ROYCE C. LAMBERTH, Chief Judge.
Pending before the Court is plaintiff's Motion [106] asking the Court to apply judicial estoppel to bar the defendant from filing an Opposition to plaintiff's Motion
This is a Title VII reverse discrimination claim brought by pro se plaintiff William Shea ("plaintiff" or "Shea"), a career foreign service officer, against the State Department ("defendant," "State," or "government"). Compl. [1] at 2, Mar. 3, 2002.
In the present motion, Shea asks the Court to apply the doctrine of judicial estoppel to bar defendant from filing an opposition to his Motion for Summary Judgment [74], or from "presenting evidence or argument contradicting the facts and arguments" plaintiff asserted in his Motion [74]. Mot. [106] at 1, Nov. 7, 2011. In what Shea terms as "more-limited" relief, he asks, in the alternative, that the Court bar defendant from "challenging with evidence or argument" both his qualifications to give opinion testimony and the analysis he uses to support his Title VII claim.
Shea's current Motion [106] has its genesis in a status conference held before Judge Robertson on December 18, 2009. At that hearing, the Court ordered that expert and fact discovery close by April 15, 2010, and gave the parties until May 15, 2010, to file Motions for Summary Judgment. Hr'g Tr. [115-1] at 11, Dec. 18, 2009. Judge Robertson specifically advised Shea that he need not wait for the close of discovery to file his motion for summary judgment, but that the government might respond to a motion filed before the close of discovery by asking for time to complete discovery under Rule 56. Id. at 6-7. Accepting Judge Robertson's invitation, Shea promptly filed his Motion for Summary Judgment on New Year's Day 2010. Pl's. Mot. Summ. J. [74]. Defendant responded by filing a Motion to Strike under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(e) (now Rule 56(c)), or in the alternative to deny the
One day later, with little discussion or guidance and before plaintiff even filed an opposition, the Court denied the government's Motion to Strike [77]. Order [78] at 2, Feb. 2, 2010. The Court held in abeyance plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment and instructed the government that it had no obligation to respond to it until discovery was complete. Id. Defendant then filed a Motion for Reconsideration asking the Court to review its Order [78]. Mot. Recons. [93] at 1, Apr. 5, 2011. The next day, in a hearing before Judge Sullivan on April 6, 2011, the parties stipulated that discovery had been completed. See Shea v. Clinton, 850 F.Supp.2d 153, 164-65 (D.D.C.2012). The case was transferred to the undersigned Judge on October 10, 2011, and defendant's Motion for Reconsideration [93] was denied on March 23, 2012. Id. at 155-56. The Court held that its original decision was not clearly erroneous "as it simply reserve[d] judgment on defendant's argument until the motion [for summary judgment] ... [was] fully briefed." Id. at 162. The Court then ordered the present Motion [ 106] to be briefed, and ordered that plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment [74] remain in abeyance pending the resolution of this Motion. Id. at 165-66.
Judicial estoppel "is an equitable doctrine invoked by a court at its discretion." New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 750, 121 S.Ct. 1808, 149 L.Ed.2d 968 (2001) (quoting Russell v. Rolfs, 893 F.2d 1033, 1037 (9th Cir.1990)); see also Moses v. Howard Univ. Hosp., 606 F.3d 789, 792 (D.C.Cir.2010).
Nevertheless, the Supreme Court has identified three factors that, while not being "inflexible prerequisites," should be considered by courts before invoking the doctrine. Maine, 532 U.S. at 751, 121 S.Ct. 1808. These are: (1) whether the "party's later position ... [is] `clearly inconsistent' with its earlier position;" (2) whether "the party has succeeded in persuading a court to accept that party's earlier position, so that judicial acceptance of an inconsistent position in a later proceeding would create `the perception that either the first or the second court was misled;'" and (3) whether "the party seeking to assert an inconsistent position would derive an unfair advantage or impose an unfair detriment on the opposing party if not estopped." Maine, 532 U.S. at 750-51, 121 S.Ct. 1808 (internal citations omitted). "Doubts about inconsistency often should be resolved by assuming there is no disabling inconsistency, so that the second matter may be resolved on the merits." Contech, 764 F.Supp.2d at 116 (citing 18B Charles Alan Wright & Arthur Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 4477, at 594 (2d ed. 2002)).
