MEMORANDUM OPINION

EMMET G. SULLIVAN, District Judge.

Pending before the Court is a motion for temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction by Plaintiffs Northern Air Cargo ("NAC"), Tatonduk Outfitters Ltd. d/b/a Everts Air Cargo ("Everts"), and Lynden Air Cargo LLC ("Lynden") (collectively, "plaintiffs"). Plaintiffs seek to enjoin Defendant United States Postal Service (the "Postal Service") from tendering nonpriority mainline bypass mail to Defendant-Intervenor Peninsula Airways, Inc. ("PenAir") on five mainline routes in rural Alaska pursuant to 39 U.S.C. § 5402(g)(5)(C) ("§ 5402(g)(5)(C)"). Specifically, plaintiffs challenge the Postal Service's purportedly ultra vires determination that PenAir had satisfied the "Prior Service and Capacity Requirement" of 39 U.S.C. § 5402(g)(1)(A)(iv)(II) ("§ 5402(g)(1)(A)(iv)(II)") as of December 3, 2010.1 Plaintiffs argue that they will suffer "immediate and irreparable injury in the form of ... substantial non-recoverable economic losses" if an immediate injunction is not granted. Pls.' Mot. at 1. Upon consideration of the motion, the responses and reply thereto, the applicable law, the arguments of counsel made during the motions hearing held on December 21, 2010, and for the following reasons, the Court hereby DENIES plaintiffs' motion for temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction.

I. BACKGROUND2

This is the second action that plaintiffs have filed related to the Postal Service's purportedly unlawful tender of nonpriority mainline bypass mail to PenAir. The first action came before the Court on November 3, 2009 as a motion for preliminary injunction (hereinafter, the "2009 Action"). See Civil Action No. 09-2065, Docket No. 5. In the 2009 Action, plaintiffs challenged the Postal Service's August 7, 2009 and September 2, 2009 determinations that PenAir was eligible for the equitable tender of nonpriority mainline bypass mail on five mainline routes: Anchorage-Dillingham, Anchorage-King Salmon, Anchorage-Aniak, Anchorage-McGrath, and Anchorage-Unalakleet. With the consent of the parties, plaintiffs' motion for preliminary injunction was consolidated with a determination on the merits pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(a)(2), and the parties subsequently filed cross-motions for summary judgment. See Civil Action No. 09-2065, Minute Order dated Nov. 4, 2009.

On September 23, 2010, this Court issued an opinion granting in part and denying in part the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment.3 The Court held, among other things, that the Postal Service had exceeded its statutory authority in determining that PenAir was not required to satisfy the Prior Service and Capacity Requirement of § 5402(g)(1)(A)(iv)(II) in order to be tendered nonpriority mainline bypass mail pursuant to § 5402(g)(5)(C). See Northern Air Cargo, 741 F.Supp.2d at 51-54, 2010 WL 3786096, at *9-10, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 100757, at *29-32. The Court consequently enjoined the Postal Service from tendering nonpriority mainline bypass mail to PenAir until the airline satisfied the Prior Service and Capacity Requirement of § 5402(g)(1)(A)(iv)(II). See Civil Action No. 09-2065, Order at 2. Accordingly, on September 24, 2010, the Postal Service ceased tendering nonpriority mainline bypass mail to PenAir. See Postal Service's Opp'n at 6.

