ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS

PHYLLIS J. HAMILTON, District Judge.

Defendants' motion to dismiss the complaint in the above-entitled action pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim came on for hearing before this court on June 22, 2016. Plaintiffs appeared by their counsel Heather Lea, Jamie Dupree, Michael Wolff, and James Redd, and defendants appeared by their counsel Catalina Vergara and Sharon Bunzel. Having read the parties' papers and carefully considered their arguments and the relevant legal authority, the court hereby GRANTS the motion as follows.

BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs commenced this proposed class action under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA"), 29 U.S.C. § 1001, et seq., on February 17, 2016. The underlying purpose of ERISA is to "protect the interests of participants in employee benefit plans and their beneficiaries." Schikore v. Bankamerica Supplemental Retirement Plan, 269 F.3d 956, 963 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing 29 U.S.C. § 1001(b). Plaintiffs allege claims of breach of fiduciary duty under ERISA § 502(a), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a).

ERISA § 404(a)(1) imposes several duties on plan fiduciaries. See 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1). "[A] fiduciary shall discharge his duties with respect to a plan solely in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries" and "for the exclusive purpose of . . . providing benefits to participants and their beneficiaries[ ] and defraying reasonable expenses of administering the plan[,]" and must discharge their duties "solely in the interests of the participants and beneficiaries." See 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(A). In addition, fiduciaries must use "the care, skill, prudence, and diligence under the circumstances then prevailing that a prudent man acting in a like capacity and familiar with such matters would use in the conduct of an enterprise of a like character and with like aims." Id. § 1104(a)(1)(B).

"These responsibilities imposed by ERISA have the familiar ring of their source in the common law of trusts[,]" Pegram v. Hedrich, 530 U.S. 211, 224 (2000), and courts accordingly look to the law of trusts "[i]n determining the contours of an ERISA fiduciary's duty," Tibble v. Edison Int'l, 135 S.Ct. 1823, 1828 (2015) ("Tibble II").

Plaintiffs are six participants in the Chevron Employee Savings Investment Plan ("the Plan" or "ESIP Plan"). The purposes of the Plan are to provide eligible employees the opportunity to share in the profits and ownership of Chevron Corporation. ESIP Plan, Exh. D. to Declaration of Catalina J. Vergara ("Vergara Decl."), at 2. Portions of the Plan are intended to qualify as a profitsharing plan under § 401(a) of the Internal Revenue Code, as a qualified cash or deferred arrangement under § 401(k) of the Code, and as a stock bonus and employee stock ownership plan ("ESOP") under §§ 401(a) and 4975(e)(7) of the Code. Id.; see also Complaint ("Cplt") ¶¶ 1-3, 7, 12-17.

As of December 31, 2014, the Plan had more than $19 billion in total assets and over 40,000 participants with account balances. Cplt ¶ 11. Plaintiffs "bring this action . . . on behalf of the Plan against [d]efendants." Cplt ¶ 1; see also Cplt ¶ 3 (plaintiffs seek to "enforce [d]efendants' personal liability under 29 U.S.C. § 1109(a) to make good to the Plan all losses resulting from each breach of fiduciary duty and restore to the Plan any profits made through [d]efendants' use of the Plan's assets").

Defendants are Chevron Corporation, the Chevron Investment Committee ("Investment Committee"), and 20 DOEs (collectively, "Chevron" or "defendants"). Cplt ¶¶ 18-23. Chevron Corporation is the Plan Sponsor and Plan Administrator, and is the sole named fiduciary of the Plan, with the authority to control and manage the operation of the Plan. Cplt ¶ 18. The Plan provides that Chevron Corporation may designate one or more actuaries, accountants, or consultants as fiduciaries to carry out its responsibilities under the Plan. Cplt ¶ 19. Any of those duties and responsibilities that have not been delegated are carried out by Chevron Corporation's officers, directors, and employees, including the Investment Committee. See Cplt ¶ 5.

The Investment Committee is comprised of representatives from Chevron Corporation's Treasury Department. See November 2015 Investment Policy Statement ("IPS"), Exh. J to Vergara Decl., at 3. The Investment Committee is responsible for establishing and maintaining the Plan's IPS, which defines the Plan's investment objectives, and provides criteria for selecting, monitoring, and removing the Plan's investment options. Cplt ¶ 20; see Exh. J to Vergara Decl., at 1. The members of the Investment Committee are the General Manager of Benefit Plan Investments, the Manager of Reporting and Control, and the Investment Strategist from Chevron Corporation's Treasury Department. Cplt ¶ 20; Exh. J to Vergara Decl. at 3. Plaintiffs allege that while the Investment Committee is not named a fiduciary in the Plan document, it is a fiduciary to the Plan under 29 U.S.C. § 1002(21)(A) because it has and exercises discretionary authority and control over the administration of Plan investments and investment-related expenses. Cplt ¶ 21.

As alleged in the complaint, Chevron Corporation through the Investment Committee determined the Plan participants' investment options. Cplt ¶ 25. During the proposed class period, which began on February 17, 2010, the Plan offered a variety of options in which participants could invest their retirement assets. As of December 31, 2014, participants had a choice of 12 Vanguard mutual funds, 12 Vanguard collective trust target date funds, a Vanguard money market fund, 3 non-Vanguard mutual funds, a Dodge & Cox fixed income separate account, a State Street collective trust, and a Chevron common stock fund. See Cplt ¶ 26. Participants could also allocate funds in their accounts among investments made through a brokerage option. See Exhs. E-I to Vergara Decl.

Plaintiffs assert that defendants breached their duties of loyalty and prudence in choosing some of these investment options. Specifically, they allege that defendants breached their duties of loyalty and prudence by providing participants with a money market fund as a capital preservation option, instead of offering them a stable value fund; by providing "retail" investment options that charged higher management fees than lower-cost "institutional" versions of the same investments; by providing mutual funds that charged higher management fees than other lower-cost investment options such as collective trusts and separate accounts; by failing to put Plan administrative services out for competitive bidding on a regular basis, and instead paying excessive administrative fees to Vanguard as recordkeeper through revenue sharing from Plan investment options; and by retaining the Artisan Small Cap Value Fund (ARTVX) as an investment option despite its underperformance compared to its benchmark, peer group, and lower-cost investment alternatives. Plaintiffs also allege that Chevron Corporation breached its fiduciary duty by failing to monitor its appointees' performance and fiduciary process, failing to ensure that the appointees had a fiduciary process in place, and failing to remove appointees whose performance was inadequate.

The gist of the complaint is that the value of the proposed class members' retirement accounts would have been greater had defendants chosen alternative funds or investment options with either higher returns or lower administrative and management fees (or both), and that based on the alleged breaches of fiduciary duty, defendants are personally liable to make good to the Plan any losses resulting from their failure to choose investment options with higher returns and/or lower fees.

The complaint asserts five causes of action. These are (1) a claim of breach of the duties of loyalty and prudence, and violation of the IPS, in connection with defendants' selection of a money market fund instead of a "stable value fund;" (2) a claim of breach of the duties of loyalty and prudence, based on unreasonable investment management fees; (3) a claim of breach of the duties of loyalty and prudence, based on excessive administrative fees charged by the Vanguard Group, Inc., designated the Plan's recordkeeper; (4) a claim of breach of the duties of loyalty and prudence, and violation of IPS, based on alleged delay in removing the ARTVX Fund from the investment menu; and (5) a claim of breach of fiduciary duty based on Chevron Corporation's alleged failure to monitor fiduciaries. See Cplt ¶¶ 113-135.

Defendants now seek an order dismissing the complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim.

DISCUSSION

A. Legal Standard

A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) tests for the legal sufficiency of the claims alleged in the complaint. Ileto v. Glock, 349 F.3d 1191, 1199-1200 (9th Cir. 2003). Under the minimal notice pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8, which requires that a complaint include a "short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief," Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), a complaint may be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) if the plaintiff fails to state a cognizable legal theory, or has not alleged sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory. Somers v. Apple, Inc., 729 F.3d 953, 959 (9th Cir. 2013).

