MEMORANDUM OPINION

Emmet G. Sullivan, United States District Judge.

This case presents one of many challenges to the contraceptive services mandate of the Affordable Care Act ("ACA"), Pub.L. No. 111-148, 124 Stat. 119 (2010). A number of circuits, including the District of Columbia Circuit, have examined the mandate's requirements regarding contraceptive coverage for employees of for-profit companies; that issue is now pending before the Supreme Court. See Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. v. Sebelius, 723 F.3d 1114, (10th Cir.2013) (en banc), cert. granted, 2013 U.S. LEXIS 8418 (U.S. Nov. 26, 2013) (Case No. 13-354); Conestoga Wood Specialties Corp. v. Sebelius, 724 F.3d 377 (3d Cir.2013), cert. granted, 2013 U.S. LEXIS 8418 (U.S. Nov. 26, 2013) (No. 13-354); see also, e.g., Gilardi v. United States Dep't of Health and Human Services, 733 F.3d 1208 (D.C.Cir.2013).

The instant case presents a different issue: the obligations, vel non, of non-profit religious organizations to provide contraceptive coverage under the mandate. These organizations are eligible for an accommodation to the mandate; specifically, they are not required to provide contraceptive coverage to their employees if they object to doing so on religious grounds. Under the regulations, an employer in this situation can self-certify to its health insurance issuer that it has a religious objection to providing coverage for contraceptive services as part of its health insurance plan. Once the issuer receives the self-certification, the non-profit organization is exempt from the mandate. The organization's employees will receive coverage for contraceptive services, but that coverage will be provided directly through the issuer. The coverage is excluded from the employer's plan of benefits, and the issuer assumes the full costs of coverage; it is prohibited from charging any co-payments, deductibles, fees, premium hikes or other costs to the organization or its employees.

Priests for Life, a non-profit organization which takes a "vocal and active role in the pro-life movement," Complaint ¶ 73, and three of its employees have filed this lawsuit objecting to the accommodation to the mandate. They allege that the self-certification Priests for Life must provide to its issuer violates their rights under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000bb, et seq. ("RFRA"), and the First and Fifth Amendments to the Constitution.

The Supreme Court has made clear that religious exercise is impermissibly burdened when government action compels individuals "to perform acts undeniably at odds with fundamental tenets of their religious beliefs." Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205, 218, 92 S.Ct. 1526, 32 L.Ed.2d 15 (1972). At the same time, acts of third parties, which do not cause adherents to act in violation of their religious beliefs, do not constitute an impermissible burden. Kaemmerling v. Lappin, 553 F.3d 669, 678 (D.C.Cir.2008). The right to religious freedom "simply cannot be understood to require the Government to conduct its [] affairs in ways that comport with the religious beliefs of particular citizens." Bowen v. Roy, 476 U.S. 693, 699, 106 S.Ct. 2147, 90 L.Ed.2d 735 (1986). Religious freedom is protected "in terms of what the government cannot do to the individual, not in terms of what the individual can exact from the government." Lyng v. N'west Indian Cemetery Protective Assn., 485 U.S. 439, 451, 108 S.Ct. 1319, 99 L.Ed.2d 534 (1988) (citations omitted).

Plaintiffs here do not allege that the self-certification itself violates their religious beliefs. To the contrary, the certification states that Priests for Life is opposed to providing contraceptive coverage, which is consistent with those beliefs. Indeed, during oral argument, plaintiffs stated that they have no religious objection to filling out the self-certification; it is the issuer's subsequent provision of coverage to which they object. But filling out the form is all that the ACA requires of the plaintiffs in this case.

There is no doubt that the plaintiffs find the statute's requirement that the issuer provide contraceptive coverage profoundly opposed to their religious scruples. But the issuer's provision of coverage is just that — an entirely third party act. The issuer's provision of coverage does not require plaintiffs to "perform acts" at odds with their beliefs. Yoder, 406 U.S. at 218, 92 S.Ct. 1526. Accordingly, the accommodations to the contraceptive services mandate do not violate their religious rights.

Pending before the Court is the plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment and the defendants' cross motion to dismiss or in the alternative for summary judgment. Upon consideration of the motions, the oppositions and replies thereto, the Amicus Curiae brief of the American Civil Liberties Union, the entire record, and for the reasons explained below, defendants' motion to dismiss is GRANTED; accordingly, the parties' motions for summary judgment are hereby DENIED AS MOOT.

I. BACKGROUND

Priests for Life is a non-profit corporation incorporated in the State of New York, and Father Frank Pavone, Alveda King, and Janet Morana are among its employees. Compl. ¶¶ 6-11. "A deep devotion to the Catholic faith is central to the mission of Priests for Life." Compl. ¶ 85. Its mission is to "unite and encourage all clergy to give special emphasis to the life issues in their ministry ... [and] to help them take a more vocal and active role in the pro-life movement." Compl. ¶ 73. Accordingly, "contraception, sterilization, abortifacients1 and abortion ... are immoral and antithetical to Priests for Life's religious mission." Id. Priests for Life provides health insurance for its employees. Compl. ¶ 93. The next plan year will commence on January 1, 2014. Compl. ¶ 101.

Plaintiffs' claims arise out of certain regulations promulgated in connection with the ACA. The Act requires all group health plans and health insurance issuers that offer non-grandfathered group or individual health coverage to provide coverage for certain preventive services without cost-sharing, including, for "women, such additional preventive care and screenings... as provided for in comprehensive guidelines supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration [("HRSA")]." 42 U.S.C. § 300gg-13(a)(4). The HRSA, an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS"), commissioned the Institute of Medicine ("IOM") to conduct a study on preventive services. On August 1, 2011, HRSA adopted IOM's recommendation to include "all Food and Drug Administration approved contraceptive methods, sterilizations procedures, and patient education and counseling for women with reproductive capacity." See HRSA, Women's Preventive Services: Required Health Plan Coverage Guidelines ("HRSA Guidelines"), available at http://www.hrsa.gov/womens guidelines/ (last visited Dec. 17, 2013).

