Third District Court of Appeal
                                State of Florida

                          Opinion filed October 10, 2018.
          Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                                ________________

                                No. 3D17-1201
                          Lower Tribunal No. 16-13578
                              ________________


                        Christy Lee Estes, etc., et al.,
                                    Appellants,

                                         vs.

                            Jennifer Rodin, et al.,
                                     Appellees.


     An Appeal from a non-final order from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade
County, Rodolfo A. Ruiz, Judge.

      Coral Reef Law Offices, P.A., and Lori K. Weems and Nathan D. Clark, for
appellants.

     Wicker Smith O’Hara McCoy & Ford, P.A., and Alyssa M. Reiter (Fort
Lauderdale), for appellee Jennifer Rodin; Mintzer, Sarowitz, Zeris, Ledva &
Meyers, LLP, and Sean M. McCleary and Addison J. Meyers, for appellee Robert
Nicholl; Cole, Scott & Kissane, P.A., and Melinda S. Thornton, for appellee David
Brown.

     Almazan Law, P.A., and Lianet Rodriguez, Johanna Castellon-Vega, and
Alexander P. Almazan, for Brad Lamm as amicus curiae.
Before LAGOA, LOGUE, and SCALES, JJ.

      LAGOA, J.

      Appellants Christy Lee “Cali” Estes (“Estes”) and The Addictions

Academy, LLC (“The Addictions Academy”), a Florida limited liability company

(collectively, “Appellants”), appeal from the trial court’s order granting Appellees

Jennifer Rodin (“Rodin”), Robert Nicholl (“Nicholl”), and David Brown’s

(“Brown”) (collectively, “Appellees”) motions to dismiss Appellants’ Second

Amended Complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction with prejudice. For the

reasons set forth below, we affirm the order as to all Appellees.

I.    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      Estes is an addiction specialist who practices intervention, treatment, and

coaching, and trains other individuals to do the same in Miami-Dade County. In

2013, Estes established The Addictions Academy, which provides addiction

treatment services in person and via the internet both in the United States and

internationally. Shortly thereafter, the National Association for Alcoholism and

Drug Abuse Counselors (“NAADAC”) granted The Addictions Academy’s

application for “Approved National Education Provider” status.

      Appellees also practice in the addiction treatment field. Rodin is a resident

of Orange County, California, and founder of Hope Family Interventions, which is

headquartered in California. Nicholl is a resident of Orange County, California,



                                          2
and owner of Celebrate a New Life, Inc., which is based in California. Nicholl is

also an independent contractor for Hope By The Sea, Inc., a company that does not

engage in any business in Florida. Brown is a resident of Johnson County, Kansas,

whose sole place of business, Avenues to Recovery Inc., is located in Kansas.

Appellees each advertise their services on various websites on the Internet.

         Between May 13 and May 25, 2015, Estes and Appellees belonged to a

closed Facebook group with over 4000 members titled “Addiction Professional

Network Group” (the “closed Facebook group”). On two comment threads in the

closed Facebook group, Appellees, as well as Brad Lamm,1 Ray Estefania, David

Wolan, and Edward Saunders (the “codefendants”), posted increasingly combative

comments questioning Appellants’ credentials and addiction services business, as

well as Estes’s character. After these comment exchanges, Estes was blocked from

accessing the closed Facebook group, but re-accessed the group by borrowing her

friend’s Facebook login information.

         On May 27, 2016, Appellants filed their complaint against Appellees, the

NAADAC, and the other codefendants, alleging counts of slander per se against

Appellees for their “false and malicious statements” in the closed Facebook group.

Appellees each moved to dismiss the complaint as to them individually for lack of

personal jurisdiction. On April 10, 2017, Appellants filed their verified Second


1   Brad Lamm filed a brief as amicus curiae in the instant appeal.

                                           3
Amended Complaint,2 which amended their counts of slander per se to defamation

per se and added counts for injunctive relief and violations of Florida’s Antirust

Act against Appellees. Appellees renewed their motions to dismiss for lack of

personal jurisdiction with supporting sworn affidavits.