On October 12, 2010, PenAir submitted a new application to the Postal Service once again requesting the equitable tender of nonpriority mainline bypass mail in the five mainline markets at issue in this case: Dillingham, King Salmon, Aniak, McGrath, and Unalakleet. See Postal Service's Opp'n at 6-7; Declaration of Steven Deaton ("Deaton Decl.") ¶ 3. By letter dated October 21, 2010, the Postal Service found that PenAir had satisfied the Prior Service and Capacity Requirement. See Ex. B to Deaton Decl.; see also Deaton Decl. ¶ 4 ("[T]he [Postal Service] confirmed that PenAir had satisfied the Prior Service and Capacity Requirement ... by flying a mainline passenger aircraft between any two points within the State of Alaska for at least 12 months...."). The letter also stated, however, that because "[t]he district court did not address whether PenAir should receive credit for the past 13 months in which it has been providing mainline service in Alaska ... the actual tender of mail to PenAir may violate the court's injunction." Ex. B to Deaton Decl. Prior to tendering nonpriority mainline bypass mail to PenAir, therefore, the Postal Service explained that it needed clarification from the Court regarding whether its proposed equitable tender would violate the Court's injunction. See Ex. B to Deaton Decl. ("[T]he Postal Service will immediately begin tendering mail to PenAir upon the occurrence of either of the following events: (1) the court lifts the injunction; [or] (2) PenAir obtains an appropriate clarification of (or modification to) the injunction, which, in the sole judgment of the Postal Service, makes it clear that tendering mail will not violate the court's injunction.").

On November 17, 2010, the Postal Service filed a "Motion for Order to Clarify Judgment" in the 2009 Action. See Civil Action No. 09-2065, Docket No. 38. In its motion, the Postal Service asked the Court to clarify whether it "intended to credit PenAir for the past 13 months during which it has been providing mainline passenger service in Alaska." Civil Action No. 09-2065, Postal Service's Mot. for Clarification at 2. On December 2, 2010, the Court denied the Postal Service's motion. See Civil Action No. 09-2065, Minute Order dated Dec. 2, 2010 ("After careful consideration of defendant's motion, the Court concludes that the issue on which defendant seeks clarification—`whether PenAir should receive credit for the past 13 months during which it has been providing mainline service to Alaskans,' Def.'s Mot. at 2—is not properly before the Court. Specifically, the Court finds that the issue presented by defendant would require the Court to entertain new factual and legal issues beyond the scope of the Court's Memorandum Opinion and Order."). Following the Court's issuance of this ruling, the Postal Service concluded that PenAir had satisfied the Prior Service and Capacity Requirement. See Deaton Decl. ¶¶ 7-8. Soon thereafter, on December 6, 2010, the Postal Service began tendering nonpriority mainline bypass mail to PenAir on the five requested mainline routes. See Deaton Decl. ¶ 7.

On December 8, 2010, plaintiffs filed an emergency motion for an order to show cause why the Postal Service should not be found in contempt in the 2009 Action, arguing that the Postal Service had violated the Court's injunction by resuming tender of nonpriority mainline bypass mail to PenAir. See Civil Action No. 09-2065, Docket No. 47. On that same date, plaintiffs also filed the instant action, in which it requested a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction. The Court held a status hearing in the cases on December 9, 2010, at which time it stayed briefing on plaintiffs' motion for contempt in the 2009 Action, and entered an expedited briefing schedule in the instant case. A hearing was held on plaintiffs' motion on December 21, 2010. Plaintiffs' motion for temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction is now ripe for determination by the Court.

II. LEGAL STANDARD FOR INTERIM INJUNCTIVE RELIEF

Preliminary injunctive relief is an "extraordinary remedy never awarded as of right." Winter v. NRDC, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 129 S.Ct. 365, 376, 172 L.Ed.2d 249 (2008); Munaf v. Geren, 553 U.S. 674, 128 S.Ct. 2207, 2219, 171 L.Ed.2d 1 (2008) ("A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary and drastic remedy[.]" (internal quotation marks omitted)). In deciding whether to grant a preliminary injunction, the Court must evaluate whether: "(1) the plaintiff has a substantial likelihood of success on the merits; (2) the plaintiff would suffer irreparable injury were an injunction not granted; (3) an injunction would substantially injure other interested parties; and (4) the grant of an injunction would further the public interest." Ark. Dairy Coop. Ass'n v. United States Dep't of Agric., 573 F.3d 815, 821 (D.C.Cir.2009) (citing Serono Labs., Inc. v. Shalala, 158 F.3d 1313, 1317-18 (D.C.Cir.1998)); see also Hall v. Johnson, 599 F.Supp.2d 1, 3 n. 2 (D.D.C. 2009) ("The same standard applies to both temporary restraining orders and to preliminary injunctions."). The moving party bears the burden of persuasion and must demonstrate, "by a clear showing," that the requested relief is warranted. Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches v. England, 454 F.3d 290, 297 (D.C.Cir.2006).

