ROGERS, C.J.

The sole issue in this certified appeal1 is whether the trial court improperly granted the defendants' motion for a stay pending arbitration because the trial court determined, as a matter of law, that a party cannot waive enforcement of an arbitration clause in a contract. The plaintiff, MSO, LLC, appeals from the judgment of the Appellate Court affirming the trial court's decision to stay this action brought against the defendants,2 Anthony DeSimone and Charles DeSimone, Jr., in their individual capacities and as coexecutors of the estate of Charles E. DeSimone, pending arbitration pursuant to an arbitration clause in the parties' lease agreement. MSO, LLC v. DeSimone, 134 Conn.App. 821, 830, 40 A.3d 808 (2012). The plaintiff claims that the Appellate Court improperly concluded that the record was inadequate for review because the trial court failed to make any factual findings on the issue of waiver. See id., at 827, 40 A.3d 808. Specifically, the plaintiff argues that the trial court concluded that waiver was unavailable as a matter of law and, accordingly, the record was adequate for review and the Appellate Court should have reversed the trial court's decision. We agree with the plaintiff that the record was adequate for review and that the trial court improperly concluded as a matter of law that the defense of waiver was unavailable to the parties. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the Appellate Court.

The Appellate Court opinion sets forth the extensive procedural background in the present case and we need not recite it here. See id., at 823-27, 40 A.3d 808. Rather, a brief overview of the relevant facts and procedural history, as described by the Appellate Court, adequately situates the issue on appeal in the present case. "The plaintiff leased a commercial space for its liquor store, Budget Rite Liquors, from the defendants pursuant to a lease agreement. The lease agreement permitted sublease or assignment of the lease only with the written consent of the defendants. The lease agreement also included an arbitration clause. The validity of the lease agreement is not disputed by either party. In its original complaint, filed May 9, 2006, the plaintiff claimed that the defendants unlawfully withheld consent to assign the lease, which withholding deprived the plaintiff of the opportunity to enter into `contracts with multiple ready, willing and able buyers' for the sale of its business.... On August 15, 2006, the defendants filed an answer, special defense and counterclaim alleging, inter alia, that they lawfully refused to consent to the assignment pursuant to the lease agreement and that the plaintiff owed unpaid rent and had damaged the subject property before vacating." Id., at 823-24, 40 A.3d 808. While the litigation was pending for more than two years, various discovery disputes arose and the parties filed several motions in the trial court. See id., at 824-27, 40 A.3d 808.

The record reveals the following additional procedural history relevant to our disposition of this appeal. On December 16, 2008, the defendants filed a motion for a stay of the proceedings, pursuant to General Statutes § 52-409,3 pending arbitration under the parties' lease agreement.4 The plaintiff objected to the motion for a stay on the ground that the defendants had waived their right to enforce the arbitration clause by engaging in lengthy litigation with the plaintiff over the course of more than two years. On March 10, 2009, the trial court, Cronan, J., heard oral argument on the defendants' motion for a stay. The defendants argued that the plaintiff's lack of compliance in the discovery process so "frustrated" their participation in the litigation that they needed to enforce the arbitration clause in the lease agreement.5 The plaintiff responded that the parties' discovery issues were not properly before the trial court on the motion for a stay, and that the defendants had waived their right to enforce the arbitration clause by participating in the extensive litigation.

The trial court granted the defendants' motion for a stay pending arbitration. In ruling on the motion for a stay, the trial court stated as follows: "When individuals enter a contract fully aware of what the elements of the contract are, and enter an agreement ... I have found in the past that if there is an arbitration clause, that the arbitration clause is going to control, and ... I am being consistent in other decisions I have made since coming to New Haven." (Emphasis added.) The plaintiff subsequently appealed from the trial court's decision in the defendants' favor to the Appellate Court.6