      Rodin

      In her sworn affidavit, Rodin attested that she: (1) had “virtually no ties,

connections or ongoing obligations within . . . Florida”; (2) did “not visit Florida

regularly”; (3) did “not have any business associates in Florida,” and did “not refer

[her] clients to treatment providers in Florida”; (4) did “not have any contracts to

which any Florida resident or business entities are parties[] [n]or . . .call for

payment or performance . . . in Florida”; (5) did “not own a business, corporation,

real property, bank account or anything in . . . Florida” nor advertise in Florida;

and (6) did “not perform any acts in Florida” concerning Appellants’ allegations

against her. Rodin only identified one occasion where she visited Florida in the

last seven years, which occurred when she dropped off in Florida a client who

resided in New York City and then returned to California the same day.



      Nicholl

2 Appellant’s Second Amended Complaint also asserted various counts of
defamation, tortious interference, civil conspiracy, breach of fiduciary duty, breach
of contract, injunctive relief, and violations of Florida’s Antitrust Act against
Appellees’ codefendants in the case.

                                         4
      In his sworn affidavit, Nicholl attested that: (1) the companies he owned and

worked for did not “engage in any business,” “solicit patients,” “conduct

interventions” in Florida, or “maintain, own or operate a business” or office in

Florida; (2) he did “not operate, conduct, engage in, or carry on, a business venture

in . . . Florida”; (3) he did “not solicit patients or clients for [his] business” nor

conduct an intervention in Florida; (4) he was not affiliated with websites

specifically targeting patients in Florida; and (5) he did “not own real property or

maintain a bank account” nor advertise in Florida.

      Brown

      In his sworn affidavit, Brown attested that he: (1) did “not own a business or

[c]orporation”; (2) he did not maintain a registered agent, office, or license to

conduct business in Florida; (3) did not own real property or a bank account in

Florida; (4) did not advertise in Florida nor provide services to patients in Florida;

(5) had “maintained only isolated contact with individuals and entities domiciled in

. . . Florida”; and (6) did not perform any acts in Florida with respect to the

allegations against him.

      In response to Appellees’ motions to dismiss and affidavits, Estes filed her

own sworn counter-affidavit with the attached comment threads from the closed

Facebook Group.      Estes attested that she had seen the posts, had privately

messaged Appellees “to halt their barrage of social media attacks,” and had



                                          5
suffered reputational harm in numerous ways, including the loss of a book deal,

denial and termination of certifications in the addiction services field (including

the NAADAC), and loss of business associates.3 Estes further attested that some

of the members in the closed Facebook group were addiction industry

professionals located in Florida, but did not identify any Florida resident that

accessed or viewed the allegedly defamatory comments other than herself. Estes’s

counter-affidavit also did not contradict or dispute the assertions in Appellees’

affidavits.

       On July 24, 2017, the trial court held a hearing on Appellees’ motions to

dismiss. Upon its conclusion, the trial court found that Appellants had satisfied the

first prong of the personal jurisdiction test established in Venetian Salami v.

Parthenais, 

, 502 (Fla. 1989), i.e., the Second Amended Complaint

alleged sufficient jurisdictional facts (the alleged tortious acts) to bring the action

within Florida’s long-arm statute.       The trial court, however, granted each

Appellee’s motion to dismiss with prejudice as the trial court found that Appellants

failed to satisfy the second prong of Venetian Salami, i.e., whether each Appellee

possessed sufficient minimum contacts with Florida to satisfy constitutional due

process requirements. This timely appeal ensued.

3 A review of the Second Amended Complaint reveals that much of the harm
Appellants allege is based on the alleged actions—e.g., counts of tortious
interference, civil conspiracy, and defamatory statements made outside the closed
Facebook group—of the codefendants not before us in this appeal.

