Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                        Opinion filed November 29, 2017.
         Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                               ________________

                               No. 3D16-2706
                         Lower Tribunal No. 14-30116
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                          Fist Construction, Inc.,
                                    Appellant,

                                        vs.

                               Santos Obando,
                                    Appellee.


     An Appeal from non-final orders from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade
County, Samantha Ruiz-Cohen, Judge.

     Conroy Simberg and Diane H. Tutt (Hollywood), for appellant.

      Wasson & Associates, Chartered, and Annabel C. Majewski; DLD Lawyers
and Frank L. Labrador, for appellee.


Before ROTHENBERG, C.J., and SUAREZ and SALTER, JJ.

     SALTER, J.
      Fist Construction, Inc. (“Fist Construction”), appeals a partial summary

judgment in favor of an injured laborer (plaintiff below), Santos Obando,

precluding Fist Construction from relying on its affirmative defense of workers’

compensation immunity. We have jurisdiction to review the order under Florida

Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.130(a)(3)(C)(v).

      Another defendant in the action below was the general contractor for a

residential construction project in Homestead, Florida. Yet another defendant was

subcontracted to perform roofing work at the project, and that subcontractor further

subcontracted with Fist Construction to perform some or all of that work. A

foreman and supervisor for Fist Construction, Hector Lopez (also a defendant

below), hired Mr. Obando as a laborer1 to perform part of the roofing work that

had been subcontracted to Fist Construction.

      Mr. Obando alleges that he was injured while performing roof work at the

project in January 2014. Through counsel, Mr. Obando filed petitions for workers’

compensation claims with the general contractor and the prime roofing

subcontractor (not Fist Construction), but these claims were denied on the basis

that Mr. Obando was not an employee of either of those companies at the time of


1 There was deposition testimony in the record, a part of the summary judgment
evidence, that Mr. Lopez hired and paid Mr. Obando in cash as an independent
contract laborer, and that Mr. Lopez received the funds for those payments from
Fist Construction. Mr. Obando contends that Fist Construction was not his
“employer” for purposes of the workers’ compensation statutes.

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the accident. Following the denial, Mr. Obando filed circuit court tort claims

against the general contractor, the prime roofing subcontractor and its principal,

Fist Construction, and Mr. Lopez.

      Several months after Mr. Obando commenced his lawsuit, the prime roofing

contractor’s attorney contacted a claims adjuster for Fist Construction’s workers’

compensation carrier and notified her that Mr. Obando had been injured, with

“multiple employers involved.” Mr. Obando testified that he had no knowledge of,

or contact with, Fist Construction (only with Mr. Lopez), and the owner of Fist

Construction initially provided a letter on behalf of the company disclaiming any

knowledge of Mr. Obando:

      This firm has no knowledge of who this person is, as he has never
      been employed by us. There never been [sic] an application for
      employment filed under that name with this Company. So, we have
      no records to produce or forward to anyone.

      Subsequently, however, Mr. Obando submitted a petition for workers’

compensation benefits to Fist Construction’s workers’ compensation carrier. In its

response to the petition, the carrier agreed to pay Mr. Obando’s medical bills and

expenses from the hospital emergency room “once they have been submitted and

reviewed,” and to authorize additional treatment at a health center.

      Fist Construction asserted workers’ compensation immunity as an

affirmative defense to Mr. Obando’s second amended complaint, and each party

filed a motion for partial summary judgment on that issue. The trial court granted


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Mr. Obando’s motion, which argued that Fist Construction’s words and actions

had waived the immunity defense under such cases as Ocean Reef Club v.

Wilczewski, 

(Fla. 3d DCA 2012), and Timmeny v. Tropical Botanicals

Corp., 

(Fla. 1st DCA 1993). Fist Construction’s appeal from that

order followed.

      Analysis

      On this record of subcontracts, handshake agreements, and a laborer hired

for cash by the supervisor of a subcontractor (rather than the subcontractor itself),

the identity of the “statutory employer” and related questions of estoppel and

waiver involve disputed facts inappropriate for summary judgment. In the present

case, it cannot be said that the facts are “so crystallized that nothing remains but

questions of law.” Moore v. Morris, 

, 668 (Fla. 1985). Critical

facts which are not in dispute include these: Mr. Obando’s injury occurred in the

course and scope of his work on the residential roofing project; Mr. Obando’s

compensation and direction came via Fist Construction and its supervisor; Fist

Construction had in force a policy of workers’ compensation insurance; and that

insurer accepted Mr. Obando’s claim as compensable and provided benefits

following the identification of the insured entity and the submission of a petition

for workers’ compensation benefits.




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      Any penalty accruing because of Fist Construction’s delay in reporting Mr.

Obando’s claim in this case is an issue for consideration within the statutory

administrative process applicable to workers’ compensation claims. And an initial

denial of liability or benefits does not automatically estop an employer from

asserting workers’ compensation immunity. Fly & Form, Inc. v. Marquez, 

403 (Fla. 3d DCA 2009).

      The primary case advanced by Mr. Obando’s counsel before the trial court,

Ocean Reef Club, Inc. v. Wilczewski, 

(Fla. 3d DCA 2012), is

distinguishable.   In that case, the workers’ compensation insurer denied two

employees’ claims based on a position that the employees’ illnesses did not occur

during the course and scope of employment.        “The claims also were denied

because the statute of limitations had run.” 

In the employees’ subsequent

civil action, the employer took the opposite position, contending that the alleged

injuries were work-related and that the employer was immune from suit. The trial

court correctly denied the employer’s motion for summary judgment on grounds of

workers’ compensation immunity, and this Court affirmed.

      Similarly, Mr. Obando’s counsel urged the trial court to grant the motion for

partial summary judgment on grounds of estoppel based on Timmeny v. Tropical

Botanicals Corp., 

(Fla. 1st DCA 1993). That case also involved a

different set of controlling facts than the case at hand. The estoppel in Timmeny



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was imposed because the employer failed to notify the employee claimant of

possible coverage, but then attempted to invoke the statute of limitations as a

defense when the employee filed a lawsuit. The First District held that estoppel

applied because the employer had the same knowledge as the claimant regarding

the possible cause and compensability of the injury or disease, but failed to provide

the employee with information regarding the potentially compensable nature of the

claim.

         In the present case, the claims were not denied by the carrier once the

parties’ investigation identified the employer and carrier.     The owner of Fist

Construction initially denied knowing Mr. Obando or having any records regarding

him, but there was never a denial that Mr. Obando’s injury was work-related, that

Fist Construction’s foreman at the time hired and paid Mr. Obando, and that Fist

Construction had workers’ compensation insurance in place.           The statute of

limitations was not an issue addressed in Mr. Obando’s motion for summary

judgment.

         For these reasons, we reverse the partial summary judgment order and the

trial court’s determination that, as a matter of law, Fist Construction could not

assert workers’ compensation immunity. We remand the case to the trial court for

further proceedings.




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