While the court is to accept as true all the factual allegations in the complaint, legally conclusory statements, not supported by actual factual allegations, need not be accepted. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009); see also In re Gilead Scis. Secs. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 2008). The complaint must proffer sufficient facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 558-59 (2007) (citations and quotations omitted). A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citation omitted). "[W]here the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged — but it has not `show[n]' — `that the pleader is entitled to relief.'" Id. at 679. Where dismissal is warranted, it is generally without prejudice, unless it is clear the complaint cannot be saved by any amendment. Sparling v. Daou, 411 F.3d 1006, 1013 (9th Cir. 2005).

Review is generally limited to the contents of the complaint, although the court can also consider a document on which the complaint relies if the document is central to the claims asserted in the complaint, and no party questions the authenticity of the document. See Sanders v. Brown, 504 F.3d 903, 910 (9th Cir. 2007). Thus, the court may consider matters that are properly the subject of judicial notice, Knievel v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1076 (9th Cir. 2005); Lee v. City of L.A., 250 F.3d 668, 688-89 (9th Cir. 2001), and may also consider exhibits attached to the complaint, see Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 1555 n.19 (9th Cir. 1989), and documents referenced extensively in the complaint and documents that form the basis of a the plaintiff's claims. See No. 84 Emp'r-Teamster Jt. Counsel Pension Tr. Fund v. Am. W. Holding Corp., 320 F.3d 920, 925 n.2 (9th Cir. 2003).

B. Defendants' Motion

Defendants argue that the duty of loyalty claims must be dismissed because plaintiffs allege no facts from which disloyalty can be inferred; that there is no requirement that an ERISA plan offer a stable value fund, and that plaintiffs plead no facts showing that inclusion of the money market fund was imprudent; that plaintiffs plead no facts showing that the Plan fiduciaries were imprudent in their selection of the remaining investment options; that plaintiffs do not plausibly allege any imprudence in the Plan's revenue-sharing arrangement with Vanguard; that there was no imprudence in the timing of the removal of the ARTVX Fund; and that the monitoring claim fails.

1. Claims of breach of duty of loyalty

In the first through fourth causes of action, plaintiffs allege that defendants breached their fiduciary duties of "loyalty and prudence." See Cplt ¶¶ 114, 118, 122, 126. Defendants argue that the claims of breach of loyalty must be dismissed because plaintiffs allege no facts from which disloyalty can be inferred.

As noted above, ERISA imposes on plan fiduciaries an obligation to act "solely in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries" and "for the exclusive purpose of . . . providing benefits to participants and their beneficiaries." 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(A). This requires that plan fiduciaries make decisions "with an eye single to the interests of the participants and fiduciaries." See Donovan v. Bierwirth, 680 F.2d 263, 271 (2nd Cir. 1982), quoted in Pegram, 530 U.S. at 235. Here, defendants assert, the complaint fails to allege facts sufficient to create a plausible inference that the Plan fiduciaries discharged their duties with anything other than complete loyalty as required by § 1104(a)(1)(A).

Defendants contend that the allegations regarding defendants' selection of a money market fund instead of a stable value fund (first cause of action), regarding the Plan's administrative and investment-management expenses (second and third causes of action), and regarding the replacement of the ARTVX Fund (fourth cause of action) are "prudence" challenges, with no facts pled showing that defendants acted in the interest of anyone other than the Plan participants and beneficiaries, much less that they acted in the interest of Chevron or other Plan fiduciaries. In short, defendants assert, plaintiffs cannot proceed with a claim of disloyalty simply by virtue of having attached a "disloyalty" label to the complaint.

In opposition, plaintiffs assert that the duty of loyalty is not limited to a prohibition against self-dealing, but rather that it also includes a duty to cause the Plan to incur only reasonable expenses. They contend that the complaint alleges facts showing that defendants caused the Plan to incur unreasonable expenses for management and administrative services, thereby asserting breach of the duty of loyalty.

The court finds that the claims alleging breach of the duty of loyalty must be dismissed. Plaintiffs cite no authority in support of the proposition that causing an ERISA Plan to incur unreasonable expenses is a breach of the duty of loyalty, distinct from a breach of the duty of prudence. Nor does the complaint include such an assertion. The complaint simply alleges that defendants violated the "duties of loyalty and prudence" by offering a money market fund instead of a stable value fund, by offering higher-cost funds rather than less expensive funds, and by retaining the ARTVX Fund notwithstanding its underperformance. See Cplt ¶¶ 114, 118, 122, 126.

Although ERISA § 404(a)(1) does not use the terms "duty of prudence" and "duty of loyalty," the statute does differentiate between the two, as set forth in 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1), subparts (A) and (B). Because the law of trusts is relevant to "determining the contours of an ERISA fiduciary's duty," Tibble II, 135 S.Ct. at 1828, the definition in the Restatement, Third, of Trusts is instructive, with regard to the duty of loyalty:

Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 78 (2007).

Here, the complaint pleads no facts sufficient to raise a plausible inference that defendants took any of the actions alleged for the purpose of benefitting themselves or a third-party entity with connections to Chevron Corporation, at the expense of the Plan participants, or that they acted under any actual or perceived conflict of interest in administering the Plan. Instead, plaintiffs simply allege in the first through fourth causes of action that "Chevron breached its duties of loyalty and prudence" under § 1104(a)(1)(A) & (B). See Cplt ¶¶ 114, 118, 122, 126.

Nor do plaintiffs in their opposition point to any facts suggesting that the Plan fiduciaries engaged in self-dealing or failed to act "solely in the interest" of the Plan's participants, or identify any facts plaintiffs could add to state a claim for breach of the duty of loyalty. Because the complaint does not differentiate between breach of the duty of prudence and breach of the duty of loyalty, and includes no separate allegations to support the duty of loyalty claim, the court finds the allegations in the complaint insufficient to sustain the disloyalty claim. See Romero v. Nokia, 2013 WL 5692324 at *5 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 15, 2013).

2. Claims of breach of duty of prudence

ERISA imposes on fiduciaries a duty to act prudently "under the circumstances then prevailing." 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(B); see also Tibble II, 135 S.Ct at 1828 (citing Fifth Third Bancorp v. Dudenhoeffer, 134 S.Ct. 2459 (2014)). This standard "focus[es] on a fiduciary's conduct in arriving at an investment decision, not on its results, and ask[s] whether a fiduciary employed the appropriate methods to investigate and determine the merits of a particular investment." Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. ex rel. St. Vincent v. Morgan Stanley Inv. Mgmt., 712 F.3d 705, 716 (2nd Cir. 2012) (citation and quotation omitted).

Plaintiffs allege that defendants breached the duty of prudence in four ways — by failing to offer Plan participants the option of investing in a stable value fund in place of (or in addition to) a money market fund; by providing funds with unreasonably high management fees; by entering into a revenue-sharing agreement with Vanguard, designated as the Plan's recordkeeper, which caused the Plan to incur unreasonably high administrative fees; and by unduly delaying in removing the ARTVX Fund as an investment option. See Cplt ¶¶ 27-99.

a. Claim alleging failure to offer stable value fund

In the first cause of action, plaintiffs challenge defendants' choice of a money market fund to serve as the Plan's capital conservation option, asserting that this choice was imprudent and also violated the Plan's IPS, and that defendants should have provided a stable value fund as an investment option. See Cplt ¶¶ 27-38, 114.1 Both money market funds and stable value funds are considered conservative investments, in that they emphasize capital preservation rather than maximization of returns. See Tibble v. Edison Int'l, 729 F.3d 1110, 1136 (9th Cir. 2013) ("Tibble I") (noting conservative objectives of short-term investment funds — similar to traditional money market funds — and stable value funds), vacated on other grounds, 135 S.Ct. 1823 (2015).

