by Mr. Trump. (ECF No. 375-1 at 14-15, 20-22.) He points to Makaeff's testimony that: (1) she did not attend a Free Preview but was recruited by a friend who did so; (2) she "didn't have any communication from Trump University" or "read any materials about Trump University" before she went to the three-day Fulfillment Seminar; (3) she did not see any statements by Mr. Trump "in writing"; (4) she did not visit the TU website or see any of Mr. Trump's blog posts prior to her purchase of the Elite Program; (5) she did not recall whether any video recordings of Mr. Trump were shown at the Fulfillment Seminar; (6) Mr. Trump was not present at Makaeff's Fulfillment Seminar; and (7) she relied on statements by TU instructors and representatives in deciding to purchase the Elite Program. (D Ex. 5 (Makaeff Depo.), ECF No. 375-3 at 76-78, 82-87, 91-95, 97; D Ex. 6 (Makaeff Depo.), ECF No. 375-3 at 108-09, 111; D Ex. 7 (Makaeff Depo.), ECF No. 375-3 at 122-27.)
However, Plaintiffs counter that Makaeff also testified that at the Fulfillment Seminar she viewed slides with statements by Mr. Trump, including that "[t]his is the next best thing to being my apprentice," "[y]ou'll learn inside secrets from me," and "he was going to provide his hand-picked instructors," and that these statements caused her to sign up for the Elite Program. (ECF No. 386 at 42-43; P Ex. 9 (Makaeff Depo.), ECF No. 388-8 at 9-10.) In addition, Makaeff testified that it was important to her that Mr. Trump would hand-pick the instructors because "that's a promise he made, and I would think that he would have the ability to pick the best people since that's his expertise." (ECF No. 386 at 43; P Ex. 9 (Makaeff Depo.), ECF No. 388-8 at 12.) Plaintiffs further argue that there is a material question of fact as to whether Makaeff viewed the video of Mr. Trump during the Fulfillment Seminar because she testified she was "not certain" whether she saw the video, but that she "possibly" saw a video in which Mr. Trump stated that "[y]ou'll get my insider secrets," "you'll learn from the best," and "I've handpicked instructors." (ECF No. 386 at 42 n.61; P Ex. 9 (Makaeff Depo.), ECF No. 388-8 at 14-16, 31-32.)
Mr. Trump similarly argues that named Plaintiff Low admitted at his deposition that Mr. Trump did not personally make to him any of the three core misrepresentations, and that his decision to purchase the three-day Fulfillment Seminar and the Elite Program was not caused by reliance on any misrepresentation by Mr. Trump.
However, Plaintiffs counter that Low also testified that the "gist" of the newspaper advertisement which caused him to attend the Free Preview was "Learn from m[y] secrets. If you want [to] secure your income, come to one of my free seminars," and that "Donald Trump caught [his] attention." (ECF No. 386 at 42-43; P Ex. 26 (Low Depo.), ECF No. 388-22 at 3-5.) In addition, Low testified that he received a letter signed by Mr. Trump which included the statement that "[m]y handpicked instructors and mentors will show you how to use real estate strategies," that the signed letter was the "[n]umber one" reason why Low decided he wanted to buy a TU program, and that Low "took it as being very significant that [Mr. Trump] signed it" because "I got that from him." (ECF No. 386 at 43; P Ex. 26 (Low Depo.), ECF No. 388-22 at 6, 23-24; P Ex. 30 (Letter), ECF No. 388-26 at 2-3.) Low further testified that he considered all TU communications as coming from Mr. Trump. (ECF No. 386 at 43; P Ex. 26 (Low Depo.), ECF No. 388-22 at 18.)
Moreover, Plaintiffs argue that they were exposed to Mr. Trump's misrepresentations though TU's highly orchestrated advertising campaign, which featured Mr. Trump, and which Mr. Trump reviewed and approved. (ECF No. 386 at 41, 45; see also ECF No. 298 at 22 (class certification order stating that "there is evidence that the TU multi-media campaign was ... highly orchestrated").)