A majority of the Appellate Court concluded that the plaintiff had failed to meet its burden to provide the court with an adequate record for review. MSO, LLC v. DeSimone, supra, 134 Conn.App. at 827, 40 A.3d 808. Because the plaintiff did not seek articulation of the trial court's succinct ruling on the defendants' motion for a stay, the majority could not conclude that the trial court made any findings on the issue of waiver. Id., at 828, 40 A.3d 808. In the absence of pertinent factual findings regarding waiver, the Appellate Court majority presumed that the trial court "undertook the proper analysis of the law and the facts in directing the parties to proceed to arbitration as provided in the lease agreement." Id., at 829, 40 A.3d 808; id. ("in the absence of an articulation — which the appellant is responsible for obtaining — we presume that the trial court acted properly" [internal quotation marks omitted]), quoting Orcutt v. Commissioner of Correction, 284 Conn. 724, 739 n. 25, 937 A.2d 656 (2007). This certified appeal followed.7

The plaintiff argues that the Appellate Court improperly determined that the record was inadequate for review and, therefore, incorrectly presumed that the trial court undertook the proper analysis in ordering the parties to arbitration. Rather than deciding the factual question of waiver, the plaintiff contends that the trial court concluded that waiver was unavailable as a matter of law because of the written arbitration clause in the parties' lease agreement. Accordingly, the plaintiff asserts that the record was adequate for review and that the Appellate Court should have reversed the trial court's decision as neither legally nor logically correct.8 By contrast, the defendants argue that the trial court made a factual determination that the defendants did not waive their right to arbitration. The defendants further contend that the trial court's purported factual findings regarding waiver were not clearly erroneous. As alternative grounds for affirmance, the defendants argue that the record was inadequate for review and, accordingly, that the Appellate Court correctly presumed that the trial court undertook the proper analysis in granting the defendants' motion for a stay pending arbitration. We agree with the plaintiff that the Appellate Court improperly concluded that the record was inadequate for review. Despite the absence of any factual findings on waiver, the trial court concluded that waiver was unavailable as a matter of law due to the parties' arbitration agreement. Accordingly, we conclude that the record was adequate for review. We further conclude that the trial court's decision was based upon an erroneous statement of the law. As a result, we reverse the judgment of the Appellate Court.

We begin with the standard of review. "The scope of our appellate review depends upon the proper characterization of the rulings made by the trial court. To the extent that the trial court has made findings of fact, our review is limited to deciding whether such findings were clearly erroneous. When, however, the trial court draws conclusions of law, our review is plenary and we must decide whether its conclusions are legally and logically correct and find support in the facts that appear in the record." Morton Buildings, Inc. v. Bannon, 222 Conn. 49, 53, 607 A.2d 424 (1992). "Therefore, the trial court's conclusions must stand unless they are legally or logically inconsistent with the facts found or unless they involve the application of some erroneous rule of law material to the case." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) AFSCME, Council 4, Local 704 v. Dept. of Public Health, 272 Conn. 617, 622-23, 866 A.2d 582 (2005).

We now set forth the relevant statutory language and legal principles. "[A]n agreement to arbitrate must meet the requirements of the arbitration statute, [General Statutes § 52-408]9 including the requirement that the agreement be in writing, or it is invalid." (Footnote added.) Bennett v. Meader, 208 Conn. 352, 364, 545 A.2d 553 (1988). "Arbitration is the voluntary submission, by the interested parties, of an existing or future dispute to a disinterested person or persons for final determination. It is intended to avoid the formalities, the delay, the expense and vexation of ordinary litigation." Gores v. Rosenthal, 150 Conn. 554, 557, 192 A.2d 210 (1963). When parties have a valid arbitration agreement, "the courts are empowered to direct compliance with its provisions." Id. To this end, General Statutes § 52-409 "provides relief when a party to a contract that contains an arbitration clause desires arbitration of a dispute, and the other party, instead of proceeding with arbitration, institutes a civil action to resolve the dispute. The party desiring arbitration can then seek a stay of the civil action." (Emphasis omitted.) Success Centers, Inc. v. Huntington Learning Centers, Inc., 223 Conn. 761, 768, 613 A.2d 1320 (1992).

