The issue presented is whether the subject matter of the appealed claims,1 relating to a method and apparatus for producing blow molded plastic containers, is obvious within the meaning of 35 U.S.C. § 103. The Board of Appeals affirmed the examiner's rejection based on the combined teachings of the prior art.

The subject matter sought to be patented involves the blow molding of plastic containers by initially forming a tubular expansible parison2 which is then received within a multisection mold and expanded by internal air pressure to the mold configuration. The method and apparatus claimed are particularly directed to making plastic containers having relatively wide variances between neck and bottom diameters, such as jugs or bottles in the half gallon to full gallon size range.

Appellant concedes that the appealed claims are directed to what he asserts to be an improvement over prior art methods and apparatus for blow molding such plastic containers. According to appellant, the asserted improvement permits the blow molding of a plastic container using a minimum amount of plastic materials yet providing a uniform wall of the desired thickness throughout the container.

The problem faced by appellant and his proposed solution for it are best understood by referring to Figs. 1 and 2 of his patent application drawings.

NOTE: OPINION CONTAINING TABLE OR OTHER DATA THAT IS NOT VIEWABLE

In Fig. 1, the parison is shown at 13 and the container configuration desired is shown at 14. In Fig. 2, the parison is viewed from above the mold prior to blow molding with the container parting line shown at 15a. As appellant explains, the total displacement of the material near the parting line (shown as X) is much less than the displacement of the material normal to the parting line (shown as Y).

The improvement asserted by appellant is the extrusion of a parison having a nonuniform wall thickness such that after blowing, the wall thickness will in fact be uniform. The apparatus disclosed for this purpose includes an elliptical female die opening in cooperation with a cone shaped male die counterpart which produces an extruded parison having "crescent-shaped" wall sections. The question presented is whether this improvement is obvious in view of the prior art references of record.

The appealed claims fall into two groups: claims 1-3 and 5-7 are directed to a method; and claims 8-13 are directed to an apparatus for carrying out the claimed method.3 The references relied on are:

  Negoro     3,019,481   Feb.  6, 1962
  Sherman    2,780,835   Feb. 12, 1957
  Haines     2,632,202   Mar. 24, 1953

The board preferred to affirm the rejection of claims 1-3, and 5-7 as being unpatentable over either Haines or Negoro in view of Sherman.4 The board's statement of this rejection was as follows:

* * * Both Haines and Negoro clearly teach forming a tube of nonuniform wall thickness and placing this tube in a mold where it is blown into a container of uniform wall thickness. This is the concept that appellant is claiming and it is taught by Haines and Negoro. Sherman teaches extruding a tube of crescent-shaped thickened portions thereon and to modify the tubes of either Haines or Negoro to include this teaching of Sherman would be a mere matter of choice and design. * * *

As to apparatus claims 8-13, the board stated as follows:

Claims 8 through 13 stand rejected as unpatentable over Sherman in view of either Haines or Negoro or as unpatentable over either Haines or Negoro in view of Sherman. The Examiner takes the position the claims are readable on the apparatus of Sherman when combined with the container molding halves and means for blowing air into the extruded tube taught by either Haines or Negoro. Further, as with the method claims above, the Examiner holds the references may be reversed and if this is done, it would be obvious to use the dual crescent-shaped orifice of Sherman in the apparatus disclosed by Haines or Negoro.

The subject matter is so claimed in the appealed claims that the references need not be discussed in detail. Both Negoro and Haines are concerned with blow molding of plastic articles. Appellant argues that while both refer to an article having uniform wall thickness, neither reference teaches a method or apparatus wherein this goal is achieved. Rather, the references disclose a finished article having substantially uniform wall thickness. The Negoro reference in pertinent part states:

It is therefore another object of the invention to provide a novel extruder for a machine which forms hollow articles by expending a tube within a mold, the extruder having a variable orifice die which is of such a construction that the thickness of the tubing may be varied during the extrusion process so that portions of the tubing which are to be expanded the least will have a lesser wall thickness, with the result that the finished article will have a substantially uniform wall thickness. [Emphasis added.]