Based on the foregoing evidence, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have raised a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether named Plaintiffs Makaeff and Low were exposed to and relied on core misrepresentations made by Mr. Trump. For instance, even though they did not rely solely on misrepresentations by Mr. Trump himself, Makaeff and Low both provided evidence that they saw misrepresentations by Mr. Trump which influenced their purchase decisions. See In re Tobacco II Cases, 93 Cal.Rptr.3d 559, 207 P.3d at 40 (a plaintiff is not required to show that the "misrepresentations were the sole or even the decisive cause of the injury-producing conduct"). Further, there is evidence that the core misrepresentations occurred in TU advertisements featuring and approved by Mr. Trump. See Sarpas, 172 Cal.Rptr.3d at 48 (liability under the UCL and FAL "may be imposed against those who aid and abet the violation").
Accordingly, the Court
Mr. Trump argues that Plaintiffs' CLRA claim fails because: (1) he was not personally
The CLRA protects consumers against "unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices undertaken by any person in a transaction intended to result or which results in the sale or lease of goods or services to any consumer ...." Cal. Civ. Code § 1770(a) (emphasis added). "Transaction" is defined as "an agreement between a consumer and another person, whether or not the agreement is a contract enforceable by action, and includes the making of, and the performance pursuant to, that agreement." Id. § 1761(e). The CLRA "shall be liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes, which are to protect consumers against unfair and deceptive business practices and to provide efficient and economical procedures to secure such protection." Id. § 1760.
Mr. Trump argues that Plaintiffs' CLRA claim fails because there was no "transaction" between himself and Makaeff or Low as they signed enrollment contracts with TU, not Mr. Trump himself. (ECF No. 375-1 at 27-28 (citing Cirulli v. Hyundai Motor Corp., No. 08-cv-0854-AG, 2009 WL 4288367, at * 4 (C.D.Cal. Nov. 9, 2009) (dismissing CLRA claim by consumer against defendant car manufacturer for failure to disclose a defect because no alleged transaction between the consumer and the manufacturer and therefore no relationship giving rise to a duty to disclose the defect)).)
Plaintiffs counter that given the CLRA's broad definition of "transaction" and the mandate that the CLRA be "liberally construed and applied," there is an actionable transaction between Plaintiffs and Mr. Trump, even though they did not sign a contract with him directly. (ECF No. 386 at 49-51.) Plaintiffs rely on Chamberlan v. Ford Motor Co., No. 03-cv-2628-CW, 2003 WL 25751413, at *7 (N.D.Cal. Aug. 6, 2003), which noted that "[n]othing in the language of the CLRA states that only a defendant who directly engaged in a completed transaction with a plaintiff may be liable to that plaintiff." Rather, "[v]iewed in light of the provision to construe the statute liberally, the broad language of the statute suggests that the legislature intended the CLRA to cover a wide range of business activities." Id. (denying motion to dismiss CLRA claim by consumer against defendant car manufacturer for failure to disclose defect even though consumer did not purchase used car directly from the defendant manufacturer because the defendant engaged in transactions with authorized dealerships to sell cars); see also McAdams v. Monier, Inc., 182 Cal.App.4th 174, 105 Cal.Rptr.3d 704, 712-13 (Ct.App. 2010) (noting that "a cause of action under the CLRA may be established independent of any contractual relationship between the parties" and reversing denial of class certification in CLRA action against manufacturer of allegedly defective roof tiles purchased from third-party distributor).
The Court previously rejected Mr. Trump's "transaction" argument at the motion to dismiss stage, stating that "the fact that Plaintiffs entered into a transaction with Trump University rather than [Mr.] Trump himself does not require dismissal of the CLRA claims." (ECF No. 69 at 7 (citing Chamberlan v. Ford Motor Co., 369 F.Supp.2d 1138, 1144 (N.D.Cal.2005) (reaffirming conclusion in prior order that omissions were actionable under the CLRA against defendant car manufacturer "despite the fact that [the plaintiffs] never entered into a transaction directly with Defendant.")).) The Court concludes that Mr. Trump has shown no grounds for the Court to reconsider its conclusion in its prior order. Plaintiffs have raised a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether there was an actionable "transaction" between themselves and Mr. Trump under the CLRA.