These four factors have typically been evaluated on a "sliding scale," whereby if the movant makes an unusually strong showing on one of the factors, then it does not necessarily have to make as strong a showing on another factor. Davis v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 571 F.3d 1288, 1291-92 (D.C.Cir.2009) (citing Davenport v. Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, 166 F.3d 356, 361 (D.C.Cir.1999)). While it is unclear whether the "sliding scale" is still controlling in light of the Supreme Court's decision in Winter, the Court need not decide this issue because plaintiffs' request for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction fails even under the less stringent "sliding scale" analysis of Davenport. See id. (declining, given the facts of the case, to decide if Winter created a "stricter standard" to obtain interim injunctive relief).

III. ANALYSIS

Plaintiffs argue that all four factors necessary to obtain interim injunctive relief "weigh strongly in favor of Plaintiffs," Pls.' Mot. at 11 n. 9, while the Postal Service and PenAir argue that none of the criteria for interim injunctive relief have been met. The Court will begin by addressing plaintiffs' likelihood of success on the merits.

A. Substantial Likelihood of Success

The merits of this case turn on whether the Postal Service properly determined, on December 3, 2010, that PenAir had satisfied the Prior Service and Capacity Requirement and was therefore an eligible mainline carrier under § 5402(g)(5)(C).

As a threshold matter, the Court's analysis of the validity of the Postal Service's interpretation of § 5402(g)(5)(C) is governed by Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984). Under Chevron, the Court must first determine "whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue." Id. at 842, 104 S.Ct. 2778. Courts "use `traditional tools of statutory construction' to determine whether Congress has unambiguously expressed its intent," Serono, 158 F.3d at 1320, including an examination of the statute's text, structure, purpose, and legislative history. See Shays v. FEC, 414 F.3d 76, 105 (D.C.Cir.2005). "If the intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter; for the court, as well as the agency, must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress." Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842-43, 104 S.Ct. 2778. If, however, "the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the question for the court is whether the agency's answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute." Id. at 843, 104 S.Ct. 2778. In making such an assessment, "considerable weight" is generally accorded to "an executive department's construction of a statutory scheme it is entrusted to administer[.]" Id.

In this case, both parties rely on a "plain meaning" interpretation of the Prior Service and Capacity Requirement. Specifically, plaintiffs argue that the "plain language of the Prior Service and Capacity Requirement confirms that PenAir is not eligible to receive tender of mainline bypass mail under Section 5402(g)(5)(C)," Pls.' Mot. at 12, while defendants contend that the Postal Service's decision to tender nonpriority mainline bypass mail to PenAir "honors the plain language of the Prior Service and Capacity Requirement." PenAir's Opp'n at 7. For the reasons discussed below, the Court concludes that plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate that they have a substantial likelihood of success on the merits.

The Prior Service and Capacity Requirement states, in relevant part, that:

39 U.S.C. § 5402(g)(1)(A)(iv)(II). Plaintiffs argue that—contrary to the plain language of § 5402(g)(1)(A)(iv)(II)—the Postal Service impermissibly relied upon the ten months that PenAir was unlawfully carrying nonpriority mainline bypass mail (i.e., while the 2009 Action was pending) in concluding that PenAir satisfied the Prior Service and Capacity Requirement.4 Specifically, plaintiffs argue that "[f]or the Prior Service and Capacity Requirement to have any meaning, a carrier must provide the required service before being tendered Mainline Bypass Mail." Pls.' Mot. at 14 (emphasis in plaintiffs' motion). Plaintiffs further assert that "[n]othing in the Prior Service and Capacity Requirement permits a carrier to satisfy the requirement while carrying—and being compensated for carrying—Mainline Bypass Mail," and that "[s]uch an interpretation contravenes the plain language of the statute and flies in the face of the unmistakable purpose of the statute; i.e., to ensure that prospective new carriers demonstrate their viability and a sustained commitment to serving the rural Alaskan communities with Large Aircraft for twelve consecutive months before being permitted to underwrite their operations with the financially significant Mainline Bypass Mail revenues." Pls.' Mot. at 14 (emphasis in plaintiffs' motion). In sum, because PenAir only operated an aircraft with over 7,500 pounds payload capacity for approximately two months before it began receiving an ultra vires tender of nonpriority mainline bypass mail from the Postal Service, plaintiffs argue that the Postal Service impermissibly determined on December 3, 2010 that PenAir had satisfied the clear and unambiguous language of the Prior Service and Capacity Requirement.