Among the duties ascribed to the Investment Committee by the IPS is the duty of "understanding the risk and return characteristics of each investment option" presented in the Plan. IPS, Exh. J to Vergara Decl. at 3. The "investment objectives" stated in the IPS include "offer[ing] a variety of funds (investment options) that allow Members and Beneficiaries to construct an efficient investment portfolio across a broad risk/return spectrum to achieve their own investment goals, time horizons and risk tolerances" including the provision that "[a]t least one fund will provide for a high degree of safety and capital appreciation." Cplt ¶ 31; Exh. J to Vergara Decl. at 5. The IPS also describes nine "investment categories and options" selected by the Committee, which includes "short-term investment(s)" that "provide [m]embers and [b]eneficiaries with investment options that seek maximum current income that are consistent with preservation of capital and liquidity." Exh. J to Vergara Decl. at 5-6.

Although neither ERISA nor the IPS mandates inclusion of a stable value fund, plaintiffs strongly suggest that defined contribution plans are required to offer stable value funds as capital preservation options. See Cplt ¶ 31 (stable value funds meet the fiduciary standards set forth in 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1) and the IPS, and "[m]oney market funds do not, because they provide a minimal return and no guaranteed interest rate"); Cplt ¶ 32 (despite requirements of IPS, "Chevron failed to offer a stable value fund that would have provided participants the `maximum current income' while preserving capital and liquidity without any greater increase in risk compared to money market investments"); id. (standards set forth in IPS "are the standards applicable to a loyal and prudent fiduciary under ERISA's fiduciary standards" and "[s]table value funds meet these requirements . . . and the IPS's standards of a loyal and prudent fiduciary").

Defendants contend that the first cause of action must be dismissed for failure to state a claim because ERISA does not require employee benefit plans to offer a stable value fund. Defendants contend that notwithstanding that the chosen money market fund succeeded in preserving invested principal and providing returns on the principal consistent with short-term interest rates, plaintiffs are now alleging, in hindsight, that a stable value fund would have delivered higher returns during the alleged class period, and that the relatively modest returns they received from the money market fund option did not justify its use in a 401(k) plan.

Defendants assert, however, that the Ninth Circuit in Tibble I rejected the contention that "it was imprudent for [a plan fiduciary] to include a short-term investment fund" — akin to a money market fund — "rather than a stable value fund" in a 401(k) plan lineup. See id., 729 F.3d at 1136. Defendants also point to the Seventh Circuit's decision in Hecker v. Deere & Co., 556 F.3d 575 (7th Cir. 2009), where the court found that "nothing in [ERISA] requires plan fiduciaries to include any particular mix of investment vehicles in their plan." Id. at 586.

Defendants argue that in Tibble I, as here, the plaintiffs attempted to establish the imprudence of the fiduciaries' investment choice based on hindsight outcomes. The Ninth Circuit's response was that in evaluating the prudence of an investment decision, "the primary question is whether the fiduciaries, at the time they engaged in the challenged transactions, employed the appropriate methods to investigate the merits of the investment and to structure the investment." Id., 729 F.3d at 1136 (citing Cal. Ironworkers Field Pension Tr. v. Loomis Sayles & Co., 259 F.3d 1036, 1043 (9th Cir. 2001)). Because evidence in that case showed that the investment team discussed "the pros and cons of a stable-value alternative" before opting for a short-term investment fund alternative, the plaintiffs' fiduciary breach claim failed. Id.

Here, defendants assert, plaintiffs make the conclusory assertions that in monitoring the Plan investments, "Chevron failed to weigh the benefits of a stable value fund compared to the Vanguard Prime Money Market Fund or come to a reasoned decision as to why providing the Vanguard Prime Money Market Fund was in compliance with the IPS, . . . and . . . failed to remove the imprudent Vanguard Prime Money Market Fund as a Plan investment option." Cplt ¶ 37. However, defendants argue, plaintiffs plead no facts sufficient to show that the fiduciaries did not use reasoned decision-making to select a money market option instead of a stable value option. They contend that plaintiffs are in essence asking this court to infer an imprudent process from the decision itself.

In opposition, plaintiffs assert that the complaint alleges facts sufficient to state a claim of breach of the duty of prudence in connection with defendants' choice of a money market fund over a stable value fund. They argue that while stable value funds and money market funds both have the objective of preserving capital, stable value funds provide a relatively stable rate of return that generally exceeds the returns provided by money market funds. Plaintiffs also contend that stable value funds are not available to common retail investors, but are instead designed for large retirement plans to provide liquidity and preservation of capital similar to money market funds but with greater income. Consequently, they contend, a majority of large 401(k) plans offer a stable value fund as an investment option.

Plaintiffs point to allegations that instead of providing participants a stable value fund as the Plan's low-risk, liquid investment, defendants provided the Vanguard Prime Money Market Fund, initially in the higher-cost Investor class and then, as of April 2012, in the lower-cost Institutional class. See Cplt ¶ 33. They assert that in the past six years this money market fund provided low annual return (0.04%-0.07%), which did not even beat the rate of inflation, even though a stable value fund could potentially have returned considerably more (1.32%-3.12%). See Cplt ¶¶ 34-35. Plaintiffs agree that the IPS does not mandate a stable value fund, but they argue that because it does mandate "maximum current income . . . consistent with preservation of capital and liquidity," a prudent fiduciary would necessarily have either provided a stable value fund or come to a reasoned decision as to why a lower-yielding but no safer money market fund is and remains a prudent option for the Plan.

Plaintiffs contend that they are not alleging in the first cause of action that the act of providing a money market fund was in itself a breach of fiduciary duty, but rather that the returns on stable value funds are higher, and that money market funds are not necessarily "risk-free." For example, plaintiffs assert, stable value funds weathered the 2008 financial crisis better than money market funds did. Plaintiffs argue that in view of the Plan's large asset level (over $19 billion) and access to a stable value fund designed specifically for the Plan and the apparent superiority of stable value funds to money market funds in terms of risk of loss, liquidity, and income, it is "beyond plausible" that defendants did not balance those factors or come to a reasoned decision for their actions in the past six years.

The court finds that the complaint does not allege sufficient facts to show a breach of the duty of prudence in connection with defendants' selection of the money market fund as the "capital preservation option." Offering a money market fund as one of an array of mainstream investment options along the risk/reward spectrum more than satisfied the Plan fiduciaries' duty of prudence. See Loomis v. Exelon, 658 F.3d 667, 673-74 (7th Cir. 2011) (dismissing investment lineup challenge, noting that a fiduciary that "offer[s] participants a menu that includes high-expense, high-risk, and potentially high-return funds, together with low-expense index funds that track the market, and low-expense, low-risk, modest-return bond funds . . . has left choice to the people who have the most interest in the outcome, and it cannot be faulted for doing this").

The IPS provides that "[a]t least one fund will provide for a high degree of safety and capital preservation," directs that all Plan options must be liquid and daily-valued, and promotes participant flexibility in allocating their accounts. See Vergara Decl., Ex. J (IPS) at 1, 5. The inclusion of a money market option is consistent with the IPS guidance, and plaintiffs' attempt to infer an imprudent process from its offering is therefore implausible.

Plaintiffs concede that neither ERISA nor the IPS required that the Plan include a stable value fund, do not dispute that some defined contribution plans include money market funds, that some include stable value funds, and that some include both money market funds and stable value funds. Nevertheless, they take the position that it was imprudent for the Plan fiduciaries fail to consider including a stable value fund. However, plaintiffs plead no facts showing that the Plan fiduciaries failed to evaluate whether a stable value fund or some other investment option would provide a higher return and/or failed to evaluate the relative risks and benefits of money market funds vs. other capital preservation options.