"As with the UCL, consumers seeking to recover damages under the CLRA based on a fraud theory must prove `actual reliance on the misrepresentation and harm.'" Sateriale v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 697 F.3d 777, 794 (9th Cir. 2012) (citation omitted); see also Cohen v. DIRECTV, Inc., 178 Cal.App.4th 966, 101 Cal.Rptr.3d 37, 47-48 (Ct.App.2009) ("[A]ctual reliance must be established for an award of damages under the CLRA."); In re Vioxx Class Cases, 180 Cal.App.4th 116, 103 Cal.Rptr.3d at 94 (2009) ("[P]laintiffs in a CLRA action [must] show not only that a defendant's conduct was deceptive but that the deception caused them harm." (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
Like the UCL and FAL claims, Mr. Trump repeats that summary judgment is appropriate on the CLRA claim because named Plaintiffs Makaeff and Low both testified at their depositions that they were not exposed to the alleged core misrepresentations by Mr. Trump himself, and their decision to purchase the TU programs was caused by reliance on misrepresentations made by TU rather than Mr. Trump. (ECF No. 375-1 at 29.) The Court again finds Mr. Trump's arguments unpersuasive because there is a triable dispute.
Accordingly, the Court
Under California law, financial abuse of an elder occurs when a defendant "[t]akes, secretes, appropriates, obtains, or retains real or personal property of an elder ... for a wrongful use or with intent to defraud, or both" or "assists" in doing so. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 15610.30(a)(1)-(2). The statute defines "wrongful use" as if the defendant "knew or should have known that this conduct is likely to be harmful to the elder...." Id. § 15610.30(b). An "elder" is defined as any person residing in California who is "65 years of age or older." Id. § 15610.27.
Mr. Trump argues that he is entitled to summary judgment on named Plaintiff Low's financial elder abuse claim because Mr. Trump did not "take" money
Mr. Trump also argues that he is entitled to summary judgment on Low's financial elder abuse claim because there is no evidence that he knew, or should have known, that the conduct was likely to harm elders. (ECF No. 375-1 at 30; ECF No. 390 at 14.) Mr. Trump points to his own testimony that he did not know how many TU students were senior citizens and there was no "target market" for TU, and notes that there is no evidence that Mr. Trump knew Low was a senior citizen or was aware of TU's collection of demographic information of its students. (D Ex. 4 (Trump Depo.), ECF No. 375-3 at 57-58.) However, Plaintiffs provided evidence that TU advertisements could be interpreted, and were interpreted by Low, as targeting seniors, and that Mr. Trump approved all advertisements. (P Ex. 1 (Bloom Depo.), ECF No. 388-1 at 7; P Ex. 3 (Sexton Depo.), ECF No. 388-2 at 17-19; P Ex. 5 (Trump Depo.), ECF No. 388-4 at 22, 24, 27; P Ex. 26 (Low Depo.), ECF No. 388-2 at 26.) As such, Plaintiffs have raised a triable dispute as to whether Mr. Trump "should have known" the conduct was likely to harm elders.
Accordingly, the Court
Florida's MAL prohibits misleading advertising. Fla. Stat. § 817.41. Under the MAL, the plaintiff must "prove reliance on the alleged misleading advertising, as well as each of the other elements of the common law tort of fraud in the inducement." Smith v. Mellon Bank, 957 F.2d 856, 858 (11th Cir.1992). "To state a cause of action for fraud in the inducement, the Plaintiff must allege (a) a misrepresentation of material fact; (b) that the representor of the misrepresentation knew or should have known of the statement's falsity; (c) that the representor intended that the representation would induce another to rely and act on it; and (d) that the plaintiff suffered injury in justifiable reliance on the representation." Samuels v.
Similar to the California claims, Mr. Trump argues that he is entitled to summary judgment on the MAL claim because he did not personally make the alleged core misrepresentations to named Plaintiff Everett, nor did Everett reasonably rely on the misrepresentations. (ECF No. 375-1 at 31-32.) Mr. Trump points to Everett's testimony that: (1) she never met or spoke with Mr. Trump; (2) she could not remember whether a video of Mr. Trump was played at the Free Preview; (3) she did not visit the TU website or see any of Mr. Trump's blog posts prior to her purchase of TU programs; (4) the invitation she received signed by Mr. Trump did not state that TU was "accredited" or that TU provided one year of unlimited mentoring; (5) the invitation she received signed by Mr. Trump was for the Free Preview and did not "directly" cause her to later spend money on TU programs; (6) she purchased the three-day Fulfillment Seminar and the Elite Program after TU representatives described the programs; and (7) she did not think that TU was a "full scale" university like the University of Florida, but that it was "like a real estate school or a special school that has certification," and she did not remember anyone representing that it was "accredited."