Several exemptions and safe-harbor provisions excuse certain employers from providing group health plans that cover women's preventive services as defined by HHS regulations. First, the mandate does not apply to certain "grandfathered" health plans in which individuals were enrolled on March 23, 2010, the date the ACA was enacted. 75 Fed.Reg. 34,538 (June 17, 2010). Second, certain "religious employers" are excluded from the mandate. See, e.g., 76 Fed.Reg. 46,621 (Aug. 3, 2011); 45 C.F.R. § 147.130(a)(1)(iv)(A). On June 28, 2013, the government issued final rules on contraceptive coverage and religious organizations; the rules became effective August 1, 2013. 78 Fed.Reg. 39,870 (July 2, 2013). These regulations are the subject of this case.

Under the final regulations, a "religious employer" exempt from the contraceptive services mandate is "an organization that is organized and operates as a nonprofit entity and is referred to in section 6033(a)(3)(A)(i) or (a)(3)(A)(iii) of the Internal Revenue Code," which refers to churches, their integrated auxiliaries, and conventions or associations of churches, and the exclusively religious activities of any religious order. 45 C.F.R. § 147.131(a). Non-profit organizations which do not qualify for this exemption may, however, qualify for an accommodation with respect to the contraceptive coverage requirement if they are "eligible organizations" under the regulations. An "eligible organization" must satisfy the following criteria:

45 C.F.R. § 147.131(b); see also 78 Fed. Reg. at 39, 874-75.

Once an eligible organization provides a copy of a self-certification to its issuer, which provides coverage in connection with the group health plan, the organization is relieved of its obligation "to contract, arrange, pay or refer for contraceptive coverage" to which it has religious objections. 78 Fed.Reg. at 39,874. The group health plan issuer which receives the self-certification form must (1) exclude contraceptive coverage from the group health insurance coverage provided in connection with the group health plan, and (2) provide separate payments for any contraceptive services required to be covered for plan participants and beneficiaries. The issuer may not impose any cost-sharing requirements (such as a copayment, coinsurance or a deductible) on plan participants or beneficiaries. 78 Fed.Reg. at 39,896. Likewise, the issuer is prohibited from imposing any premium, fee, or other charge, or any portion thereof, directly or indirectly, on the eligible organization or the group health plan. Id. Failure to self-certify or otherwise comply with the mandate will result in Priests for Life's issuer including contraceptive services within Priests for Life's healthcare policy, and charging the organization for such coverage.2

The parties agree that Priests for Life does not qualify for an exemption to the contraceptive services mandate. The grandfathered plans provision does not protect the organization because the current health insurance plan has made changes since 2010, including an increase in the percentage cost-sharing requirement. See Decl. of Fr. Pavone, ECF No. 7-1, at ¶ 5. Priests for Life also does not satisfy the definition of "religious employer" and is not eligible for an exemption on that ground. Id. at ¶ 3. Finally, the parties agree that Priests for Life would qualify as an "eligible organization," entitled to the accommodation, if it completes the self-certification form. Compl. ¶ 6.

Priests for Life states that completing the self-certification form will require it to violate its sincerely held religious beliefs because "the government mandate forces Priests for Life to provide the means and mechanism by which contraception, sterilization and abortifacients are provided to its employees.... There is no logical or moral distinction between the [] contraceptive services mandate ... and the "accommodation[.]"... Priests for Life [is] still paying an insurer to provide [its] employees with access to a product [] that violates [its] religious convictions." Compl. ¶¶ 69-70, see also id. ¶ 105 ("Priests for Life objects to being forced by the government to purchase a health care plan that provides its employees with access to contraceptives, sterilization and abortifacients, all of which are prohibited by its religious convictions. This is true whether the immoral services are paid for directly, indirectly, or even not at all by Priests for Life.").

On September 19, 2013, plaintiffs moved for a preliminary injunction as to all counts of the Complaint. On September 25, 2013, the parties agreed to consolidate the preliminary injunction motion with the merits under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(a)(2). Thereafter, plaintiffs filed a motion for summary judgment and defendants filed a cross motion to dismiss or in the alternative for summary judgment. Toward the end of the briefing schedule set by the Court, the D.C. Circuit issued its decision in Gilardi, addressing religious freedom claims arising from different regulations under the ACA's contraceptive services mandate. Following Gilardi, the Court ordered the parties to file supplemental briefs addressing its impact on this case. The Court heard oral argument on the parties' cross motions on December 9, 2013. The motions are ripe for determination by the Court.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

A. Motion to Dismiss

A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) "tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint." Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C.Cir.2002). A complaint must contain "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief, in order to give the defendant fair notice of what the... claim is and the grounds upon which it rests." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (quotation marks omitted; alteration in original). While detailed factual allegations are not necessary, plaintiffs must plead enough facts "to raise a right to relief above the speculative level." Id.

When ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court may consider "the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached as exhibits or incorporated by reference in the complaint, and matters about which the Court may take judicial notice." Gustave-Schmidt v. Chao, 226 F.Supp.2d 191, 196 (D.D.C.2002). The Court must construe the complaint liberally in plaintiffs' favor and grant plaintiffs the benefit of all reasonable inferences deriving from the complaint. Kowal v. MCI Commc'ns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C.Cir.1994). However, the Court must not accept plaintiffs' inferences that are "unsupported by the facts set out in the complaint." Id. "Nor must the court accept legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations." Id. "[O]nly a complaint that states a plausible claim for relief survives a motion to dismiss." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009).