A complaint that lacks allegations relating directly to the methods employed by the ERISA fiduciary may survive a motion to dismiss only "if the court, based on circumstantial factual allegations, may reasonably infer from what is alleged that the process was flawed." See St. Vincent, 712 F.3d at 718 (quotation omitted). No such inference can be made in this case. Under Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, the plausibility standard asks for more than a sheer "possibility" that a defendant has acted unlawfully. Without some facts that raise an inference of imprudence in the selection of the money market fund — apart from the fact that stable value funds may provide a somewhat higher return than money market funds — plaintiffs have failed to state a claim.

Finally, plaintiffs' focus on the relative performance of stable value and money market funds over the last six years is an improper hindsight-based challenge to the Plan fiduciaries' investment decision-making. A fiduciary's actions are judged "based upon information available to the fiduciary at the time of each investment decision and not from the vantage point of hindsight." St. Vincent, 712 F.3d at 716; see also DeBruyne v. Equitable Life Assurance Soc'y of U.S., 920 F.2d 457, 465 (7th Cir. 1990) (ERISA "requires prudence, not prescience") (quotation omitted).

b. Claim asserting that defendants provided funds with excessive management fees

In the second cause of action, plaintiffs assert that defendants imprudently provided Plan participants with investment options in the form of funds that charged unreasonable management fees. Cplt ¶¶ 39-77, 117-120. This cause of action challenges the defendants' decisions with regard to the selection and maintenance of the Plan's mix and range of investment options.

Plaintiffs allege (1) that the fiduciaries imprudently chose to offer certain retail-class shares of mutual funds (both Vanguard and non-Vanguard) when cheaper institutional-class shares were available, see Cplt ¶¶ 44-55; (2) that the fiduciaries imprudently included a few non-Vanguard funds in the mix when they could have offered a cheaper, all-Vanguard lineup, see Cplt ¶¶ 56-59; and (3) that the fiduciaries chose to offer mutual funds (with excessive fees) when they could have reduced investment management expenses by using alternative investments structured as separate accounts or collective trusts, see Cplt ¶¶ 60-77.

Defendants argue that the second cause of action must be dismissed because plaintiffs have pled no facts sufficient to state a claim that the Plan fiduciaries were imprudent in their selection of the Plan's investment options. First, defendants contend that the fiduciaries' choice of retail-class mutual funds — instead of institutional funds — was not improper, as a fiduciary is not required to offer only wholesale or institutional funds, and indeed, retail-class funds can have advantages over their institutional-class counterparts.

Moreover, defendants assert, plaintiffs have alleged that several institutional class funds were included in the Plan lineup in 2010, see, e.g., Cplt ¶ 47 (showing several institutional-class Vanguard funds in the Plan); Cplt ¶ 53 ("Chevron provided the lowest-cost share class of the American Funds EuroPacific Growth Fund since February 2010"); and that the fiduciaries continuously re-evaluated whether to switch to cheaper institutional share classes, see, e.g., Cplt ¶ 48 ("Chevron moved to lower-cost share classes for the Vanguard mutual funds in 2012"), or to eliminate higher-fee funds altogether, see, e.g., Cplt ¶¶ 49-51.

Second, defendants assert that the facts pled in the complaint do not show that the fiduciaries acted imprudently in offering non-Vanguard funds to complement the lineup's array of Vanguard options, even though the fees for the Vanguard funds might have been higher. Defendants contend that fiduciaries have latitude to value investment features other than price (and indeed, are required to do so).

Third, defendants contend that it was not imprudent for the Plan fiduciaries to include mutual funds on the Plan lineup, rather than structuring the investments as separate accounts and collective trusts. Defendants argue that plaintiffs' theory has been rejected by the Ninth Circuit, see Tibble I, 729 F.3d at 1134-35, and the Seventh Circuit, see Hecker, 556 F.3d at 586, and Loomis, 658 F.3d at 671-72.

In opposition, plaintiffs argue that the facts alleged show that because the Plan had over $19 billion in assets, it had substantial bargaining power to demand low fees for investment management services, but that rather than using the Plan's bargaining power, defendants provided Plan investment options with far higher expenses than institutional investment vehicles that plaintiffs claim were readily available based on the Plan's size.

Second, plaintiffs contend that the complaint alleges facts sufficient to state a claim that defendants breached the duty of prudence by providing Plan participants with fund options (both Vanguard and non-Vanguard funds) with excessive management fees.

Third, plaintiffs argue that the facts alleged show that defendants could have offered separately managed accounts that would have provided numerous benefits to Plan participants over retail mutual funds, and could have negotiated with the investment advisers of the Plan's five actively managed mutual funds for separate account management at an even lower cost than those advisers' lowest mutual fund fees. However, plaintiffs assert, "[t]hey apparently did not even try."

Plaintiffs assert further that defendants provided participants with an S&P 500® index investment in a Vanguard mutual fund even though they could have opted for the same investment in a lower-cost Vanguard collective trust; and that the target retirement date asset allocation investments that were offered in a collective trust could have been offered in a lower-cost version. Again, plaintiffs assert, "[d]efendants apparently never inquired about these lower cost options, and have provided no reasonable basis for rejecting them."

Based on the above, plaintiffs argue that the second cause of action states a valid claim of breach of the duty of prudence. Plaintiffs contend that merely by offering an "array" of investment options, with a range of fees, fiduciaries do not become immune from claims of breach as to particular instruments, and argue that Hecker, Loomis, and Renfro do not stand for that proposition. Instead, plaintiffs assert, those courts carefully limited their decisions to the facts presented. For example, plaintiffs argue, Hecker held that the plaintiffs in that case never alleged that any of the 26 investment alternatives offered through the 401(k) plan at issue was unsound or reckless.

Plaintiffs argue that unlike Hecker, where the court noted that "nothing in ERISA requires every fiduciary to scour the market to find and offer the cheapest possible fund (which might, of course, be plagued by other problems)," id., 556 F.3d at 586, the complaint in the present case does not assert that all retail mutual funds are imprudent per se and does not vaguely allege that some alternative might have been cheaper but plagued by other problems. Instead, plaintiffs contend, their position is that defendants could have provided the exact same investment at a lower cost — either through cheaper share classes, collective trusts, or separate accounts, or by hiring the same mutual fund advisers. Plaintiffs assert that these preferred alternatives are "readily available to attentive, loyal, and prudent fiduciaries knowledgeable in this area and the exact same investment option could not be plagued by other problems."

Plaintiffs contend that as for defendants' assertion that they satisfied their duties by investing in Vanguard mutual funds — given that Vanguard is recognized as a leader in providing low-cost mutual funds — defendants have ignored the fact that Vanguard provided different versions of the exact same investment, and that the versions differed based on cost and who could invest in them. Plaintiffs' contention is that defendants provided the more expensive version, even though this $19 billion Plan was "qualified" for the least expensive version.

As with other arguments regarding the claims of breach of the duty of prudence, plaintiffs cite Tussey v. ABB, Inc., 746 F.3d 327 (8th Cir. 2014) and Braden v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 588 F.3d 585 (8th Cir. 2009), for the proposition that factual disputes cannot be resolved on a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. See Tussey, 746 F.3d at 336 (the question whether an ERISA fiduciary breached its duties is "inevitably fact intensive"); Braden, 588 F.3d at 596-98 (court cannot expect plaintiffs to plead specific facts about defendants' fiduciary processes because those facts are not disclosed and tend to be in the sole possession of defendants). Accordingly, plaintiffs assert, dismissal of claims of breach of fiduciary duty is rarely appropriate in the absence of a factual record.

The court finds that the second cause of action fails to state a claim. In order to withstand a motion to dismiss, the complaint must allege facts sufficient to give rise to a "reasonable inference" that the Plan fiduciaries engaged in conduct constituting a breach of fiduciary duty. See St. Vincent, 712 F.3d at 718-19. While the court is required, for purposes of this motion, to take the factual allegations in the complaint as true, the court is not "bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation." See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. That is, Rule 8 "does not unlock the doors of discovery for a plaintiff armed with nothing more than conclusions." Id. at 678-79. Only a complaint that pleads sufficient facts to state a plausible claim for relief will survive a motion to dismiss. See id.