Defendants, by contrast, argue that the Postal Service's ultra vires tender of nonpriority mainline bypass mail to PenAir is irrelevant to whether the Postal Service properly determined that PenAir had satisfied the Prior Service and Capacity Requirement as of December 3, 2010. Instead, defendants assert that "[d]etermining whether the Postal Service has validly `selected' a carrier for nonpriority mainline bypass mail is [ ] a simple exercise in arithmetic: Count backwards 12 months from the date of selection; if the carrier has flown the requisite number of scheduled mainline flights during those 12 straight months, the carrier qualifies and the Postal Service's selection is valid." PenAir's Opp'n at 7. Because PenAir had operated the requisite number of scheduled mainline flights for approximately 16 consecutive months prior to the Postal Service's December 3, 2010 decision to tender nonpriority mainline bypass mail to PenAir, PenAir argues that the Postal Service correctly determined that the airline had satisfied the unambiguous requirements set forth in § 5402(g)(1)(A)(iv)(II). See PenAir's Opp'n at 7-8; see also Deaton Decl. ¶ 4 ("[T]he [Postal Service] confirmed that PenAir had satisfied the Prior Service and Capacity Requirement ... by flying a mainline passenger aircraft between any two points within the state of Alaska for at least 12 months, after reviewing the flight schedules submitted to the Postal Service as well as data provided electronically to the Postal Service by the Official Airline Guide.... In reaching that conclusion, the [Postal Service] did not segregate bypass mail-carrying flights and non-bypass mail-carrying flights because the statute, section 5402(g)(1)(A)(iv), merely states that the airline requesting immediate equitable tender of mainline bypass mail must have `provided scheduled service with at least the number of scheduled noncontract flights each week ... between 2 points within the State of Alaska for at least 12 consecutive months.'").5

Upon careful consideration of the parties' arguments, the Court concludes that plaintiffs have failed to establish that they have a "substantial likelihood" of success on the merits. Ark. Dairy Coop., 573 F.3d at 821. As the Court explained during the motions hearing held on December 21, 2010, each of the parties has raised compelling arguments in support of their respective positions. Because the Court requires additional briefing and further explanation in order to resolve the case on the merits, the Court concludes that "[a]t this point, both sides' likelihood of success on the merits ... must be rated `uncertain.' " Potter v. District of Columbia, 382 F.Supp.2d 35, 41 (D.D.C.2005). With the arguments of the parties in equipoise, the Court finds that plaintiffs have failed to carry their burden on this factor.

B. Irreparable Harm

Next, the Court must determine whether plaintiffs will suffer irreparable harm in the absence of interim injunctive relief. This Circuit "has set a high standard for irreparable injury." Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches, 454 F.3d at 297. "[T]he injury must be both certain and great; it must be actual and not theoretical." Wisc. Gas Co. v. FERC, 758 F.2d 669, 674 (D.C.Cir.1985) (per curiam).