B. Motion for Summary Judgment

Summary judgment is appropriate "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). The party seeking summary judgment bears the "initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted). To defeat summary judgment, the non-moving party must "designate specific facts showing there is a genuine issue for trial." Id. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548 (internal quotation marks omitted). The existence of a factual dispute is insufficient to preclude summary judgment. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A dispute is "genuine" only if a reasonable fact-finder could find for the non-moving party; a fact is only "material" if it is capable of affecting the outcome of the litigation. Id. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505; Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813 F.2d 1236, 1241 (D.C.Cir.1987). In assessing a party's motion, "[a]ll underlying facts and inferences are analyzed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party." N.S. ex rel. Stein v. District of Columbia, 709 F.Supp.2d 57, 65 (D.D.C.2010), citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247, 106 S.Ct. 2505.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Standing

The parties do not dispute that Priests for Life, a nonprofit religious organization, has standing to advance all of its constitutional and statutory claims. See, e.g., Jimmy Swaggart Ministries v. Bd. of Equalization of Cal., 493 U.S. 378, 381, 384, 110 S.Ct. 688, 107 L.Ed.2d 796 (1990); EEOC v. Catholic Univ. of Am., 83 F.3d 455, 467-70 (D.C.Cir.1996). The Court, therefore, has jurisdiction to hear and decide the issues presented by this case. Rumsfeld v. Forum for Acad. & Inst'l Rights, Inc., 547 U.S. 47, 52 n.2, 126 S.Ct. 1297, 164 L.Ed.2d 156 (2006) ("[T]he presence of one party with standing is sufficient to satisfy Article III's case-or-controversy requirement.").

While the defendants challenge standing of the individual plaintiffs, they acknowledge that the individual plaintiffs' claims are identical to Priests for Life's claims. See Defs.' Combined Mot. to Dismiss or for Summ. J and Opp'n to Pls.' Mot. (hereinafter "Defs.' Mot.") at 13, n.8. At oral argument, the parties agreed that it is unnecessary for the Court to address the standing of the individual plaintiffs. See, e.g., Chamber of Commerce v. EPA, 642 F.3d 192, 200 (D.C.Cir.2011) (it is unnecessary to address the standing of party whose presence or absence is immaterial to a suit's outcome, where another party clearly has standing) (citation omitted). Accordingly, because the presence of the individual plaintiffs has no impact on the merits of this case, the Court need not reach the issue of their standing.

B. The RFRA

The Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000bb-1, provides that "[g]overnment shall not substantially burden a person's exercise of religion even if the burden results from a rule of general applicability, except as provided in subsection (b)." Subsection (b) provides that "[g]overnment may substantially burden a person's exercise of religion only if it demonstrates that application of the burden to the person is (1) in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest; and (2) is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest."

Congress enacted the RFRA in response to the Supreme Court's decision in Employment Division, Department of Human Services of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872, 110 S.Ct. 1595, 108 L.Ed.2d 876 (1990), in which the Court held that the right to free exercise of religion under the First Amendment does not exempt an individual from a law that is neutral and of general applicability, and explicitly disavowed the test used in earlier decisions, which prohibited the government from substantially burdening a plaintiff's religious exercise unless the government could show that its action served a compelling interest and was the least restrictive means to achieve that interest. 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb. The purpose of the RFRA was to "restore the compelling interest test" as set forth in Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398, 83 S.Ct. 1790, 10 L.Ed.2d 965 (1963) and Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205, 92 S.Ct. 1526, 32 L.Ed.2d 15 (1972). Id.

In order to state a prima facie case under RFRA, and thus to survive a motion to dismiss, plaintiffs must allege a substantial burden on their religious exercise. The statute defines "religious exercise" broadly, as "any exercise of religion, whether or not compelled by, or central to, a system of religious belief." 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000bb-2(4); 2000cc-5. The RFRA does not define "substantial burden," but because the RFRA intends to restore Sherbert and Yoder, those cases are instructive in determining the meaning of that term. In Sherbert, plaintiff's exercise of her religion was impermissibly burdened when plaintiff was forced "to choose between following the precepts of her religion," resting and not working on the Sabbath and forfeiting certain unemployment benefits as a result, or "abandoning one of the precepts of her religion in order to accept work." 374 U.S. at 404, 83 S.Ct. 1790. In Yoder, the "impact of the compulsory [school] attendance law on respondents' practice of the Amish religion [was found to be] not only severe, but inescapable, for the Wisconsin law affirmatively compels them, under threat of criminal sanction, to perform acts undeniably at odds with fundamental tenets of their religious beliefs." 406 U.S. at 218, 92 S.Ct. 1526.

This Circuit also recently addressed the issue of substantial burden in the context of a RFRA challenge to the ACA in Gilardi. The Gilardi brothers are the two owners of closely held for-profit companies. Their companies are not eligible for the accommodations available to Priests for Life; the regulations require such companies to provide contraceptive coverage for the participants and beneficiaries in their group health plans. The Gilardis challenged the provisions of the contraceptive mandate which would have required them to directly provide contraceptive coverage to their employees, claiming it substantially burdened their religious beliefs opposing contraception. The Circuit agreed, finding that "the burden on religious exercise... occurs when a company's owners fill the basket of goods and services that constitute a healthcare plan. In other words, the Gilardis are burdened when they are pressured to choose between violating their religious beliefs in managing their selected plan or paying onerous penalties." 733 F.3d at 1217. "The contraceptive mandate," as applied to companies not eligible for the accommodations, "demands that owners like the Gilardis meaningfully approve and endorse the inclusion of contraceptive coverage in their companies' employer-provided plans." Id. at 1217-18.