Fiduciaries have latitude to value investment features other than price (and indeed, are required to do so), as recognized by the courts. See Hecker, 556 F.3d at 586; Loomis, 658 F.3d at 670; Renfro v. Unisys Corp., 671 F.3d 314, 326-27 (3rd Cir. 2011). In particular, where, as here, a plan offers a diversified array of investment options, the fact that some other funds might offer lower expense ratios is not relevant, as ERISA does not require fiduciaries to "scour the market to find and offer the cheapest possible funds (which might, of course, be plagued by other problems)." Hecker, 556 F.3d at 586, quoted in Loomis, 658 F.3d at 670; see also Tibble I, 729 F.3d at 1135.

Courts have dismissed claims that fiduciaries are required to offer institutional-class over retail-class funds, and claims that fiduciaries were imprudent in failing to offer cheaper funds. For example, in Tibble I, the Ninth Circuit noted while it is true that retail-class mutual funds generally have higher expense ratios than their institutional-class counterparts, largely because the amount of assets invested in institutional-class funds is far greater than that associated with the typical individual investor, that does not mean that a fiduciary should offer only institutional-class funds. "There are simply too many relevant considerations for a fiduciary, for that type of bright-line approach to prudence to be tenable." Id., 729 F.3d at 1135 (noting that a fiduciary might choose funds with higher fees for a number of reasons, including potential for higher return, lower financial risk, more services offered, or greater management flexibility).

In Hecker, the Seventh Circuit found "nothing in the statute that requires plan fiduciaries to include any particular mix of investment vehicles in their plan," and rejected the argument that a plan administrator is required to offer only institutional-class funds, noting that retail-class funds, being open to the public, give participants the benefits of competition. Id., 556 F.3d at 586. In Loomis, the Seventh Circuit repeated this point, explaining that because retail funds are offered to investors in the general public, their expense ratios are necessarily set against the backdrop of market competition, which benefits participants; in addition, they are highly liquid, unlike institutional vehicles. Id., 658 F.3d at 670-72, cited in Tibble I, 729 F.3d at 1134. The court added that "[a] pension plan that directs participants into privately held trusts or commingled pools . . . lacks the market-to-market benchmark provided by a retail mutual fund." Id., 658 F.3d at 670-72. Thus, the retail-versus-institutional-share-class claim must be dismissed. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678; see also Renfro, 671 F.3d at 326-28 (affirming dismissal of a claim "directed exclusively to the fee structure" of a Plan).

Plaintiffs' contention that the Plan fiduciaries should have offered cheaper share classes of the funds actually included in the Plan's investment lineup is based on the assumption that the mere inclusion of a fund with an expense ratio that is higher than that of the lowest share class violates the duty of prudence. This claim, standing alone, is insufficient to state a claim that fiduciaries imprudently failed to consider lower cost options. Moreover, the allegations in the complaint show that the Plan fiduciaries changed the investment options from year to year. See, e.g., Cplt ¶¶ 49-51, 64-66, 68-69 (identifying funds removed in 2012, 2014, and 2015). This supports the inference that the fiduciaries were monitoring the investment options.

Further, the facts as pled reflect that the Plan fiduciaries provided a diverse mix of investment options and expense ratios for participants. The breadth of investments and range of fees the Plan offered participants fits well within the spectrum that other courts have held to be reasonable as a matter of law. For example, plaintiffs allege that the Plan's investment options charged fees ranging from .05% to 1.24%. See Cplt ¶¶ 47-55. In Tibble I, 729 F.3d at 1135, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the reasonableness of fees that "varied from .03[%] to 2%." In Loomis, 658 F.3d at 669-72, the Seventh Circuit affirmed dismissal of an excessive-fee claim where "expense ratios rang[ed] from 0.03% to 0.96%." In Renfro, 671 F.3d at 319, 326-28, the Third Circuit affirmed dismissal of an excessive fee claim where fees "ranged from 0.1% to 1.21%." In Hecker, 556 F.3d at 586, the Seventh Circuit affirmed dismissal of an excessive-fee claim where "[a]t the low end, the expense ratio was .07%; at the high end, it was just over 1%."

As for plaintiffs' citation of Tussey and Braden in support of their assertion that dismissal would be inappropriate, and that they should be permitted to explore whether there was some imprudence in how the fiduciaries selected share classes for the Plan, the court finds that those cases are distinguishable. In both Tussey and Braden — unlike the situation here — the complaint alleged facts supporting the inference that the fiduciaries' process for selecting the fund options was flawed.

For example, in Tussey, the court found "allegations of wrongdoing with respect to fees [sufficient to] state a claim for fiduciary breach" where an outside consulting firm advised the administrator it was overpaying for Plan recordkeeping services and cautioned that the revenue sharing the recordkeeper received under the Plan might have been subsidizing other corporate services the recordkeeper provided to the administrator. Id., 746 F.3d at 331, 335-36. In Braden, the court found that allegations that the mutual funds paid "kickbacks . . . [to the fund's trustee] in exchange for inclusion of their funds in the Plan," together with allegations that the fund offered only ten retail-class mutual funds despite its large size, were sufficient to state a claim of fiduciary breach. Id., 588 F.3d at 590, 594-95.

By contrast, the conclusory claim asserted by plaintiffs in the present case is more akin to the claims that failed in Loomis, Renfro, and Hecker. Courts can and do consider the total menu of available investment options in assessing whether excessive-fee allegations are plausible. In St. Vincent, the Second Circuit noted that "the prudence of each investment is not assessed in isolation, but, rather, as the investment relates to the portfolio as a whole." Id., 712 F.3d at 717. Similarly, in Renfro, the court held that "the range of investment options and the characteristics of those included options — including the risk profiles, investment strategies, and associated fees — are highly relevant and readily ascertainable facts against which the plausibility of claims challenging the overall composition of a plan's mix and range of investment options should be measured." Id., 671 F.3d at 327); see also Loomis, 658 F.3d at 673-74 (same); Hecker, 556 F.3d at 586 (same).

In short, the complaint alleges no facts that are suggestive of imprudent action. While plaintiffs appear to be challenging the entire lineup of funds, the challenge is primarily based on speculation that the Plan fiduciaries "could have" provided lower-cost versions of the funds, or "could have" had the same advisors manage the same funds in a separate account, or "could have" structured the investments differently. It is inappropriate to compare distinct investment vehicles solely by cost, since their essential features differ so significantly. In particular, mutual funds have unique regulatory and transparency features, which make any attempt to compare them to investment vehicles such as collective trusts and separate accounts an "apples-to-oranges comparison." See Tibble I, 729 F.3d at 1134.

c. Claim alleging imprudent revenue-sharing arrangement with Vanguard

In the third cause of action, plaintiffs allege that defendants imprudently caused the Plan to pay excessive administrative fees to Vanguard (the Plan's recordkeeper), and failed to put Plan administrative services out for competitive bidding on a regular basis. Cplt ¶¶ 121-124. Plaintiffs assert that because the cost of recordkeeping services depends on the number of participants, not on the amount of assets in participants' accounts, prudent fiduciaries of defined contribution plans negotiate recordkeeping fees on the basis of a fixed dollar amount per plan participant, rather than as a percentage of plan assets. Cplt ¶¶ 79-80. Plaintiffs contend that a recordkeeper involved in an arrangement providing asset-based fees will thus receive unreasonable compensation, unless the recordkeeper rebates to the plan all revenue-sharing payments that exceed a reasonable per-participant fee. Cplt ¶¶ 81-83.