Plaintiffs argue that from November 9, 2009 through September 23, 2010— the time period during which PenAir was unlawfully tendered nonpriority mainline bypass mail in the Anchorage-Dillingham, Anchorage-King Salmon, Anchorage-Aniak, Anchorage-McGrath, and Anchorage-Unalakleet markets—plaintiffs collectively lost approximately $4 million in revenue as a result of their decreased market share. See Pls.' Mot. at 18-19; see also Declaration of David Karp ("Karp Decl.") ¶ 11 (averring that NAC lost approximately $1.3 million in revenue from November 9, 2009 through September 23, 2010); Declaration of Judy A. McKenzie ("McKenzie Decl.") ¶ 9 (averring that Lynden lost approximately $1.5 million in annual revenue from nonpriority bypass mail and freight after it was forced to exit the Dillingham market on February 13, 2010); Declaration of Susan Hoshaw ("Hoshaw Decl.") ¶ 10 (averring that Everts lost approximately $1.17 million in bypass mail revenues and $386,000 in freight revenues from November 9, 2009 through September 23, 2010). Plaintiffs assert that "[i]f the Postal Service resumes tendering Mainline Bypass Mail to PenAir in the five requested markets, Plaintiffs will suffer losses proportionate to those suffered from November 9, 2009 through September 24, 2010." Pls.' Mot. at 19. Because they "currently have no mechanism to recover these or future losses resulting from the Postal Service's ultra vires acts[,]" plaintiffs argue that their injuries "constitute per se irreperable harm." Pls.' Mot. at 19-20 (citing Express One Int'l, Inc. v. U.S. Postal Serv., 814 F.Supp. 87, 91 (D.D.C.1992)).

In response, defendants argue that "[t]his Court has consistently rejected the argument Plaintiffs advance that non-recoverable economic damages ... constitute per se irreparable harm," Postal Service's Opp'n at 13 (citing cases), and assert that plaintiffs cannot demonstrate irreparable harm "from a slight reduction in market share in the five markets at issue[.]" Postal Service's Opp'n at 11. This Court agrees.

In order to obtain interim injunctive relief, it is not enough for a plaintiff to show that it will suffer some harm in the absence of an injunction; instead, the moving party must demonstrate that its harm will be "great." Wisc. Gas, 758 F.2d at 674. This is true even if the moving party will purportedly suffer irrecoverable economic losses. While such a party may be excused from demonstrating that its economic loss "threatens the very existence of the movant's business," id., the plaintiff must nevertheless demonstrate that its business would suffer "great" harm in the absence of interim injunctive relief.6 Put another way, "the injury must be more than simply irretrievable; it must also be serious in terms of its effect on the plaintiff." Gulf Oil Corp. v. Dep't of Energy, 514 F.Supp. 1019, 1026 (D.D.C.1981).

In this case, the Court finds that plaintiffs have failed to satisfy this Circuit's stringent standard for irreperable harm based on their failure to offer "`substantiation of severe economic impact.'" PenAir's Opp'n at 17 (quoting WMATC v. Holiday Tours, Inc., 559 F.2d 841, 843 n. 3 (D.C.Cir.1977)). Specifically, plaintiffs failed to demonstrate how their projected revenue losses and diminished market shares on the five remote Alaskan routes at issue in this case will impact the overall economic health of each of the plaintiff airlines. While the Court is aware that each plaintiff stands to lose approximately $130,000 per month in anticipated revenue in the absence of an interim injunction, the Court is unable to assess the magnitude of this loss without evidence of each airline's projected annual gross revenue. The Court finds plaintiffs' failure to put forth evidence on this issue particularly troubling in light of the fact that this issue was raised in PenAir's opposition brief,7 and therefore could have been addressed by plaintiffs in their reply.8 Unaided by sworn declarations from plaintiffs discussing the overall impact of the projected losses on plaintiffs' businesses, the Court is unable to find that the purported harm to be suffered by plaintiffs is sufficiently great to warrant interim injunctive relief. See generally Cobell v. Norton, 391 F.3d 251, 258 (D.C.Cir.2004) ("A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy that should be granted only when the party seeking the relief, by a clear showing, carries the burden of persuasion." (citing Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968, 972, 117 S.Ct. 1865, 138 L.Ed.2d 162 (1997))); see also, e.g., Coal. for Common Sense in Gov't Procurement v. United States, 576 F.Supp.2d 162, 169, 169 n. 3 (D.D.C.2008) (rejecting plaintiff's argument that its members would "suffer irreparable harm because lost profits [were] not likely to be recovered later in [the] litigation in the form of damages due to protections of sovereign immunity" where the plaintiff's purported economic injury was not "sufficiently grave to constitute irreparable harm").9 Accordingly, plaintiffs have also failed to demonstrate that this factor weighs in favor of their requested relief.