Unlike the Gilardis, Priests for Life is eligible for the accommodations to the mandate, and therefore is not required to provide contraceptive services to its employees. To take advantage of the accommodations, Priests for Life will be required to provide its insurer with a self-certification form stating that it is a religious, nonprofit organization which opposes providing coverage for some or all of any contraceptive services required to be covered by the mandate. 78 Fed.Reg. at 39, 874, 39,892.3 Plaintiffs argue that the self-certification substantially burdens their exercise of religion because the accommodations require Priests for Life to "promote, facilitate and cooperate in the government's immoral objective to increase the use of contraceptive services in direct violation of Plaintiffs' sincerely held religious beliefs." Pls.' Mot. at 1. "[B]ecause Priests for Life provides its employees with a health care plan, the government mandate forces Priests for Life to provide the means and mechanism by which contraception, sterilization, and abortifacients (and related education and counseling) are provided to its employees (and beneficiaries), which is unacceptable to Plaintiffs because it violates their sincerely held religious beliefs." Id. at 9. "This is true whether the immoral services are paid for directly, indirectly, or even not at all by Priests for Life." Id. at 15. In sum, Plaintiffs alleges they are pressured to choose between violating their religious beliefs by "support[ing] and provid[ing] access to" the services provided under the contraception mandate, or "leaving the health care insurance market altogether." Id. at 16.

Defendants do not question the sincerity of Plaintiffs' religious beliefs, but they do dispute whether the accommodations impose a substantial burden on the exercise of those beliefs. Defendants argue that the regulations impose no more than a de minimis burden on Plaintiffs' religious exercise because the regulations "do not require Priests for Life to "modify [its] religious behavior in any way."" Defs.' Mot. at 15 (quoting Kaemmerling v. Lappin, 553 F.3d 669, 679 (D.C.Cir.2008)). Defendants contend that Priests for Life "is not required to contract, arrange, pay or refer for contraceptive coverage ... Priests for Life need not do anything more than it did prior to the promulgation of the challenged regulations — that is, to inform its issuer that it objects to providing contraceptive coverage in order to insure that it is not responsible for contracting, arranging, paying or referring for such coverage." Id. at 14-15. The self-certification form only "require[s] [Priests for Life] to inform its issuer that it objects to providing contraceptive coverage, which it has done ... voluntarily anyway even absent these regulations" in order to insure that it does not provide such coverage. Id. 15-16. Accordingly, Defendants argue that completing the self-certification form "is at most, de minimis, and thus cannot be "substantial" under RFRA." Id. 17. For the reasons set forth below, the Court agrees with the government.

A substantial burden exists when government action puts "substantial pressure on an adherent to modify his behavior and violate his beliefs." Gilardi, 733 F.3d at 1216 (quoting Kaemmerling, 553 F.3d at 678); see also Yoder, 406 U.S. at 218, 92 S.Ct. 1526 (law substantially burdens the exercise of religion if it compels individuals "to perform acts undeniably at odds with fundamental tenets of their religious beliefs.") "An inconsequential or de minimis burden on religious practice does not rise to this level[.]" Kaemmerling, 553 F.3d at 678. Finally, an adherent is not substantially burdened by laws requiring third parties to conduct their internal affairs in ways that violate his beliefs. Id. at 679.

In Kaemmerling, a federal prisoner claimed that the statutorily mandated collection and use of his DNA for purposes of a national law enforcement database substantially burdened his free exercise rights. Kaemmerling alleged that the collection, storage, and use of his DNA violated his sincerely held religious beliefs. The D.C. Circuit "accept[ed] as true the factual allegations that Kaemmerling's beliefs are sincere and of a religious nature," 553 F.3d at 679. The Court further noted that the government commanded compliance with the statute; failure to cooperate with collection of a fluid sample from which the DNA would be isolated is a misdemeanor offense. Id. at 673. Nevertheless, the Court rejected his RFRA claim because the government was not forcing him to modify his own behavior. The Court explained:

553 F.3d at 679.4 The Kaemmerling court relied on Bowen v. Roy, in which a Native American man objected to the states' use of his child's Social Security number in determining eligibility for welfare benefits. The parents objected to a statutory requirement that state agencies "shall utilize" Social Security numbers "not because it place[d] any restriction on what [the father] may believe or what he may do, but because he believes the use of the number," a governmental act, "may harm his daughter's spirit." 476 U.S. 693, 699, 106 S.Ct. 2147, 90 L.Ed.2d 735 (1986). The Supreme Court concluded that the government's use of the child's Social Security number did not impair her parents' freedom to exercise their religion.

Id. at 699-700, 106 S.Ct. 2147. Other Supreme Court decisions have similarly rejected free exercise challenges to laws which would not require a plaintiff to modify his own behavior, but would permit a third party to engage in behavior to which the plaintiff objects on religious grounds. In Lyng, the Court rejected Native American tribes' challenge to government building roads and harvesting timber on national forest land used by the tribes for religious purposes. The Court explained "government programs, which may make it more difficult to practice certain religions but which have no tendency to coerce individuals into acting contrary to their religious beliefs," do not violate the First Amendment. 485 U.S. 439, 450, 108 S.Ct. 1319, 99 L.Ed.2d 534 (1988). "The Free Exercise Clause is written in terms of what the government cannot do to the individual, not in terms of what the individual can exact from the government..." Id. at 451, 108 S.Ct. 1319 (quoting Sherbert, 374 U.S. at 412, 83 S.Ct. 1790 (Douglas, J., concurring)).

In this case, the Court does not doubt the sincerity of Plaintiffs' beliefs, nor does it doubt that condemnation of contraception is central to their exercise of the Catholic religion. "It is not within the judicial ken to question the centrality of particular beliefs or practices to a faith, or the validity of particular litigants' interpretation of those creeds." Hernandez v. Comm'r of Internal Revenue Serv., 490 U.S. 680, 699, 109 S.Ct. 2136, 104 L.Ed.2d 766 (1989). However, to prevail under the substantial burden test Plaintiffs must show more than a governmental action that violates their sincerely held religious beliefs; they must show that the governmental action forces Priests for Life, itself, to modify its own behavior in violation of those beliefs. Kaemmerling, 553 F.3d at 679.5 This is where Plaintiffs' RFRA challenge must fail — like the challenges in Kaemmerling and Bowen, the accommodations to the contraceptive mandate simply do not require Plaintiffs to modify their religious behavior. The accommodation specifically ensures that provision of contraceptive services is entirely the activity of a third party — namely, the issuer — and Priests for Life plays no role in that activity. As in Kaemmerling, "[a]lthough the [third party]'s activities ... may offend [plaintiff's] religious beliefs, they cannot be said to hamper [his] religious exercise." 553 F.3d at 679.