                                          6
II.    STANDARDS OF REVIEW

       We review de novo a trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss for lack of

personal jurisdiction. Kingland Estates, Ltd. v. Davis, 

, 827 (Fla. 3d

DCA 2015); Renaissance Health Publ’g., LLC v. Resveratrol Partners, LLC, 

, 741 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008). We further review a denial of a request for

jurisdictional discovery for an abuse of discretion. See Alvarez v. Cooper Tire &

Rubber Co., 

, 793 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011) (“A trial court is given wide

discretion in dealing with discovery matters, and unless there is a clear abuse of

that discretion, the appellate court will not disturb the trial court’s order.”).

III.   ANALYSIS

       It is well-established that two inquires must be made in determining whether

a court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant under Florida’s long-

arm statute. “‘First, it must be determined that the complaint alleges sufficient

jurisdictional facts to bring the action within the ambit of the statute; and if it does,

the next inquiry is whether sufficient “minimum contacts” are demonstrated to

satisfy due process requirements.’” Venetian Salami Co. v. Parthenais, 

, 502 (Fla. 1989) (quoting Unger v. Publisher Entry Serv., Inc., 

,

675 (Fla. 5th DCA 1987)).          The constitutional minimum contacts prong “is

controlled by United States Supreme Court precedent interpreting the Due Process

Clause and imposes a more restrictive requirement” than the long-arm statute.



                                            7
Execu-Tech Bus. Sys. v. New Oji Paper Co., 

, 584 (Fla. 2000).

Both prongs must be satisfied in order to exercise personal jurisdiction over a non-

resident defendant. Rollet v. de Bizemont, 

, 356 (Fla. 3d DCA

2015).

      To challenge the allegations of a complaint concerning jurisdiction or to

raise a contention of minimum contacts, a defendant must file a legally sufficient

affidavit in support of his or her position. Venetian 

;

. The burden then shifts to the plaintiff to prove via

counter-affidavit “the basis upon which jurisdiction may be obtained.” Venetian

. In most cases, the affidavits can be harmonized.

However, if the affidavits cannot be reconciled, a limited evidentiary hearing is

required in order for the trial court to determine the jurisdictional issue. Venetian

.

   A. Sufficient Jurisdictional Facts Under Florida’s Long-arm Statute

      We first discuss the trial court’s finding that Appellants alleged sufficient

jurisdictional facts to bring Appellees within the ambit of Florida’s long-arm

statute. Based on our review of the record, we conclude that Appellants failed to

meet the first prong of Venetian Salami’s personal jurisdiction analysis to the

extent that the defamation claims are based on Estes herself accessing the allegedly

defamatory postings.



                                         8
      Section 48.193(1)(a), Florida Statutes (2017)—the portion of Florida’s long-

arm statute relevant here—provides that:

             A person, whether or not a citizen or resident of this
             state, who personally or through an agent does any of the
             acts enumerated in this subsection thereby submits
             himself or herself and, if he or she is a natural person, his
             or her personal representative to the jurisdiction of the
             courts of this state for any cause of action arising from
             any of the following acts:
             ....
             2. Committing a tortious act within this state.

§ 48.193(1)(a)2., Fla. Stat. We “are required to strictly construe the long-arm

statute.” Seabra v. Int’l Specialty Imps., Inc., 

, 733 (Fla. 4th DCA

2004); accord Blumberg v. Steve Weiss & Co., 

, 363 (Fla. 3d DCA

2006).   The Florida Supreme Court has held that a defendant need not be

physically present in Florida to commit a tortious act under the long-arm statute, as

committing a tortious act can occur when a nonresident defendant posts electronic

communications on a website accessible and accessed in Florida. Internet Sols.

Corp. v. Marshall, 

, 1208 (Fla. 2010) (holding that “allegedly

defamatory material about a Florida resident placed on the Web and accessible in

Florida constitutes an ‘electronic communication into Florida’ when the material is

accessed (or ‘published’) in Florida”); see also Wendt v. Horowitz, 

, 1260 (Fla. 2002). The Florida Supreme Court has further concluded that

“the nature of the Web . . . is fundamentally different from a telephone call, an e-



                                           9
mail, or a letter” as a post on a website is “accessible by anyone with Internet

access worldwide.” Internet 

; accord Casita, L.P. v.