C. Harm to Other Interested Parties

Because the Postal Service has been tendering nonpriority mainline bypass mail to PenAir since December 6, 2010, PenAir would undoubtedly be harmed if the Court entered an interim injunction. See Declaration of Daniel Seybert ("Seybert Decl.") ¶ 20 ("[A]n injunction preventing the Postal Service from continuing to tender [nonpriority mainline bypass] mail to PenAir would result in PenAir losing millions of dollars in revenue.... Plaintiffs claim lost revenues totaling about $4 million, split among the three Cargo Carriers (with no single Plaintiff claiming lost revenues of more than $1.5 million in freight and mail). By contrast, an injunction barring the Postal Service from tendering this nonpriority mainline bypass mail to PenAir would cause PenAir to lose about $4 million in revenues, more than two-and-a-half times the lost revenues any single Plaintiff claims it would lose."). Whatever revenue losses plaintiffs will lose to PenAir in the absence of an injunction, PenAir will lose to plaintiffs in the presence of one. The Court therefore concludes that the harm alleged by plaintiffs and the harm faced by PenAir are essentially "`a wash.'" Sanofi-Aventis, 733 F.Supp.2d at 174-76, 2010 WL 3360990, at *10-11, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87583, at *40 (quoting Serono, 158 F.3d at 1326).10 Accordingly, this factor is neutral in the Court's analysis.

D. Public Interest

The last factor the Court must consider is whether the public interest favors entry of a preliminary injunction. Plaintiffs argue that "[t]he public interest is `best served by having federal agencies comply with the requirements of federal law.'" Pls.' Mot. at 21 (quoting Patriot, Inc. v. U.S. Dep't of Housing & Urban Dev., 963 F.Supp. 1, 6 (D.D.C.1997)). Arguing that "the Postal Service has exceeded the scope of its statutory authority and has failed to comply with the requirements of federal law," plaintiffs assert that "[t]his fact alone demonstrates that the public interest supports the granting of injunctive relief." Pls.' Mot. at 21 (internal quotation marks omitted). While it is undoubtedly true that the public has an interest in governmental agencies following the law, given the facts of this case, an injunction would serve the public interest only if plaintiffs are likely to succeed on the merits. As discussed above, however, the Court has found that the likelihood of plaintiffs' success is uncertain. See supra p. 124.

In light of this uncertainty, the Court is unwilling to conclude that the public interest would be served by enjoining the tender of nonpriority mainline bypass mail to the only mainline passenger carrier on the five mainline routes at issue in this case: Dillingham, King Salmon, Aniak, McGrath, and Unalakleet.11 While plaintiffs argue that an interim injunction would not prevent PenAir from continuing to provide mainline passenger service, Pls.' Reply at 13, PenAir has indicated that it would likely cease to provide mainline passenger service on four of the five routes if an interim injunction was entered. As a result, Alaskan residents in at least four communities would likely be left without mainline passenger service. Based on the current posture of this case, therefore, the Court concludes that plaintiffs have failed to establish that the public interest favors interim injunctive relief.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES plaintiffs' motion for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction. This decision, however, in no way forecloses the possibility that plaintiffs will be able to establish that the Postal Service impermissibly determined that PenAir was eligible for the equitable tender of nonpriority mainline bypass mail on December 3, 2010. As this Court has already recognized, plaintiffs have raised some compelling arguments in support of their position; upon a more fully developed record, plaintiffs may well be able to succeed on the merits. Instead, the Court holds only that upon the current record, plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate, "by a clear showing," that they are entitled to the extraordinary and drastic remedy of interim injunctive relief. Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches, 454 F.3d at 297.

Even though plaintiffs have failed to establish that they meet the stringent criteria for the grant of a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction, the Court is nevertheless sensitive to plaintiffs' claims of irrecoverable economic injury. In an effort to minimize any potential losses, therefore, the parties are directed to propose an expedited briefing schedule to the Court that will enable the case to be argued and resolved in April 2011. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

SO ORDERED.