Priests for Life attempts to distinguish Kaemmerling on the grounds that Mr. Kaemmerling did not object to the government taking his fluid, hair, or tissue samples; he only objected to the subsequent extraction and storage of his DNA. Priests for Life claims that in this case, "the coverage for the morally objectionable contraceptive coverage will occur only because Priests for Life has played an active role in purchasing a healthcare plan and then authorizing the issuer of its plan through "self-certification" to provide the objectionable coverage directly to its plan participants and beneficiaries (a role that is prohibited by Plaintiffs' religion) and thereby cooperating with and thus facilitating the government's illicit objective "to increase access to and utilization of" contraceptive services (cooperation that is prohibited by Plaintiffs' religion)." Pls.' Combined Opp'n to Govt's Mot./Reply in Support of Pls.' Mot. (hereinafter "Pls.' Opp'n/Reply") at 23 (emphasis in original). The Court does not find this distinction to be meaningful. The governmental action in Kaemmerling could not have occurred without the plaintiff playing an active role by providing a blood sample. Nevertheless, the court rejected claims that his action constituted a substantial burden because the action did not, in and of itself, violate plaintiff's religious beliefs. The fact that government action thereafter was deeply offensive to his beliefs did not give rise to a RFRA claim. See Kaemmerling, 553 F.3d at 679 (plaintiff's knowledge that his "strongly held beliefs had been violated by a[n] unholy act of an oppressive regime" was not enough to violate the RFRA because the government's actions do not "pressure him to modify his own behavior in any way that would violate his beliefs."); see also Bowen, 476 U.S. at 699-700, 106 S.Ct. 2147 (rejecting plaintiff's challenge to the government's use of his daughter's Social Security number because it "may harm his daughter's spirit.... The Free Exercise Clause affords an individual protection from certain forms of governmental compulsion; it does not afford an individual a right to dictate the conduct of the Government's internal procedures.")

In this case, Plaintiffs assert an objection to a single requirement the regulations impose on Priests for Life directly: completing a self-certification form stating that it is a non-profit religious organization which objects to providing contraceptive services coverage. Pls.' Mot. at 7. However, during oral argument Plaintiffs conceded that they have no religious objection to the self-certification form, in and of itself. Rather, Plaintiffs' act under the accommodations becomes burdensome only when it is characterized as "cooperating" with or providing "authorization" for "the government's illicit goal of increasing access to and utilization of contraceptive services." Pls.' Opp'n/Reply at 23. But no matter how religiously offensive the statutory or regulatory objective may be, the law does not violate RFRA unless it coerces individuals into acting contrary to their religious beliefs. See Lyng, 458 U.S. at 450, 108 S.Ct. 1319. In this case, it is only the subsequent actions of third parties — the government's and the issuer's provision of contraceptive services, in which Priests for Life plays no role — that animate its religious objections. Under Bowen and Kaemmerling, however, RFRA does not permit Plaintiffs to proscribe the conduct of others.

Plaintiffs' reliance on Sherbert, Yoder, and Thomas is unavailing. Pls.' Mot. at 21. Plaintiffs argue that these cases, particularly Thomas, established that the impact of a "substantial burden" need not be direct. Id. at 20. In each of these cases, however, the burdens of the governmental action — denial of unemployment benefits for refusal to work on the Sabbath or in an armaments factory, threatened criminal prosecution for refusing to send children to school — all fell directly upon the plaintiffs' participation in or abstention from a specific religious practice. That is not the case here; once again, the only action required of Priests for Life under the accommodations is consistent with its beliefs. It is only the independent actions of third parties which result in the availability of contraceptive services. See Conestoga Wood Specialities Corp. v. Sebelius, 917 F.Supp.2d 394, 415 & n. 15 (E.D.Pa.2013) (explaining that while an indirect compulsion may constitute a substantial burden, legislation which imposes only an indirect burden on the exercise of religion does not), aff'd 724 F.3d 377 (3d Cir.2013), cert. granted, 2013 U.S. LEXIS 8418 (U.S. Nov. 26, 2013) (No. 13-354).6

This Circuit's recent decision in Gilardi does not alter the analysis. In Gilardi, the plaintiffs themselves (through their companies) had to provide contraceptive coverage for the participants and beneficiaries of their plan. The Circuit explained that the Gilardis were substantially burdened when they had to place contraceptive coverage into "the basket of goods and services that constitute [their companies'] healthcare plan." Gilardi, 733 F.3d at 1218. The Circuit repeated the nature of the burden later in the opinion, defining the burden as a "demand[] that owners like the Gilardis meaningfully approve and endorse the inclusion of contraceptive coverage in their companies' employer-provided plans, over whatever objections they may have. Such an endorsement ... is a "compel[led] affirmation of a repugnant belief."" Id. at 1218 (quoting Sherbert, 374 U.S. at 402, 83 S.Ct. 1790). Priests for Life need do none of those things. It need not place contraceptive coverage into "the basket of goods and services that constitute its healthcare plan," nor must it even permit, much less "approve and endorse" such coverage in its plan. Gilardi, 733 F.3d at 1217. On the contrary, Priests for Life need only reaffirm its religiously based opposition to providing contraceptive coverage, at which point third parties will provide the coverage separate and apart from Priests For Life's plan of benefits. In the Court's view, the Circuit's holding on the issue of substantial burden in Gilardi is distinguishable from this case.

For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have not stated a prima facie case under RFRA because they have not alleged a substantial burden on their religious exercise. Therefore, Count II of the Complaint will be dismissed for failure to state a claim.