Maplewood Equity Partners L.P., 

, 857 (Fla. 3d DCA 2007)

(“Under Florida law, the tort of defamation is committed in the place where it is

published.”).

      Nevertheless, in order for a defamatory statement to become actionable, the

statement must be published or communicated to a third person. See Am. Airlines,

Inc. v. Geddes, 

, 833 (Fla. 3d DCA 2007). “[S]tatements made to

the person alleging the defamation do not qualify.” 

instant case, Estes

asserted in her affidavit that she accessed in Florida each Appellee’s allegedly

defamatory statements in the closed Facebook group, first on her own personal

account, and then through the account of her friend, also a Florida resident. Estes

further attested that other Florida residents are members of this Facebook group.

To the extent that Appellants allege a defamation based on Estes’s own accessing

of the allegedly defamatory posts in Florida, these allegations lack the essential

element of publication and therefore fail to constitute a tortious act under Florida’s

long-arm statute section 48.193(1)(a)(2).

      Accordingly, we conclude that the Appellants failed to allege sufficient

jurisdictional facts to satisfy section 48.193(1)(a)(2) with respect to the allegedly

defamatory posts accessed by Estes, herself, in Florida. However, to the extent



                                         10
that Appellants alleged in their Second Amended Complaint that the allegedly

defamatory posts were accessed by third parties in Florida, we cannot conclude at

this stage that they fail to meet the requirement of the long-arm statute. Although

these allegations are conclusory, we must take them as true, as the Appellees’

affidavits filed below did not challenge that jurisdictional allegation. As such, we

find that those allegations bring Appellees into the ambit of Florida’s long-arm

statute for purposes of a motion to dismiss. However, as the Florida Supreme

Court has emphasized, whether Florida’s long-arm statute applies to confer

personal jurisdiction is only “the first step of the inquiry.” Internet 

. “The second step is a more restrictive one, precluding suit in any situation

where the exercise of jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant would violate due

process.” 

  Minimum       Contacts    to   Satisfy   Federal   Due    Process

      Requirements

      We now turn to the second prong of Venetian Salami, i.e., whether each

Appellee individually has sufficient minimum contacts with Florida to satisfy

constitutional due process requirements. “The strictures of the Due Process Clause

forbid a state court to exercise personal jurisdiction over [a defendant] under

circumstances that would offend ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial

justice.’” Asahi Metal Indus. Co., v. Superior Court of Cal., Solano Cty., 

102, 113 (1987) (quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 

, 316 (1945));

accord 

. “Due process limits on the State’s adjudication

authority principally protect the liberty of the nonresident defendant—not the

convenience of plaintiffs or third parties.” Walden v. Fiore, 

, 284

(2014). “A state may exercise specific jurisdiction only over a defendant who has

certain ‘minimum contacts’ with the state.” Caiazzo v. Am. Royal Arts Corp., 

, 251 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011) (quoting Int’l 

). “‘The

requirement is satisfied if the defendant purposefully directs activities at Florida

and litigation arises out of those activities, or the defendant purposefully avails

himself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum state.’”

Renaissance 

(quoting Achievers Unlimited, Inc. v. Nutri

Herb, Inc., 

, 719 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998)). “‘[T]he defendant’s

conduct and connection with the forum State [must be] such that he should

reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.’”       Burger King Corp v.

Rudzewicz, 

, 474 (1985) (quoting World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v.

Woodson, 

, 297 (1980)). In other words, as the United States Circuit

Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit has stated, we must examine in specific

personal jurisdiction cases:

             (1) whether the plaintiff’s claims “arise out of or relate
             to” at least one of the defendant’s contacts with the
             forum; (2) whether the nonresident defendant
             “purposefully availed” himself of the privilege of


                                        12
             conducting activities within the forum state, thus
             invoking the benefit of the forum state’s laws; and (3)
             whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction comports
             with “traditional notions of fair play and substantial
             justice.”

Louis Vuitton Malletier, S.A. v. Mosseri, 

, 1355 (11th Cir. 2013).

We address each factor separately.