"[O]ur courts have wholeheartedly endorsed arbitration as an effective alternative method of settling disputes intended to avoid the formalities, delay, expense and vexation of ordinary litigation." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Metropolitan District Commission v. AFSCME, Council 4, Local 184, 237 Conn. 114, 118, 676 A.2d 825 (1996); see also AFSCME, Council 4, Local 704 v. Dept. of Public Health, supra, 272 Conn. at 626, 866 A.2d 582 (noting "the strong public policy favoring arbitration"); Nussbaum v. Kimberly Timbers, Ltd., 271 Conn. 65, 71, 856 A.2d 364 (2004) ("Connecticut has adopted a clear public policy in favor of arbitrating disputes"); L & R Realty v. Connecticut National Bank, 246 Conn. 1, 12, 715 A.2d 748 (1998) ("[a]rbitration agreements illustrate the strong public policy favoring freedom of contract and the efficient resolution of disputes"); Waterbury Teachers Assn. v. Waterbury, 164 Conn. 426, 434, 324 A.2d 267 (1973) ("arbitration is a favored procedure in this state"). Notwithstanding the decided public policy in favor of arbitration, our case law is clear that "an arbitration clause may be waived by the parties or by the one entitled to its benefit." Batter Building Materials Co. v. Kirschner, 142 Conn. 1, 11-12, 110 A.2d 464 (1954).

"Waiver is the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege.... Waiver does not have to be express, but may consist of acts or conduct from which waiver may be implied." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) AFSCME, Council 4, Local 704 v. Dept. of Public Health, supra, 272 Conn. at 623, 866 A.2d 582. "[U]njustifiable delay in seeking arbitration may warrant a finding of waiver.... The same result follows from going to trial without insisting upon the arbitration condition." (Citation omitted.) Batter Building Materials Co. v. Kirschner, supra, 142 Conn. at 11, 110 A.2d 464. Indeed, our courts have found waiver when a party engages in substantial litigation without asserting its right to arbitrate. See, e.g., Waterbury Teachers Assn. v. Waterbury, supra, 164 Conn. at 435, 324 A.2d 267 (party waived right to arbitrate by proceeding to trial on identical issues as those claimed for arbitration); Mattie & O'Brien Contracting Co. v. Rizzo Construction Pool Co., 128 Conn.App. 537, 542-43, 17 A.3d 1083 (party waived right to arbitrate by participating in two years of pretrial activities before filing motion for stay), cert. denied, 302 Conn. 906, 23 A.3d 1247 (2011); Grey v. Connecticut Indemnity Services, Inc., 112 Conn.App. 811, 814-16, 964 A.2d 591 (2009) (party waived right to arbitrate by engaging in three years of litigation before filing motion to compel arbitration on eve of trial).

Turning to the facts in the present case, the trial court granted the defendants' motion for a stay over the plaintiff's objection that the defendants had waived their right to enforce the arbitration clause by engaging in lengthy litigation. In its ruling granting the motion for a stay pending arbitration, the trial court made no express mention of waiver. Instead, the trial court simply asserted that "I have found in the past that if there is an arbitration clause, that the arbitration clause is going to control...." (Emphasis added.) Likewise, in the articulation ordered by this court; see footnote 7 of this opinion; the trial court explained its view that "the language of the agreement which was the basis of the litigation should take precedent over any issue of whether previous actions by either of the parties constituted waiver." (Emphasis added.)

There is no question that the trial court did not make any factual findings on the issue of waiver. It is also clear, however, from the trial court's ruling on the motion for a stay, and its subsequent articulation thereof, that the trial court held that it always enforces arbitration clauses no matter the circumstances, including the claimed defense of waiver in the present case.10 Thus, the trial court implicitly held that the defense of waiver is unavailable as a matter of law whenever there is an arbitration clause in a contract.

Because the legal basis of the trial court's decision is at issue, a factual record on the question of waiver is not necessary to review the trial court's decision. "[W]here the legal conclusions of the court are challenged, we must determine whether they are legally and logically correct"; Pandolphe's Auto Parts, Inc. v. Manchester, 181 Conn. 217, 221, 435 A.2d 24 (1980); or whether the trial court's decision "involve[s] the application of some erroneous rule of law material to the case." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) AFSCME, Council 4, Local 704 v. Dept. of Public Health, supra, 272 Conn. at 623, 866 A.2d 582.