The gravamen of plaintiff's argument is his reading of both defendant's Motion [77] to Strike and the Court's Order [78] denying that motion. Plaintiff asserts that the government took the sworn position that it "could not present facts essential to justify its opposition to ... [plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment] without first deposing [plaintiff] to obtain certain `essential' and `necessary' information." Mot [106] at 1, 11-15 (quoting Def.'s Mot. Strike [77] and accompanying affidavits [77-3-4]). Plaintiff reads Judge Robertson's brief Order [78], which he issued the day after defendant filed his Motion to Strike [77], as granting defendant's Rule 56(f) motion for continued discovery based on the assertions regarding defendant's inability to respond to plaintiff's Summary Judgment Motion [74]. Id. at 11.
Unfortunately for plaintiff, his reading of both defendant's Motion [77] and the Court's Order [78] are inaccurate. Defendant requested time to continue discovery for multiple reasons, not solely to take plaintiff's deposition. Mot. Strike [77] at 11-13. The necessary discovery included plaintiff's "qualifications to [give expert testimony]," more time to find persons with historical knowledge about the MLAAP program, and to retain a rebuttal expert witness. Id. at 11-13. Defendant also requested that the court "deny" plaintiff's Motion [74] for summary judgment "until the close of discovery and until Plaintiff has fully complied with the requirements of Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(a)(2)." Id.
Even if the Court read the government's position as duplicitous, Shea's motion would still fail because the Court never explicitly accepted the government's first position, and thus there would be no appearance that the Court was misled. Order [78] at 2. Shea asks the Court to read its April 2, 2010, Order [74] as the Court ruling for the defendant. Mot. [ 106] at 11. In reality, it explicitly denied State's Motion without reservation, [77] but held plaintiff's Summary Judgment Motion [74] in abeyance until the close of discovery. Order [78] at 2. Thus, the Court's Order [78] did nothing more than affirm the original discovery schedule set by Judge Robertson at the December 18, 2009, hearing. Hr'g Tr. [115-1] at 11. Because any "[d]oubts about inconsistency often should be resolved by assuming there is no disabling inconsistency," it would be incorrect to find for plaintiff here, because the inconsistency here is tenuous at best. Contech, 764 F.Supp.2d at 116 (citing 18B Charles Alan Wright & Arthur Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 4477, at 594 (2d ed. 2002)).
Shea finally argues that the government need not derive an unfair advantage or cause an unfair detriment in order for the Court to rule in his favor. Pl.'s Reply [116] at 5-6, Apr. 10, 2012. In light of the Supreme Court's admonishment that the factors it set out in Maine were not "inflexible prerequisites or an exhaustive formula for determining the applicability of judicial estoppel," the Court must agree with plaintiff's assessment. 532 U.S. at 751, 121 S.Ct. 1808. However, the Court, in its discretion, views the unfair advantage/detriment factor as important, because such a determination sheds light on the opposing party's motives for taking contrary positions. A party's motivation goes directly to the public policy underlying the doctrine: "placing a restraint upon the tendency to reckless and false swearing." Chen, 626 F.2d at 937 (citations omitted). For example, the Court would be much more likely to judicially estop a party if the Court determined that the party's actions were deliberate and calculated so as to play "fast and loose with the [C]ourt[]." Maine, 532 U.S. at 750, 121 S.Ct. 1808. Here, however, it appears that both plaintiff and defendant got lost in the fog of litigation and failed to follow through with their anticipated discovery.
The Court also notes that judicial estoppel "is an equitable doctrine invoked by a court at its discretion," and that "[a]dditional considerations may inform the doctrine's application in specific factual contexts." Id. One of those considerations must be the requested relief. Here, plaintiff asks the Court to deny the government an opportunity to respond to plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment [74], or to handicap the government's opposition by effectively requiring the government to admit that plaintiff is qualified to give expert
The purpose of judicial estoppel is to "protect the integrity of the judicial process." Maine, 532 U.S. at 750, 121 S.Ct. 1808 (citations omitted). Holding for the plaintiff here would not serve that interest, but would instead give plaintiff a shortcut to the result he desires. Far from being equitable, resolving this case in this fashion would create a manifest injustice.
For the aforementioned reasons, the court will not grant plaintiff's Motion for the Application of Judicial Estoppel [106]. Accordingly, it is hereby
It is
Mot. [106] at 22-23. With regard to "matters of [] possible career advancement in the Foreign Service and [] lost pay had [he] been accepted and placed in the Foreign Service through MLAAP," plaintiff asks the Court to bar defendant from challenging his:
Id.