Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                          Opinion filed January 13, 2016.
         Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                               ________________

                               No. 3D15-2094
                         Lower Tribunal No. 07-15546
                             ________________


                              N.B., the Mother,
                                    Appellant,

                                        vs.

         Florida Department of Children and Families, et al.,
                                    Appellees.



     An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Cindy
Lederman, Judge.

     Eugene F. Zenobi, Criminal Conflict and Civil Regional Counsel, Third
Region, and Kevin Coyle Colbert, Assistant Regional Counsel, for appellant.

      Karla Perkins, Appellate Counsel for Department of Children and Families;
Kelley Schaeffer (Sanford), Appellate Counsel for Guardian ad Litem Program.


Before ROTHENBERG, LAGOA, and FERNANDEZ, JJ.

      ROTHENBERG, J.
      N.B., the mother, appeals an order terminating her parental rights to two of

her children, Ch.B. and S.B. We affirm the order under review because the record

contains substantial, competent evidence that the Florida Department of Children

and Families (“Department”) established by clear and convincing evidence that

statutory grounds for termination exist, specifically sections 39.806(1)(e)(1) and

39.806(1)(l), Florida Statutes (2014); termination is in the manifest best interest of

the children, see § 39.810, Fla. Stat. (2014); and termination is the least restrictive

means of protecting the children from harm. See R.L. v. Dep’t of Children &

Families, 

, 921-22 (Fla. 5th DCA 2011) (holding that to terminate

parental rights, the State must demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence “(1)

the existence of one of the statutory grounds set forth in Chapter 39; (2) that

termination is in the best interest of the child; and (3) that termination is the least

restrictive means of protecting the child from harm”); T.P. v. Dep’t of Children &

Family Servs., 

, 624 (Fla. 3d DCA 2006) (“The standard of review

for challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a termination of

parental rights is whether the trial court’s order is supported by substantial

competent evidence.”)

      Although we have determined that the record contains competent,

substantial evidence to support the termination of the Mother’s parental rights



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under sections 39.806(1)(e)(1) and 39.806(1)(l), either of which standing alone

would be sufficient to terminate the Mother’s parental rights, we address the

Mother’s contention raised for the first time on appeal that section 39.806(1)(l) is

facially unconstitutional. A.J. v. K.A.O., 

, 32 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007)

(“[F]acial constitutional attacks and attacks involving fundamental liberty interest,

such as parental rights, may be raised for the first time on appeal.”).

      Section 39.806(1)(l) authorizes the filing of a petition for termination of

parental rights when “[o]n three or more occasions the child or another child of the

parent or parents has been placed in out-of-home care pursuant to this chapter, and

the conditions that led to the child’s out-of-home placement were caused by the

parent or parents.” The Mother argues that section 39.806(1)(l) is unconstitutional

because it permits the termination of parental rights based on a standard of proof

that is less than “clear and convincing evidence,” in violation of the United States

Supreme Court’s decision in Santosky v. Kramer, 

, 747-48 (1982). In

Santosky, the United States Supreme Court held that a New York statute which

prescribed a “fair preponderance of the evidence” standard in a proceeding to

terminate parental rights denied the parents’ rights to procedural due process, and

that before a state may terminate parental rights, the state must support its

allegations by at least clear and convincing evidence. Specifically, the Mother

argues that the statutory ground was established by a lesser standard, such as



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probable cause or preponderance of the evidence, because the individual out-of-

home placements were based on either probable cause or a preponderance of the

evidence, and therefore, the termination of the parental rights was also based on

the lower standards, not clear and convincing evidence. We disagree.

      First, we note that contrary to the Mother’s assertion, the statutory ground—

three or more out-of-home care placements—was established by clear and

convincing evidence, not by a lesser standard. Nonetheless, we briefly address the

facial constitutionality of section 39.806(1)(l). When a statute impinges on a

fundamental liberty interest, such as parenting ones child, we must analyze the

constitutionality of the statute under a strict scrutiny standard.     Fla. Dep’t of

Children & Families v. F.L., 

, 607 (Fla. 2004). “To withstand strict

scrutiny, a law must be necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest

and must be narrowly tailored to advance that interest.” State v. J.P., 

, 1109 (Fla. 2004).

      The Mother does not dispute that the State of Florida has a compelling

interest in protecting the physical and psychological well-being of children, but

asserts that the statute is not narrowly tailored to advance that interest through the

least intrusive means. We disagree.

      In addressing section 39.806(1)(l), Chief Judge Hawkes recognized in K.J.

ex rel. A.J. v. Department of Children & Families, 

, 90 (Fla. 1st DCA



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2010) (concurring), the following:

      Here, the Legislature concluded it is harmful for children to be
      removed from the same home numerous times; therefore, prior
      instances of out-of-home placement can be relied on in establishing
      grounds for the termination of parental rights. . . . Like other statutory
      provisions recognizing the danger posed by repetitive bad behavior,
      section 39.806(1)(l ) was designed to protect children when parents
      continually engage in conduct warranting out-of-home placement. Not
      only have these parents proven they are incapable of improving their
      behavior, but they have created a situation of instability and
      uncertainty for their children by causing a need for them to be
      repeatedly uprooted. Consequently, there is nothing improper,
      retroactive, or violative of any of Appellant’s rights in the
      Legislature’s decision to authorize the courts to consider additional
      factors when making termination of parental rights decisions.

Moreover, the Legislature has inserted other safeguards into Chapter 39. As stated

above, not only must the State establish at least one statutory ground by clear and

convincing evidence, it must also establish by clear and convincing evidence that

termination is in the manifest best interest of the children and that termination is

the least restrictive means of protecting the children from harm. See R.L. 

at 921-22. Thus, we reject N.B.’s facial constitutional challenge to section

39.806(1)(l).

      Affirmed.




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