C. The Free Exercise Clause

The First Amendment provides that Congress shall make no law "prohibiting the free exercise" of religion. Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. E.E.O.C., ___ U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 694, 702, 181 L.Ed.2d 650 (2012). The right of free exercise protected by the First Amendment "does not relieve an individual of the obligation to comply with a valid and neutral law of general applicability on the ground that the law proscribes (or prescribes) conduct that his religion prescribes (or proscribes)." Employment Div. v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872, 879, 110 S.Ct. 1595, 108 L.Ed.2d 876 (1990) (quotation omitted). A law is not neutral "if the object of [the] law is to infringe upon or restrict practices because of their religious motivation." Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah, 508 U.S. 520, 533, 113 S.Ct. 2217, 124 L.Ed.2d 472 (1993). A law is not generally applicable if it "in a selective manner impose[s] burdens only on conduct motivated by religious beliefs." Id. at 543, 113 S.Ct. 2217.

This Court agrees with the vast majority of courts which have considered the issue and found that the contraceptive services regulations are neutral and generally applicable, and accordingly have rejected Free Exercise Clause challenges. See Defs.' Mot. at 32 n.5 (citing, e.g., MK Chambers Co. v. U.S. Dep't of Health & Human Servs., 2013 WL 1340719, at *5-6, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 47887, *13-15 Case No. 13-11379 (E.D.Mich. Apr. 3, 2013); Conestoga, 917 F.Supp.2d at 409-10; Autocam Corp. v. Sebelius, 2012 WL 6845677, at *8, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 184093, *23, Case No. 12-1906 (W.D.Mich., Dec. 24, 2012), aff'd 730 F.3d 618 (6th Cir.2013), petition for cert. filed, (U.S. Oct. 15, 2013) (No. 13-482); Hobby Lobby, 870 F.Supp.2d 1278, 1289-90 (W.D.Okl.2012) rev'd on other grounds, 723 F.3d 1114). Although these cases do not specifically address the accommodations to the mandate at issue here, nothing about the specific regulations governing the accommodations leads to a different result.

Plaintiffs do not dispute that the regulations' stated purpose is secular: to promote public health and gender equality. Nevertheless, they argue that the mandate, and its accommodations, is not neutral because it was "designed to target employers who refuse to provide contraceptive services to their employees based on the employers' religious beliefs." Pls.' Mot. for Prelim. Inj. 23-24. They cite the exemption for "religious employers" as defined by 45 C.F.R. § 147.131(a), which applies only to houses of worship and their integrated auxiliaries, but not to other religious organizations, and argue that the exemption divides religious objectors into favored and disfavored groups without any secular purpose. Pls.' Mot. at 24.

As several other courts considering the issue have found, "carving out an exemption for defined religious entities does not make a law nonneutral as to others." Hobby Lobby, 870 F.Supp.2d at 1289 (W.D.Okl.2012). In other words, the neutral purpose of the regulations — to make contraceptive coverage available to women — is not altered because the legislature chose to exempt some religious institutions and not others. On the contrary, "the religious employer exemption presents a strong argument in favor of neutrality, demonstrating that the "object of the law" was not to "infringe upon or restrict practices because of their religious motivation."" O'Brien v. U.S. Dep't of Health & Human Servs., 894 F.Supp.2d 1149, 1161 (E.D.Mo.2012) (quoting Lukumi, 508 U.S. at 533, 113 S.Ct. 2217); see also Catholic Charities of Diocese of Albany v. Serio, 103 Ind.App. 552, 7 N.E.2d 510, 522 (2006), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 816, 128 S.Ct. 97 (2007) (rejecting Free Exercise Clause challenge to state law requiring contraceptive coverage on grounds that the law exempted some, but not all, religious institutions. "To hold that any religious exemption that is not all-inclusive renders a statute non-neutral would be to discourage the enactment of any such exemptions — and thus to restrict, rather than promote, freedom of religion."). Indeed, Priests for Life itself is the beneficiary of an accommodation to the regulations, which was enacted for the purpose of alleviating any burden on its religious practice.

Plaintiffs argue that a statement in the Overview of the Final Regulations authorizing the religious employer exemption from the mandate reveals a discriminatory intent toward all employers which oppose contraceptive coverage and which do not qualify for the exemption.

Pls.' Mot. at 5, 24 (quoting 77 Fed.Reg. 8724, 8728). For the reasons just discussed, this comment lacks significance in the context of a Free Exercise Clause claim. It merely explains that the regulations confer the special benefit of an exemption only for those religious organizations that are essentially houses of worship and their integrated auxiliaries, and who therefore may be permitted to give employment preference to members of their own religion. See, e.g., 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-1(a). That benefit, as discussed above, "is justifiable as a legislative accommodation — an effort to alleviate a governmentally imposed burden on religious exercise." Catholic Charities of Sacramento, Inc. v. Superior Court, 32 Cal.4th 527, 10 Cal.Rptr.3d 283, 85 P.3d 67, 85 (Cal.2004). Those non-profit religious organizations that do not qualify for the exemption but nevertheless are opposed to contraceptive services, like Priests for Life, are also eligible for an accommodation. Finally, employers that do not qualify for an exemption or accommodation are subject to the contraceptive services mandate in the same manner as all other employers, whether religious or non-religious. Accordingly, while the regulations "treat some [] employers" with religious objections to contraceptive coverage "more favorably than other employers, it does not under any circumstance treat [employers with religious objections] less favorably than any other employers." 10 Cal.Rptr.3d 283, 85 P.3d at 85. Therefore, Plaintiffs' neutrality argument fails.