      1. “Arise out of or Relate to” the Defendant’s Contacts with the Forum

      First, “‘a fundamental element of the specific jurisdiction calculus is that

plaintiff’s claim must “arise out of or relate to” at least one of defendant’s contacts

with the forum.’” Fraser v. Smith, 

, 850 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting

Oldfield v. Pueblo de Bahia Lora, S.A., 

, 1222 (11th Cir. 2009)).

“In other words, ‘our inquiry must focus on the direct causal relationship among

“the defendant, the forum, and the litigation.”’” 

Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 

, 414 (1984).

      In the instant case, Appellants alleged that Appellees committed intentional

torts against Appellants, a Florida resident and a Florida limited liability company,

by posting allegedly defamatory statements in a closed Facebook group.              As

noted earlier, the posting of an allegedly defamatory electronic communication on

a website accessible and accessed in Florida can constitute a tortious act in Florida

sufficient to satisfy Florida’s long-arm statute. Although satisfying Florida’s long-

arm statute is not automatically dispositive of the “arise out of or relate to” prong,



                                          13
we conclude that, although limited, there is a direct causal relationship between

Appellants’ intentional tort claims and Appellees’ contacts with Florida. Thus, the

first prong of the Due Process analysis has been met.

      2. Purposeful Availment

      Under    the   second    prong,   the   nonresident   defendant    must    have

“‘purposefully availed’ [themselves] of the privilege of conducting activities

within the forum state, thus invoking the benefit of the forum state’s laws.” Louis

. In the context of intentional torts, there are two tests to

determine whether purposeful availment has occurred: the “effects test” articulated

in Calder v. Jones, 

(1984), and the traditional analysis.          Louis

.

      (a) Purposeful Availment Under the Calder “Effects Test”

      “Under the ‘effects test,’ a nonresident defendant’s single tortious act can

establish purposeful availment, without regard to whether the defendant had any

other contacts with the forum state,” where “the tort: ‘(1) [was] intentional; (2)

[was] aimed at the forum state; and (3) caused harm that the defendant should have

anticipated would be suffered in the forum state.’” 

v.

Lovelady, 

, 1286 (11th Cir. 2008)). The United States Supreme

Court subsequently clarified that in determining whether the tortious act was

expressly aimed at the forum state under the Calder effects test, a “mere injury to



                                         14
a forum resident is not a sufficient connection to the forum.” 

(emphasis added) (“Regardless of where a plaintiff lives or works, an

injury is jurisdictionally relevant only insofar as it shows that the defendant has

formed a contact with the forum State.”). Thus, the “proper question is not where

the plaintiff experienced a particular injury or effect but whether the defendant’s

conduct connects him to the forum in a meaningful way.” 

             [T]he plaintiff cannot be the only link between the
             defendant and the forum. . . . To be sure, a defendant’s
             contacts with the forum State may be intertwined with his
             transactions or interactions with the plaintiff or other
             parties. But the defendant’s relationship to the plaintiff,
             standing alone, is an insufficient basis for jurisdiction.

see also Aviation One of Fla., Inc. v. Airborne Ins. Consultants

(PTY), Ltd, 722 F. App’x 870, 880 (11th Cir. 2018).

       We find that none of the Appellees purposefully availed themselves of the

privilege of conducting activities within Florida. In her sworn affidavit, Rodin

attested that: (1) she had “virtually no ties, connections, or ongoing obligations

within . . . Florida”; (2) she did not advertise in Florida; (3) she did not own real

property or a bank account in Florida; (4) she did not have contracts with any

Florida entities or residents; and (5) she only had visited Florida once in the last

seven years to drop off one client who resided in New York and worked with

Rodin in California and New York.4 In his sworn affidavit, Nicholl attested that:

4   Rodin averred that she returned home to California on the same day after

                                         15
(1) neither company he worked for engaged in business or solicited patients in

Florida; (2) he did not “maintain, own, or operate a business” or office in Florida;

(3) he did not have or solicit patients in Florida; and (4) he did not own real

property or maintain a bank account in Florida. In his sworn affidavit, Brown

attested that: (1) he did not own or maintain a business or registered agent in

Florida; (2) he did not have a license to conduct business in Florida; (3) he did not

own real property or maintain a bank account in Florida; (4) he did not advertise in

Florida; (5) he had maintained only isolated contacts with Florida residents and

entities; and (6) he did not provide services to patients in Florida. In her counter-

affidavit, Estes failed to contest any of these statements. Thus, because the only

link between Appellees and Florida is the alleged injury to Appellants, Appellants

failed to satisfy the purposeful availment prong of the due process analysis.