Plaintiffs also assert that defendants acted imprudently in "fail[ing] to monitor and control" the amount of the fees Vanguard received. Cplt ¶¶ 85, 89. They allege that from February 2010 through March 31, 2012, defendants caused the Plan to compensate Vanguard for recordkeeping services with asset-based revenue sharing of the annual expenses of the Plan's investment options, and that those fees increased through that period as the Plan assets grew from $13 billion to $16 billion (a 22% increase) even though the cost to Vanguard of recordkeeping services did not significantly change during that time. Cplt ¶ 86. They contend "upon information and belief" that defendants have not conducted a competitive bidding process for the Plan's recordkeeping services within the past six years, thereby imprudently causing the Plan to pay excessive recordkeeping fees, and causing Plan participants to lose "millions of dollars in their retirement savings." Cplt ¶¶ 88-90.

Defendants argue that the third cause of action should be dismissed because the complaint does not plausibly allege that defendants breached the duty of prudence in implementing the Plan's revenue-sharing arrangement with Vanguard. In particular, defendants contend that plaintiffs plead no facts showing the specific amount of fees the Plan paid during this period, and offer no benchmark to establish an amount of fees that would have been reasonable, and that plaintiffs plead no facts showing that defendants' process was flawed.

Instead, defendants assert, plaintiff's claim depends on three primary allegations — (1) that from February 2010 to March 31, 2012, the Investment Committee compensated Vanguard for administrative services exclusively through a share of the asset-based expenses charged for the Plan's investment options, rather than on a fixed per-participant basis; (2) that the assets in the Plan increased by 22% during this two-year period, leading to an "unreasonable" increase in Vanguard's recordkeeping compensation; and (3) that the Plan fiduciaries failed to solicit bids from alternative service-providers. Defendants argue that each of these theories fails as a matter of law, because ERISA does not condemn a fiduciary's use of a revenue-sharing arrangement to cover recordkeeping costs; because the increase in Plan assets over this two-year period does not support the inference that Vanguard's revenue-sharing payments grew to unreasonable levels; and because ERISA does not require plan fiduciaries to obtain competitive bids from recordkeeping service providers.

In opposition, plaintiffs argue that the complaint pleads sufficient facts to state a claim of breach of the duty of prudence with regard to the recordkeeping fees. As for defendants' suggestion that plaintiffs must specify the exact amount Vanguard received as compensation for its recordkeeping services from all sources, plaintiffs contend that defendants themselves do not state how much Vanguard received in total compensation, or explain how that compensation was reasonable, and that they also fail to explain how any participant could determine the amount of compensation that was paid, in view of the fact that defendants do not disclose the amount Vanguard receives in revenues sharing from Plan investments. They assert that defendants are seeking the kind "heightened fact pleading of specifics" that is not required even under Twombly.

As for defendants' argument that the revenue-sharing arrangement existed for only the first two years of the proposed class period, plaintiffs concede that the complaint and judicially-noticeable documents show that defendants in fact did switch to lower-cost share classes and did end revenue sharing by April 2012. Nevertheless, they question why defendants fail to explain why they did not end the arrangement earlier, when (according to plaintiffs) the facts alleged in the complaint suggest that they should have done so. Plaintiffs assert that "these facts plausibly suggest" that defendants simply did not get around to fixing the Plan in this respect until April 2012, which plaintiffs claim is not the conduct of a prudent fiduciary.

Plaintiffs argue that the facts alleged in the complaint plausibly show that defendants allowed Vanguard to take fees it collected from the Plan's investment options and did not monitor that total compensation, much less negotiate a fee based on a fixed, per participant rate, to ensure Vanguard's compensation was and remained reasonable from year to year. Plaintiffs assert that a prudent fiduciary would have put the Plan's recordkeeping services out for competitive bidding on a regular basis and, in doing so, would have significantly lowered Plan expenses and increased participant retirement account balances.

Plaintiffs also argue that defendants' contention that nothing in ERISA requires fiduciaries to solicit bids is "erroneous[ ]." They cite the Seventh Circuit's decision in George in support of the proposition that "prudent fiduciaries engage in a competitive bidding process on a regular basis" to ensure that a plan's recordkeeping expenses are reasonable. While they concede that George does not hold that ERISA compels competitive bidding on a regular basis, they argue that George does "recognize" that prudent fiduciaries ordinarily solicit bids for the management of large plans such as this one. Plaintiffs assert further that under Tussey, a failure to monitor plan recordkeeping expenses paid through revenue sharing is a "recognized breach of fiduciary duty." At a minimum, they contend, the third cause of action raises disputed factual issues which cannot be resolved on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.

The court finds that the complaint does not plead facts sufficient to state a plausible claim of breach of the duty of prudence in connection with the recordkeeping fees charged by Vanguard. Essentially, plaintiffs allege that for two years at the beginning of the six-plus-year proposed class period, defendants paid recordkeeping fees using an asset-based revenue-sharing arrangement, and that those fees necessarily exceeded a prudent amount purely because they were asset-based and not based on the number of participants, and because plaintiffs believe that the fiduciaries did not seek competitive bids for the recordkeeping services. See Cplt ¶¶ 79-82, 85-87.

It is plaintiffs' obligation to plead facts that create more than a "sheer possibility that [the Plan fiduciaries] ha[ve] acted unlawfully" to make a plausible claim for relief and to survive a motion to dismiss. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. While the question whether it was imprudent to pay a particular amount of recordkeeping fees does involve questions of fact that cannot be resolved on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, plaintiffs have not alleged facts from which the court can "infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct," and thus have alleged — but have not shown — that they are entitled to relief. See id. at 679.

In the absence of any such facts, all that remains is plaintiffs' conclusory assertion that fees under a revenue-sharing arrangement are necessarily excessive and unreasonable. Such a per-se rule is without support. Revenue sharing is a "common" and "acceptable" investment industry practice that "frequently inure[s] to the benefit of ERISA plans." See Tussey, 746 F.3d at 336; see also Hecker, 556 F.3d at 585 (an arrangement whereby 401(k) plan trustee and recordkeeper "recovered its [administrative] costs from the [plan] participants" by "assess[ing] asset-based fees against the various mutual funds," and transferring to itself some of the money collected, "violate[d] no statute or regulation").

Further, the allegation that the Plan's assets grew over the two-year period in which the Plan's administrative services costs were defrayed out of asset-based fees does not, without more, show that this arrangement resulted in unreasonable fees. To the contrary, the fact that the Plan fiduciaries renegotiated the arrangement to specify a per-participant fee after just two years of receiving asset-based revenue-sharing payments for its services, and the fact that during those two years, defendants switched to cheaper share classes for at least four funds, see Cplt ¶ 86; Vergara Decl., Ex. F (2011 IRS Form 5500) at 34; Vergara Decl. Exh. G (2012 Form 5500) at 31, plausibly suggest that defendants were monitoring recordkeeping fees to ensure that they did not become unreasonable.

Finally, the allegation that the Plan fiduciaries were required to solicit competitive bids on a regular basis has no legal foundation. Indeed, plaintiffs admit that nothing in ERISA compels periodic competitive bidding. As for plaintiffs' contention that the George decision supports such a requirement, the court in George held that the failure to solicit competitive bids might be imprudent where (1) plaintiffs presented concrete evidence about the objective level of fees and why they were unreasonable; and (2) the plan fiduciaries had not renegotiated their recordkeeping arrangement for more than fifteen years. See George, 641 F.3d at 798-99 (based on evidence adduced in the case, a triable issue of fact existed regarding the prudence of the plan fiduciaries' decision not to solicit competitive bids).

George's analysis has no application here, where plaintiffs do not even allege that a competitive bid would have benefitted the Plan or the Plan participants, because they do not allege any facts from which one could infer that the same services were available for less on the market. See, e.g., Young v. GM Inv. Mgmt. Corp., 325 F. App'x 31, 33 (2nd Cir. 2009) (plaintiffs did not plausibly allege that the fiduciaries agreed to pay excessive fees where they "fail[ed] to allege that the fees were excessive relative to the services rendered").