Plaintiffs also claim that the law is not one of general applicability because "Congress has permitted exemptions from the requirements of the Act," including those for grandfathered plans and certain religious employers. Pls.' Mot. at 24. The existence of categorical exemptions, however, does not mean that the law does not apply generally. See, e.g., United States v. Lee, 455 U.S. 252, 261, 102 S.Ct. 1051, 71 L.Ed.2d 127 (1982) (finding social security tax requirements generally applicable despite existence of categorical exemptions). As the Supreme Court has held, laws are not generally applicable when they "in a selective manner impose burdens only on conduct motivated by religious beliefs." Lukumi, 508 U.S. at 543, 113 S.Ct. 2217 (invalidating statute which prohibited only the religious practice of animal sacrifice, but not hunting or other secular practices involving killing of animals). The regulations in this case do not impose burdens selectively; they apply to all non-exempt employers, regardless of their religious beliefs. See Stormans, Inc. v. Selecky, 586 F.3d 1109, 1134 (9th Cir.2009) ("pharmacists who do not have a religious objection to [filling prescriptions for contraceptives] must comply with the rules to the same extent — no more and no less — than ... pharmacists who may have a religious objection to [filling the prescriptions]. Therefore, the rules are generally applicable.") And again, to the extent the accommodation alters the analysis, it promotes, not restricts, the free exercise of religion by excusing from compliance employers such as Priests for Life due to their religious beliefs.

Accordingly, the Court concludes that the regulations, and the accommodations, do not violate the Free Exercise Clause. Therefore, Count I of the Complaint will be dismissed for failure to state a claim.

D. Freedom of Speech and Expressive Association

Plaintiffs next argue that the accommodation to the contraceptive services mandate violates their right to Free Speech and Expressive Association under the First Amendment. They claim the accommodation compels speech, in violation of their deeply held religious beliefs, by requiring them to complete the self-certification form, which then leads to Priests for Life's insurer providing contraceptive coverage. Pls.' Mot. at 31. They claim the same requirement violates their right to associate, which they do for the purpose of expressing a "message that rejects the promotion and use of contraceptive services." Id. at 29.

As Defendants point out, "every court to review a Free Speech challenge to the prior contraceptive-coverage regulations has rejected it." Defs.' Mot. at 35 (citing, e.g., MK Chambers Co., 2013 WL 1340719, at *5-6, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 47887, *15-17; Conestoga, 917 F.Supp.2d at 418; Autocam, 2012 WL 6845677, at *8-*9, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 184093, *23-*25). These cases rely on Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc., ("FAIR"), a case Plaintiffs do not address. In FAIR, the Court rejected a free speech and expressive association challenge to the Solomon Amendment, a statute that conditioned federal funding to law schools upon their agreement to permit military recruiters on campus. The Court found that the statute "neither limits what law schools may say nor requires them to say anything. Law schools remain free ... to express whatever views they may have on the military ... the [statute] regulates conduct — not speech. It affects what law schools must do — afford access to military recruiters — not what they may or may not say." FAIR, 547 U.S. at 60, 126 S.Ct. 1297. The Court found that to the extent that complying with the Amendment required the school to speak, such as by sending emails or posting notices on behalf of military recruiters, such speech was "plainly incidental to the ... regulation of conduct." Id. at 62, 126 S.Ct. 1297. "It has never been deemed an abridgment of freedom of speech ... to make a course of conduct illegal merely because such conduct was in part initiated, evidenced, or carried out by means of language, either spoken, written, or printed." Id. (citation omitted).

A similar analysis applies to this case. The regulations regarding contraceptive coverage, including the accommodation, place no limits on what Plaintiffs may say; they remain free to oppose contraceptive coverage for all people and in all forms. Rather, the accommodation regulates conduct; specifically, the conduct of Priests for Life's insurance provider. And like the law schools in FAIR, the only speech the accommodations require of Priests for Life is incidental to the regulation of conduct. Priests for Life's speech in this case is its self-certification that it opposes contraceptive coverage. This speech is necessary only because it is attendant to the regulation of conduct, specifically, the insurance company's provision of contraceptive services. Indeed, the speech at issue in this case is even farther from a First Amendment violation than the speech in FAIR; in that case, the speech was incidental to the law schools' conduct, while in this case the speech is incidental to the conduct of a wholly separate entity. And in any event, the speech at issue here is in accordance with Priests for Life's religious beliefs, not fundamentally opposed to it. Cf. West Virginia Bd. of Ed. v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624, 63 S.Ct. 1178, 87 L.Ed. 1628 (1943) (invalidating state law requiring Jehovah's Witness schoolchildren to recite the Pledge of Allegiance and to salute the flag); Wooley v. Maynard, 430 U.S. 705, 97 S.Ct. 1428, 51 L.Ed.2d 752 (1977), (striking down law that required Jehovah's Witnesses to display the state motto — "Live Free or Die" — on their license plates).

Plaintiffs argue strenuously in their motion that because opposition to contraception is a fundamental part of their organizational message, any provision of contraceptive coverage by any other party must necessarily interfere with that message and therefore be considered compelled speech. See Pls.' Mot. at 28-32. But this is not the test for compelled speech in violation of the First Amendment. As the Court held in FAIR, one speaker who is forced to host another speaker's message may only assert a compelled-speech violation when the message it is forced to host is "inherently expressive." FAIR, 547 U.S. at 64, 126 S.Ct. 1297. For example, the "expressive nature of a parade" was a key part of the holding in Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston, Inc., 515 U.S. 557, 568, 115 S.Ct. 2338, 132 L.Ed.2d 487 (1995). Likewise, in Pacific Gas and Electric Company v. Public Utilities Commission of California, 475 U.S. 1, 106 S.Ct. 903, 89 L.Ed.2d 1 (1986), the compelled inclusion of a third party newsletter along with Pacific Gas's own newsletter "interfered with the utility's ability to communicate its own message in its newsletter." FAIR, 547 U.S. at 64, 126 S.Ct. 1297. By contrast, there is nothing inherently expressive about Priests For Life's insurer, wholly separate from Priests for Life, providing contraceptive coverage, just as there is nothing inherently expressive about a law school's decision to allow recruiters on campus. Id. see also Autocam Corp. v. Sebelius, 2012 WL 6845677, at *8, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 184093, *23.7