However, Plaintiffs counter that Everett also testified that she received multiple signed letters from Mr. Trump inviting her to the Free Preview, along with a "Special Invitation from Donald J. Trump," which stated "my hand-picked instructors will share my techniques, which took my entire career to develop" and "I can turn anyone into a Successful Real Estate Investor," and she decided to attend the Preview based on the information she received in the mail. (ECF No. 386 at 56-57; P Ex. 8 (Everett Depo.), ECF No. 388-7 at 3-4, 15; P Ex. 40 (Invitation & Letter), ECF No. 388-29 at 2-3; P Ex. 41 (Letter), ECF No. 388-30 at 2.) In addition, Everett testified that the "Trump name, the Trump reputation, the Trump-backed program" played a "huge role" in and was the "only ... reason" for her decision to purchase TU programs, and it was important to her that she would be working with Mr. Trump's "handpicked" instructors and mentors. (ECF No. 386 at 59; P Ex. 8 (Everett Depo.), ECF No. 388-7 at 18-19, 25, 50-51.) She further testified that the name "University" implies an "educational program" with a "full staff of ... handpicked experts that understand real estate investing" and she thought it was "like a real estate school or a special school that has certification and follows certain guidelines for the state." (ECF No. 386 at 57; P Ex. 8 (Everett Depo.), ECF No. 388-7 at 46, 52-54.)
Based on the foregoing evidence, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have raised a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether named Plaintiff Everett was exposed to and reasonably relied on core misrepresentations made by Mr. Trump. For instance, Everett testified that she received a letter signed by Mr. Trump stating that "my handpicked instructors will share my techniques," and that it was
Accordingly, the Court
The FDUTPA prohibits "[u]nfair methods of competition, unconscionable acts or practices, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce" Fla. Stat. § 501.204; see also id. § 501.202 (FDUTPA purpose). A "consumer claim for damages under FDUTPA has three elements: (1) a deceptive act or unfair practice; (2) causation; and (3) actual damages." Rollins, Inc. v. Butland, 951 So.2d 860, 869 (Fla.Dist.Ct. App.2006). "The Florida Supreme Court has noted that deception occurs if there is a representation, omission, or practice that is likely to mislead the consumer acting reasonably in the circumstances, to the consumer's detriment. This standard requires a showing of probable, not possible, deception that is likely to cause injury to a reasonable relying consumer." Zlotnick v. Premier Sales Grp., Inc., 480 F.3d 1281, 1284 (11th Cir.2007) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
Mr. Trump repeats that he is entitled to summary judgment on the FDUTPA claim because he did not personally make the alleged core misrepresentations to Everett, nor did Everett rely on the misrepresentations. (ECF No. 375-1 at 33-34.) The Court again finds Mr. Trump's argument unpersuasive because there is a triable dispute.
Accordingly, the Court
The FDUTPA provides "a heightened civil penalty if a senior citizen ... is victimized." In re Miller, 418 B.R. 406, 412 (Bankr.N.D.Fla.2009). Specifically, under the FDUTPA, "[a] person who is willfully using, or has willfully used, a method, act, or practice in violation of this part which victimizes or attempts to victimize a senior citizen or a person who has a disability is liable for a civil penalty of not more than $15,000 for each such violation if she or he knew or should have known that her or his conduct was unfair or deceptive." Fla. Stat. § 501.2077(2). For purposes of this section, "senior citizen" means "a person who is 60 years of age or older." Id. § 501.2077(1)(e).