In Tussey, which was an appeal following a bench trial in which the district court entered judgment in the plaintiffs' favor, the plaintiffs faulted the plan's fiduciaries for allegedly failing to "adequately leverage the Plan's size to reduce fees" or to assess whether its recordkeeper's "pricing was competitive." The Eighth Circuit affirmed the district court on the recordkeeping claim, finding that the case involved "serious allegations of wrongdoing" — i.e., that the outsized recordkeeping fees were subsidizing costs that would otherwise have been the sponsor's own responsibility — which stated a claim of breach of the duty of loyalty. Id., 746 F.3d at 336.

Here, however, these indicia of imprudence are not present. Plaintiffs have alleged no facts suggesting that the Plan fiduciaries could have obtained less-expensive recordkeeping services. Moreover, in contrast to the facts at issue in George, the Plan fiduciaries did renegotiate their recordkeeping arrangement with Vanguard to limit compensation to annual, per-participant fees. In addition, plaintiffs do not allege any facts showing that those renegotiated fees were unreasonable.

Tussey is even less relevant, because in that case, the evidence presented at trial revealed significant wrongdoing, including that the defendant used revenue sharing to benefit itself and Fidelity (the recordkeeper) at the plan's expense. Id., 746 F.3d at 335-36. Here, there are no allegations of wrongdoing or engaging in prohibited transactions.

While plaintiffs allege that the recordkeeping fees paid during the period February 2010 to March 31, 2012, were excessive, there are no facts alleged showing what recordkeeping fees Vanguard charged (so it is not clear on what basis plaintiffs are asserting that the fees were excessive). Plaintiffs do not claim that the Plan fiduciaries were required to disclose the amount of the recordkeeping fees but failed to do so. More importantly, there are no facts alleged showing that the Plan fiduciaries failed to consider putting the fee structure out for competitive bidding, or failed to negotiate a reasonable fee structure with Vanguard.

d. Claim alleging failure to timely remove low-performing ARTVX Fund

In the fourth cause of action, plaintiffs allege that defendants acted imprudently and violated the IPS by failing to remove the ARTVX Fund as a Plan investment option earlier than they did. Cplt ¶¶ 125-129. Defendants contend that the fourth cause of action should be dismissed because plaintiffs have not pled facts sufficient to state a claim of breach of the duty of prudence in connection with the timing of the removal of the ARTVX Fund.

The ARTVX Fund was provided as a Plan investment option, from February 2010 to April 1, 2014. Cplt ¶ 91. Plaintiffs allege that in addition to imposing an excessive fee structure, the ARTVX Fund significantly underperformed its benchmark and alternatives available to the Plan, such that a prudent fiduciary would have removed it well before defendants did. Cplt ¶¶ 91-99. They assert that ERISA's prudent fiduciary standards require regular monitoring of the performance of plan investment options, and removal of any fund that persistently underperforms, and that defendants violated those standards. Cplt ¶¶ 92, 98.

Plaintiffs also assert that defendants violated the fund monitoring requirements of the IPS. Cplt ¶ 92. The IPS identifies a number of qualitative and quantitative factors that the Investment Committee considers when selecting and monitoring any investment option. The qualitative factors include "fundamental changes in a fund manager's investment philosophy, organizational structure (e.g., manager tenure), and financial condition (including any significant changes in total assets under management)." The quantitative factors include "adherence to fund objectives, performance, and expenses." See Exh. J to Vergara Decl., at 7

Plaintiffs allege that the ARTVX Fund persistently lagged its benchmark, and ranked in the bottom 2-6%, in four of the previous five years, performing poorly in the Morningstar category rankings in three of the previous four years. See Cplt ¶¶ 93-94. They assert that notwithstanding that underperformance, and the fund's failure to meet the Plan's investment strategy objectives, defendants failed to remove the fund until March 31, 2014, causing the Plan to suffer over $70 million in losses relative to more prudent alternatives defendants could have provided. Cplt ¶¶ 92, 94, 97-98. Plaintiff's theory is that the ARTVX Fund could and should have been removed prior to April 2014, and that defendants acted imprudently in failing to do so. See Cplt ¶¶ 98-99.

Defendants argue that this cause of action is nothing more than an attempt to second-guess the Plan fiduciaries' balancing of competing interests under conditions of uncertainty, and argue that the mere fact that an investment has performed poorly is insufficient to support a plausible inference that the fiduciaries failed to monitor the investment. They also contend that the complaint pleads no facts directly addressing faults in the Plan fiduciaries' process, and that to state a claim plaintiffs must allege facts sufficient to permit the court to reasonably infer that there was a breach, which requires more than the mere "possibility" of misconduct. They argue that plaintiffs cannot meet that standard by relying on allegations concerning the magnitude of a decrease in the investment's price or by alleging — in hindsight — that better opportunities were available.

Defendants note that plaintiffs do not allege that the fiduciaries ignored a fund manager change, or a change in investment philosophy, or some other signal of a problem requiring closer attention, and that they have not referenced any specific monitoring steps that were not followed by the Committee. Instead, defendants assert, plaintiffs' challenge is directed solely at the ARTVX Fund's performance leading up to its eventual removal from the Plan lineup.

Defendants argue, however, that such allegations do not show a process failure — and indeed, the fact that the Plan fiduciaries did ultimately remove the ARTVX Fund supports the opposite inference that they were monitoring the Fund and removed it when they determined it was not, at that time, a suitable option for the Plan. Defendants claim that it is "pure speculation" to say that a meeting or other review by the Investment Committee would or should have resulted in a particular change of course or would otherwise have prevented the consequences of failure to remove the Fund from the Plan lineup.

As for the allegation that Plan participants would have done better in alternative investments offered by Vanguard that outperformed the ARTVX Fund during the relevant period, see Cplt ¶¶ 94-95, defendants reiterate that ERISA judges fiduciary decision-making as of the time the decisions were made. They argue that plaintiffs have not alleged any facts sufficient to suggest that the Plan fiduciaries could predict that the ARTVX Fund would underperform plaintiffs' preferred alternatives during the period from February 2010 until April 1, 2014, when the fund was removed from the lineup.

Finally, defendants contend that the allegations regarding the ARTVX Fund's performance before 2014, in comparison to the fund's alleged benchmark in one-, three-, and five-year periods leading up to September 30, 2014, see Cplt ¶ 97, say nothing about the information the Plan fiduciaries had at hand when deciding whether to remove the fund in the period before April 1, 2014, when it was dropped from the lineup. They also argue that judicially noticeable performance data shows that the ARTVX Fund did not consistently underperform its benchmark before it was removed, but rather outperformed it on a long-term trailing basis (citing Vergara Decl., Ex. S (Fund Morningstar Performance Charts)). Accordingly, defendants contend, the fiduciaries' choice not to remove the fund based on short-term underperformance was consistent with a focus on long-term performance, which defendants contend was a rational philosophy for retirement plans, with their "longer investment horizons."

In opposition, plaintiffs contend that the complaint pleads sufficient facts to state a viable claim of breach of the duty of prudence with regard to the timing of the removal of the ARTVX Fund. They assert that an examination of the "terrible performance" of the ARTVX Fund would have led a prudent fiduciary to remove it earlier than defendants did. Plaintiffs argue that defendants have identified no facts that justify their waiting until April 2014 to remove the ARTVX Fund from the Plan options, despite its drastically poor performance in 4 of the 5 preceding years.

Plaintiffs also criticize defendants for citing in their moving papers only to the "qualitative factors" listed in the IPS, asserting that the IPS also lists "quantitative factors," including the 1-, 3-, and 5-year performance relative to benchmark, which the fiduciaries were also required to consider, but which (according to plaintiffs) "[d]efendants evidently did not do here." And, plaintiffs argue, even if defendants had identified any "facts" justifying the delay in removing the Fund, that would only raise a factual issue which cannot be decided in a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.