As we have discussed previously in this opinion, our case law clearly recognizes that a party may implicitly waive the right to enforce an arbitration clause in a contract. See Waterbury Teachers Assn. v. Waterbury, supra, 164 Conn. at 435, 324 A.2d 267; Batter Building Materials Co. v. Kirschner, supra, 142 Conn. at 11-12, 110 A.2d 464. In the present case, the trial court ignored the settled principles surrounding waiver when it concluded that waiver was unavailable as a matter of law due to the parties' written arbitration clause. Because the trial court based its decision upon an erroneous statement of the law, we conclude that the trial court improperly granted the defendants' motion for a stay pending arbitration. Accordingly, we agree with the plaintiff that the Appellate Court incorrectly determined that the trial court undertook the proper analysis of the law and facts when it directed the parties to proceed to arbitration.11 As a result, this matter must be remanded to the trial court for a new hearing on the defendants' motion for a stay pending arbitration.12 At the rehearing, the trial court must determine whether the defendants have waived their right to enforce the arbitration clause in the parties' lease agreement.

Finally, we take this opportunity to clarify the standard for waiver because this issue is likely to arise on remand. See Nyenhuis v. Metropolitan District Com., 300 Conn. 708, 725-26, 22 A.3d 1181 (2011) (addressing issue likely to arise on remand); State v. Tabone, 292 Conn. 417, 431, 973 A.2d 74 (2009) (same). In Advest, Inc. v. Wachtel, 235 Conn. 559, 569, 668 A.2d 367 (1995), this court, citing Rush v. Oppenheimer & Co., 779 F.2d 885, 888 (2d Cir.1985), stated that "[a] party seeking to assert the defense of waiver must show that he was substantially prejudiced." The court further stated that, "[i]n order to determine whether a party has been substantially prejudiced, many factors must be considered, not the least of which is whether the claims that the defendants seek to assert in the arbitration are the same as those asserted in the prior litigation and whether initiation of the arbitration constituted an unjustifiable delay." Advest, Inc. v. Wachtel, supra, at 569, 668 A.2d 367, citing Waterbury Teachers Assn. v. Waterbury, supra, 164 Conn. at 435, 324 A.2d 267.

Today, we clarify that the court in Advest, Inc. v. Wachtel, supra, 235 Conn. at 569, 668 A.2d 367, did not announce a new waiver standard, but, rather, made explicit a prejudice requirement that was implicit in our prior case law regarding waiver of arbitration. That is, each factor that our court previously had identified as potentially supporting an inference of waiver — for instance, an unjustifiable delay or going to trial on identical issues as those claimed for arbitration; see Waterbury Teachers Assn. v. Waterbury, supra, 164 Conn. at 435, 324 A.2d 267; Batter Building Materials Co. v. Kirschner, supra, 142 Conn. at 11, 110 A.2d 464 — is conduct that may be prejudicial, either procedurally or substantively,13 to the party opposing arbitration. Appropriately, our courts have examined these and other relevant factors that may be indicative of prejudice to the party opposing arbitration on the grounds of waiver.14

Consistent with our prior case law, we hold that a party opposing arbitration on the ground of waiver must demonstrate that it will be prejudiced by enforcement of the arbitration clause. In so holding, we reaffirm the waiver standard that has developed through our common law. We further recognize that our prejudice requirement is consistent with the majority of federal circuit courts which similarly require prejudice to the party opposing arbitration on the grounds of waiver.15 This uniform approach allows our trial courts to resolve the issue of waiver without having to determine, as a threshold matter, whether state or federal law governs a particular arbitration agreement. See Washington Mutual Finance Group, LLC v. Bailey, 364 F.3d 260, 267 n. 6 (5th Cir.2004) ("whether a court should apply state law or the federal substantive law of arbitrability ... is often an uncertain question [citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted]").

The judgment of the Appellate Court is reversed and the case is remanded to that court with direction to reverse the judgment of the trial court and to remand the case to that court for a new hearing on the motion for a stay.

In this opinion the other justices concurred.