Like Defendant TU, Mr. Trump solely argues that Plaintiffs' elder abuse claim fails because summary judgment is appropriate on the underlying FDUTPA claim. (ECF No. 375-1 at 35 (citing Borden v. Saxon Mortg. Servs., Inc., No. 08-cv-61851, 2010 WL 3834590, at *10 (S.D.Fla. Sept. 28, 2010).) Because the Court has
Accordingly, the Court
The New York General Business law declares unlawful "[d]eceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any business, trade or commerce or in the furnishing of any service in th[e] state." N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 349(a). "A private plaintiff suing under § 349 `must allege that a defendant has engaged in (1) consumer-oriented conduct that is (2) materially misleading, and that (3) plaintiff suffered injury as a result of the allegedly deceptive act or practice.'" Oscar v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, No. 09-cv-11-PAE, 2012 WL 2359964, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. June 19, 2012) (quoting City of New York v. Smokes-Spirits.Com, Inc., 12 N.Y.3d 616, 883 N.Y.S.2d 772, 911 N.E.2d 834, 838 (N.Y.2009)). "Although § 349 `does not require proof of justifiable reliance, a plaintiff seeking compensatory damages must show that the defendant engaged in a material deceptive act or practice that caused actual, although not necessarily pecuniary, harm.'" Id. (quoting Oswego Laborers' Local 214 Pension Fund v. Marine Midland Bank, N.A., 85 N.Y.2d 20, 623 N.Y.S.2d 529, 647 N.E.2d 741, 745 (N.Y.1995) (emphasis added)). New York courts have adopted "an objective definition of deceptive acts and practices, whether representations or omissions, limited to those likely to mislead a reasonable consumer acting reasonably under the circumstances." Oswego Laborers' Local 214 Pension Fund, 623 N.Y.S.2d 529, 647 N.E.2d at 745.
Similar to the California and Florida subclasses, Mr. Trump argues that he is entitled to summary judgment on the § 349 claim because named Plaintiff Brown admitted that he was not exposed to misrepresentations by Mr. Trump, and that such misrepresentations did not cause his injury. (ECF No. 375-1 at 35-36.) Mr. Trump points to Brown's testimony that: (1) Brown first learned of TU through an e-mail or an announcement in the mail, but could not remember its content other than that Mr. Trump's name was on it; (2) Brown did not see any writings from Mr. Trump about the "$1,495 program" before he purchased it; (3) in a response to document requests for "each TRUMP UNIVERSITY advertisement and/or marketing material deponent relied on before purchasing" TU programs and any document "that reflects any promise or representation that TRUMP UNIVERSITY provides one year of in-person mentoring or year-long mentoring," Brown did not produce any documents personally from Mr. Trump; (4) Brown did not see any literature about the in-field mentorship before he purchased it; he was just "told" that it would be phone calls prior to three days of in-person mentoring; (5) Brown did not believe Mr. Trump said the "words" that he would be provided with unlimited one year of expert support and mentoring, and that representation was made by people there when he signed the contract; (6) he did not visit the TU website prior to his purchase; (7) nobody represented that TU was an "accredited university," but it was "impl[ied]" by calling itself a "university";
However, Plaintiffs counter that Mr. Trump concedes that Brown viewed the promotional video in which Mr. Trump appeared, and that Brown recalled that Mr. Trump said in the video that the instructors were "handpicked" by him and that "[t]hey're the best of the best." (ECF No. 386 at 60-61; P Ex. 25 (Brown Depo.), ECF No. 388-21 at 11-12, 25, 33-34, 36, 39.) Brown understood this to mean that the instructors were "selected individually and personally by Donald Trump," which is what Brown "wanted." (ECF No. 386 at 61; P Ex. 25 (Brown Depo.), ECF No. 388-21 at 11-12.) Brown also testified that Mr. Trump said that TU "would be as good as the Wharton School of Business." (ECF No. 386 at 61; P Ex. 25 (Brown Depo.), ECF No. 388-21 at 28.) Brown further testified that Mr. Trump described the instructors and mentors as "professors," and that by calling TU a "university," he believed that it would be the same "caliber" as a "university-type education" and that he would be learning in a "classroom" setting. (ECF No. 386 at 61; P Ex. 25 (Brown Depo.), ECF No. 388-21 at 14-15, 37.) Moreover, Plaintiffs argue that the proper inquiry is whether a "reasonable consumer" was likely to be misled, not Brown's subjective view of the misrepresentations. (ECF No. 386 at 61 (citing Oswego Laborers' Local 214 Pension Fund, 623 N.Y.S.2d 529, 647 N.E.2d at 745).)
Based on the foregoing evidence, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have raised a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether Plaintiff Brown was exposed to core misrepresentations made by Mr. Trump, and whether a "reasonable consumer" could have been misled. For instance, Brown testified that he watched a promotional video in which Mr. Trump said that he had "handpicked" the mentors and instructors, that they were "professors," and that TU was akin to "the Wharton School of Business." Further, as discussed above, there is evidence that the core misrepresentations occurred in TU advertisements featuring and approved by Mr. Trump.
Accordingly, the Court
In sum, the Court
For the foregoing reasons,