Plaintiffs contend that they are not asserting that the ARTVX Fund was an imprudent choice merely because it lost value, but rather, that it should have been removed well before 2014, based on consistent underperformance. They argue that defendants have provided no explanation for taking 2 years to decide to remove the ARTVX Fund, or even describe when they noticed the fund's underperformance or what actions they took in light of that underperformance. Plaintiffs assert that all defendants have done is to show the possibility that they engaged in some process at some time that ultimately led to the removal of this fund in April 2014. They claim that such a showing does not establish the propriety of their inaction before that time. At best, they assert, it raises only a factual dispute.

The court finds that complaint does not plead facts sufficient to state a claim with regard to the timing of the removal of the ARTVX Fund. Rather, the allegations create a plausible inference that the Plan fiduciaries were attentively monitoring the fund, as they removed the fund in April 2014, and did so while it was still outperforming its benchmark on a long-term trailing basis. Further, plaintiffs' characterization of the fund's performance includes a substantial period after defendants had removed the fund, and plaintiffs themselves now appear to recognize that the period of "consistent" underperformance did not begin until "around 2012."

Poor performance, standing alone, is not sufficient to create a reasonable inference that plan administrators failed to conduct an adequate investigation — either when the investment was selected or as its underperformance emerged — as ERISA requires a plaintiff to plead some other objective indicia of imprudence. See St. Vincent, 712 F.3d at 718-19; DeBruyne, 920 F.2d at 465. Indeed, a fiduciary may — and often does — retain investments through a period of underperformance as part of a long-range investment strategy. See Jenkins v. Yager, 444 F.3d 916, 926 (7th Cir. 2006) (defendant did not breach fiduciary duties by retaining the same mutual funds in 401(k) plan lineup even though those funds lost money over a three-year period, as it can be reasonable "to stay with . . . mutual funds even during years of lower performance"). The Plan fiduciaries plainly engaged in a process for removal of the ARTVX Fund. It is not part of defendants' burden to confirm what the process involved. The mere fact that the fund's price dropped is not sufficient to state a claim for breach of fiduciary duty.

As for plaintiffs' assertion that Plan participants would have done better in alternative investments offered by Vanguard that outperformed the ARTVX Fund during the relevant period, ERISA judges fiduciary decision-making as of the time the decisions were made. See 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(B) (fiduciary must act "with the care, skill, prudence, and diligence under the circumstances then prevailing"); St. Vincent, 712 F.3d at 716 ("we judge a fiduciary's actions based upon information available to the fiduciary at the time of each investment decision and not from the vantage point of hindsight"); DeBruyne, 920 F.2d at 465 (allegation that a fund lost money when it did not "follow[] the crowd" does not show a breach of the duty, which requires only "prudence, not prescience"). Plaintiffs have not alleged any facts sufficient to suggest that the Plan fiduciaries could predict that the ARTVX Fund would underperform plaintiffs' preferred alternatives during the period from February 2010 until April 1, 2014, when the Fund was removed from the lineup.

3. Claim alleging breach of the duty to monitor

In the fifth cause of action, plaintiffs allege that Chevron Corporation breached its fiduciary duty to monitor appointees to whom it delegated fiduciary responsibility — "to the extent that any of Chevron Corporation's fiduciary responsibilities were delegated to another fiduciary." See Cplt ¶¶ 130-135. Defendants contend that the fifth cause of action fails because it is derivative of the first through fourth causes of action, none of which pleads facts sufficient to state a plausible claim.

Defendants also argue that the fifth cause of action would fail even if any of the other claims survived, because a monitoring claim requires a threshold showing that the monitoring fiduciary failed to "review the performance of its appointees at reasonable intervals in such a manner as may be reasonably expected to ensure compliance with the terms of the plan and statutory standards." See In re Calpine Corp., 2005 WL 1431506 at *6 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2005). Defendants assert that there are no such allegations here, and that plaintiffs have indeed pled no facts at all about the monitoring process, or how it was supposedly deficient.

In opposition, plaintiffs argue that because the claims under the first through fourth causes of action are sufficient to state a claim, the claim of failure to properly monitor the fiduciaries alleged to have committed those breaches also survives dismissal. Plaintiffs add that as with their other claims, they "lack the inside information necessary for them to plead specifically how [d]efendants monitored fiduciaries they appointed or were responsible for," and thus, plaintiffs argue, they "cannot be expected to plead those facts as a condition to surviving dismissal."

The court finds that plaintiffs have not alleged facts sufficient to state a claim of "failure to monitor." A fiduciary "has a continuing duty to monitor trust investments and remove imprudent ones. This continuing duty exists separate and apart from the [fiduciary's] duty to exercise prudence in selecting investments at the outset." Tibble II, 135 S.Ct. at 1828; see also Rest. (Third) of Trusts § 90, Comment b, p. 295 (2007). "A plaintiff may allege that a fiduciary breached the duty of prudence by failing to properly monitor investments and remove imprudent ones." Tibble II, 135 S.Ct. at 1828-29.

The allegation that Chevron Corporation had a duty to monitor its appointees "[t]o the extent that any of [Chevron's] fiduciary responsibilities were delegated to another fiduciary," suggests that plaintiffs do not know whether Chevron Corporation in fact delegated its fiduciary duties or to whom. Moreover, the fifth cause of action does not specify which "appointees" or "other fiduciaries" Chevron Corporation failed to monitor.

The complaint asserts that Chevron Corporation is the sole named fiduciary of the Plan, and also alleges that under § 14.5 of the Plan, Chevron Corporation "may designate one or more actuaries, accountants, or consultants as fiduciaries to carry out its responsibilities under the Plan." Cplt ¶¶ 18, 19. However, the complaint also alleges that "[t]he duties and responsibilities of Chevron Corporation under the Plan that have not been delegated are carried out by its directors, officers and employees, including the Chevron Investment Committee, acting on behalf of and in the name of Chevron Corporation and not as individual fiduciaries." Cplt ¶ 19. In view of this lack of clarity, the court finds that the fifth cause of action (and related factual allegations) does not provide "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief[.]" Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a).

In addition, plaintiffs allege no facts showing how the monitoring process was deficient. They assert that Chevron Corporation breached its duty to monitor (a) by "failing to monitor its appointees, to evaluate their performance, or to have a system in place for doing so," and by "standing idly by as the Plan suffered enormous losses" as a result of the imprudent actions and omissions of the appointees; (b) by "failing to monitor its appointees' fiduciary process[;]" (c) by failing to ensure that the monitored fiduciaries had a prudent process in place for evaluating the Plan's administrative fees and ensuring that the fees were competitive[;]" (d) by "failing to ensure that the monitored fiduciaries considered the ready availability of comparable investment options to such a jumbo plan," including lower-cost options; and (e) by "failing to remove appointees whose performance was inadequate in that they continued to maintain imprudent, excessive-cost investments, and an option that did not even keep up with inflation[.]" See Cplt ¶ 133.

Defendants are correct in referring to this claim as "derivative," as the claim as pled is wholly dependent on the breaches of duty alleged in the first through fourth causes of action. Thus, if plaintiffs cannot state a claim as to the first through fourth causes of action, they cannot maintain a claim that Chevron Corporation failed to monitor the fiduciaries.

Plaintiffs concede that they have alleged insufficient facts, but argue that they should be permitted to conduct discovery in order to acquire such facts. This is insufficient to state a plausible claim. While an ERISA plaintiff may lack direct evidence of the fiduciaries' process, the plaintiff must at a minimum plead facts that give rise to a "reasonable inference" that the defendant committed the alleged violation. See St. Vincent, 712 F.3d at 718. Plaintiffs have failed to do so.

CONCLUSION

In accordance with the foregoing, the motion is GRANTED. The facts as pled do not raise a plausible inference that defendants breached their fiduciary duties and/or duties of loyalty and prudence. The dismissal is WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. Any amended complaint is due no later than September 30, 2016.

IT IS SO ORDERED.