* * * I propose to extrude tubes into appropriate position relative to open molds and then to close the molds over these tubes and blow the tubes into the shape of hollow containers in said molds in regular sequence. I propose that the tubes shall be formed as extruded so that approximately exactly the necessary material is supplied at each region at which greater or less materials are required so that the final plastic container shall have a substantially uniform wall thickness throughout without stress and strain and without weaknesses or waste of material which might otherwise be occasioned. [Emphasis added.]

Negoro, Haines and applicant disclose apparatus wherein, as relevant here, the space between the female portion of the extrusion die and the male portion thereof may be varied during extrusion of the parison to vary the wall thickness of the parison along its length. Neither Negoro or Haines, however, discloses appellant's means for simultaneously controlling the wall thickness of the parison across its width. Appellant's arguments are therefore well taken. Furthermore, it appears inconsistent to maintain that Negoro and Haines teach uniform wall thickness and also find it necessary to add the teachings of Sherman.

Sherman relates to forming plastic tubing and discloses an apparatus for extruding plastic tubes in which the wall thickness is controlled. Figs. 4 and 5 of Sherman's drawing show a cross sectional view of the male and female die portions of his proposed apparatus and are here reproduced.

NOTE: OPINION CONTAINING TABLE OR OTHER DATA THAT IS NOT VIEWABLE Referring to the above figures, it is seen that Sherman discloses a female die portion consisting of four parts (designated as 13 through 16 in the above figures). The Sherman specification states:

* * * The outside dimensions of the tubing are determined by the sections of the body as is the outside shape and thickness of the tubing. * * * Movement of the movable sections 15, 16 toward and away from the outer mandrel will change the outside dimensions, shape and thickness of the tubing. * * *

It may thus be seen that the apparatus provides for the change of the inner dimensions and shape, outer dimensions and shape, and thickness of the tubing during extrusion, without any interruption of the extrusion.

Thus, it appears that Sherman discloses an apparatus for varying the wall thickness of a tube extrusion uniformly along its length which also provides that the cross sectional shape of the tube may be changed without interruption of the extrusion through the cooperation of two stationary and two movable female die portions.

Appellant's argument relative to Sherman is:

* * * In brief, Sherman is totally unrelated to any method or apparatus for forming and blowing a container to uniform wall thickness.

Sherman is admittedly concerned with extruding tubes and the structure shown by Sherman is dissimilar to that shown by appellant. Sherman does disclose the concept of changing the cross sectional shape of the extruded tube and varying the wall thicknesses. Also, the various portions of the die may be set in such a manner as to extrude a tube having varying wall thickness around the perimeter of a cross sectional view of the extruded tube.

It is apparent from the record that appellant has eliminated waste material in the operation of blow molding containers, particularly containers having relatively wide variances between the neck and bottom diameters, e. g., "in the half-gallon to full gallon size range." Appellant achieves this by simultaneously varying the wall thickness of the parison radially as well as longitudinally according to the final configuration desired in the blow molded article. Neither Haines or Negoro, concerned with the same problem as appellant in the blow molding of containers, discloses such a method or apparatus. Sherman, for different purposes, teaches the extrusion of tubes having varying radial thickness measured on a cross section.

It seems that the relevancy of Sherman to the blow molding art, viewed in combination with Haines or Negoro is not appreciated until appellant's invention is examined. Thus, appellant's invention is realized only through hindsight. This we may not do.

We agree with the solicitor's argument that:

* * * It is well settled that, as stated in In re Krogman, 223 F.2d 497, 42 CCPA 1037:

Whether a reference is pertinent, or a combination of references is proper, depends solely upon what is reasonably and realistically taught thereby in relation to that which is claimed.

However, we are doubtful that appellant's invention would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art from the teachings of record other than by employing hindsight reasoning.