Plaintiffs' expressive association claim is also devoid of merit. The government violates expressive association rights under the First Amendment by directly interfering with an association's composition by forcing them to accept members or hire employees who would "significantly affect [the association's] expression," Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, 530 U.S. 640, 656, 120 S.Ct. 2446, 147 L.Ed.2d 554 (2000). It may also infringe on the freedom of expressive association by passing laws requiring disclosure of anonymous membership lists, or imposing penalties or withholding benefits based on membership in a disfavored group. Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Comm., 459 U.S. 87, 101-02, 103 S.Ct. 416, 74 L.Ed.2d 250 (1982); Healy v. James, 408 U.S. 169, 180-84, 92 S.Ct. 2338, 33 L.Ed.2d 266 (1972). These laws were invalidated because they "made group membership less attractive, raising [] First Amendment concerns affecting the group's ability to express its message." FAIR, 547 U.S. at 69, 126 S.Ct. 1297. By contrast, the presence of military recruiters on a law school campus "has no similar effect on a law school's associational rights. Students and faculty are free to associate to voice their disapproval of the military's message; nothing about the statute affects the composition of the group by making group membership less desirable.... A military recruiter's mere presence on campus does not violate a law school's right to associate, regardless of how repugnant the law school considers the recruiter's message." Id. at 69-70, 126 S.Ct. 1297.

As in FAIR, the regulations and accommodations do not violate Plaintiffs' right to associate. The regulations and accommodations in no way restrict Priests for Life's members, employees, and donors from associating to express their opposition to contraception. Nothing about the regulations or the accommodations force Plaintiffs to accept members or employees it does not desire, nor do they make group membership less desirable as in Socialist Workers '74 or in Healy. Like the plaintiffs in FAIR, there can be no doubt that Plaintiffs find the content of the regulations repugnant to their religious beliefs. See Compl. at 11 87-8, 90 (explaining its beliefs that access to contraception "harms women," is "gravely immoral," and "a grave sin."). However, the fact that a third party provides contraceptive coverage to Priests for Life's employees, separate from Priests for Life or its employer — sponsored health plan, does not affect the group's ability to express its message under the First Amendment, and therefore does not violate its associational rights.

The government has not compelled plaintiffs to speak, nor has it violated their rights to expressive association. Accordingly, Count III of the Complaint will be dismissed.

E. Establishment Clause and Equal Protection Clause

The Establishment Clause prohibits the government from showing a preference for any religious denomination over another. Larson v. Valente, 456 U.S. 228, 244, 102 S.Ct. 1673, 72 L.Ed.2d 33 (1982). Plaintiffs claim that the contraceptive services mandate, its exemption for religious employers, and its accommodations create an impermissible government preference in favor of churches and religious orders over other religious organizations. Pls.' Opp'n/Reply at 29-30. As with Plaintiffs' Free Speech/Expressive Association Claim, defendants point out that every court to consider an Establishment Clause challenge to the contraceptive services mandate has rejected it. Defs.' Mot. at 39 (citing, e.g., O'Brien, 894 F.Supp.2d at 1162; Conestoga, 917 F.Supp.2d at 416-17). As these courts found, the regulations permit the government to distinguish between religious organizations based on structure and purpose when granting religious accommodations, which is not prohibited under the Establishment Clause. See, e.g., O'Brien, 894 F.Supp.2d at 1163-4 (collecting cases).8

Plaintiffs do not address this authority. The crux of their argument rests on a statement in the Overview of the Final Regulations authorizing the religious employer exemption from the mandate, which states in relevant part:

Pls.' Mot. at 35 (quoting 77 Fed.Reg. at 8728); Pls.' Opp'n/Reply at 33 (same). The Court has already considered this statement in the context of Plaintiffs' Free Exercise Clause challenge and found it constitutionally permissible. See supra at III.C. Nor does it violate the Establishment Clause, because it delineates the contours of a religious accommodation that applies equally to organizations of every faith and does not favor any denomination over another. See, e.g., Walz v. Tax Comm'n of City of New York, 397 U.S. 664, 90 S.Ct. 1409, 25 L.Ed.2d 697 (1970) (rejecting Establishment Clause challenge to law exempting from property taxes property of religious organizations used exclusively for religious worship); Droz v. Comm'r of IRS, 48 F.3d 1120, 1124 (9th Cir.1995) (upholding Social Security tax exemption only for members of organized religious sects, despite the fact that "some individuals receive exemptions, and other individuals with identical beliefs do not," because the purpose of the exemption was not to discriminate among religious denominations).

Plaintiffs' Equal Protection claim is identical to its other First Amendment Claims: they claim the regulations, religious employer exemption and accommodation impinge on Priests for Life's fundamental right to free exercise of religion, freedom of speech and expressive association. Pls.' Mot. at 33. The Court has already rejected these underlying claims, however. "Where a plaintiff's First Amendment free exercise claim has failed, the Supreme Court has applied only rational basis scrutiny in its subsequent review of an equal protection fundamental right to religious free exercise claim based on the same facts." Wirzburger v. Galvin, 412 F.3d 271, 282-83 (1st Cir.2005) (citing Locke v. Davey, 540 U.S. 712, 721, 124 S.Ct. 1307, 158 L.Ed.2d 1 (2004). Applying rational basis scrutiny to the fundamental rights-based claim that the regulations violate equal protection, the Court has no trouble determining that the contraceptive services mandate is rationally related to the legitimate government purposes of promoting public health and gender equality. See, e.g., Dep't of Agriculture v. Moreno, 413 U.S. 528, 533, 93 S.Ct. 2821, 37 L.Ed.2d 782 (1973). Indeed, Plaintiffs do not argue that the regulations would fail such review.

The Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim under the Establishment Clause or the Equal Protection Clause. Therefore, Counts IV and V will be dismissed.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the defendants' motion to dismiss all counts of Plaintiffs' Complaint is GRANTED; accordingly, the parties' cross motions for summary judgment are DENIED AS MOOT. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.