We are aware that the Court of Appeals, District of Columbia, in its per curiam opinion in Reynolds v. Aghnides, 356 F.2d 367, (1966), stated the difference in the law applied in that court as contrasted with this court in determining patentability when the existence of any prerequisite thereto is in doubt. The court, consisting of Bazelon, Chief Judge, and Wright and Tamm, Circuit Judges, said:

Appellee, alleging unlawful denial of his patent application by the Patent Office, petitioned the District Court, under 35 U.S.C. § 145, to authorize issuance of the patent by the Commissioner. Although finding that "some doubt exists as to the utility" of appellee's claimed invention, the trial court, citing Application of Nurkiewicz, 338 F.2d 1020, 1022, 52 C.C.P.A. 848, ____ (1964), as its authority, resolved the doubt in favor of the applicant and ordered5 the Commissioner to grant the patent. Aghnides v. Reynolds, D.D.C., 241 F. Supp. 280 (1965). In so doing the trial court erred. Whatever may be the rule in patent review proceedings before the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, in trials de novo under 35 U.S.C. § 145 in the District Court, "doubt [as to patentability] is to be resolved," not in favor of the applicant, but "in favor of the correctness of administrative * * * action."6 General Motors Corporation v. Coe, 74 App.D.C. 189, 190, 120 F.2d 736, 737, cert. denied, 314 U.S. 688, 62 S. Ct. 302, 86 L. Ed. 550 (1941). [Other cases cited.]

There are very sound policy reasons underlying the rule applied in this court, and supposedly in the Patent Office, that doubts are to be resolved in favor of applicants. Several of the factors properly taken into account in determining patentability, specially unobviousness and utility, are often not known at the time when the application is being prosecuted in the Patent Office but are developed later, perhaps even after the patent is issued. It therefore is proper that doubt should be resolved in favor of applicants so that they shall not be denied patents which later events may show them entitled to. Among such events, which may even have to await patenting, are commercial success, unexpected utility, displacement of competing devices, etc.

The so-called "rule of doubt" is an ancient one, its common-sense basis having been recognized as early as 1827. It was applied by the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia long before this court came into existence. See McCrady, Patent Office Practice § 118 (4th ed. 1959) and cases there cited. That court continued to apply the rule thereafter. See Battery Patents Corp. v. Coe, 68 App.D.C. 61, 93 F.2d 220 (1937). A dissent by Judge Edgerton may have started a trend by the Court of Appeals, D.C., in the direction of its present view. See Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Corp. v. Coe, 69 App.D.C. 372, 102 F.2d 236, (1938). In Magnaflux Corp. v. Coe, 78 U.S.App.D.C. 258, 139 F.2d 531 (1943), Judge Edgerton in writing the opinion for the court gave effect to the presumption of administrative correctness. In National Lead Co. v. Kingsland, 74 F. Supp. 985 (D.D.C.1948), Judge Holtzoff concluded that in the District of Columbia the rule of doubt was dead. These cases show that the court was trying, in that period, to follow the lead of the Supreme Court in "raising the standard of invention." This occurred prior to the 1952 Patent Act.

We continued to believe that the "rule of doubt" is a sound rule making for a better and fairer operation of the patent system and that the reasons for its abandonment in the District of Columbia courts are not persuasive. In the present case we apply it for the same valid reasons stated at its inception:

In every case of doubt, however, it would seem to be more congenial with the policy of the law to afford the citizen an opportunity of trying the validity of his right by issuing a patent. [2 Op.Atty.Gen. 52, 4 June 1827.]

We are therefore, resolving our doubts on this issue in favor of appellant and solely on this basis reverse the rejection of these claims.

In view of the foregoing, the decision of the board is reversed.

Reversed.

WORLEY, C. J., concurs in the result.

MARTIN, Judge (dissenting).

Although I agree with the majority opinion that the rule of law in this court is one of resolving doubt in favor of the applicant, I do not find appellant's case so strong here as to call that rule into play. For the reasons given by the examiner and the board, it is my view that the claimed method and apparatus for simultaneously controlling the parison wall thickness along its length and in its cross section are obvious in view of the references of record. I would affirm.