      Appellants contend that Florida cases on intentional torts arising in the

Internet context are sufficient to establish personal jurisdiction over Appellees.

We find these cases inapposite with respect to whether a nonresident defendant has

sufficient minimum contacts with Florida to satisfy constitutional due process

requirements. In Price v. Kronenberger, 

(Fla. 5th DCA 2009), the

nonresident defendant sent allegedly defamatory statements in an email to

members of a veteran’s association claiming that the plaintiff, a Florida resident,


dropping off the client in Florida.

                                         16
went to an unaccredited law school. 

The email was addressed to

association members generally and did not target Florida residents as recipients,

but was received by members throughout the country including some who lived in

Florida. 

District Court of Appeal concluded that “[a] complaint that

alleges a nonresident committed a tortious act based on communications directed

into Florida telephonically, electronically, or in writing sufficiently alleges

personal jurisdiction under [Florida’s long-arm statute] section 48.193(1)(b).” 

complaint in Price alleged that the nonresident defendant sent the

email to various members of the association, including some living in Florida, the

Fifth District Court of Appeal found that the complaint alleged sufficient

jurisdictional facts to bring the action within Florida’s long-arm statute. 

District Court of Appeal further found that “[b]y publishing the e-mail in

Florida and directing the defamatory comments at a Florida resident, [the

defendant] established minimum contacts with [Florida].” 

however, was reached without any analysis regarding whether the exercise of

specific personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant would violate

constitutional due process. We therefore conclude that Price is not persuasive on

the question of minimum contacts, as the court in Price conflated the two prongs

necessary for a court to exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant

into a single analysis. As the Florida Supreme Court has recognized, “the federal



                                        17
due process analysis is not built into Florida’s long-arm statute.” Internet 

(emphasis in original). “The mere proof of any one of the several

circumstances enumerated in section 48.193 as the basis for obtaining jurisdiction

of nonresidents does not automatically satisfy the due process requirements of

minimum contacts.” 

(quoting Venetian 

). Because the court in Price did not separately analyze the constitutional due

process requirements,5 we find Price is inapplicable to the instant case.

      Appellants also rely on Renaissance Health, where the Fourth District Court

of Appeal held that “defamatory comments posted in an internet chat room ‘that

were targeted to Florida residents’ . . . in Florida were electronic communications

that fell within [the long-arm statute],” satisfying the first prong of the Venetian

Salami 

(quoting Becker v. Hooshmand, 

, 563 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003)). The Fourth District also concluded that the

requirements of due process had been met. In that regard, the court in Renaissance

Health noted that the purpose of defendants’ defamatory comments “was to

convince consumers to purchase the defendants’ products and not the plaintiff’s,”

and found that the $2,101.83 in sales—2.4% of the defendants’ total gross

domestic sales—was “[s]uch commercial activity within Florida . . . sufficient to

5 The Florida Supreme Court in Internet Solutions Corp. v. Marshall, 

, 1216 (Fla. 2010), made clear that whether Florida’s long-arm statute applies
to confer personal jurisdiction is only the “first step of the inquiry” in determining
whether a court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant.

                                         18
subject the defendants to jurisdiction [in Florida].” 

“where a

defendant disparages a competitor’s products to enhance its own commercial sales

in a state where the competitor has its corporate headquarters, the defendant could

‘reasonably anticipate being haled into court there’” (quoting 

)). The Fourth District specifically distinguished its decision in Renaissance

Health from cases involving “passive websites not designed to market products in

the purported forum state.” 

, the defendant’s allegedly

defamatory statements sought “to enhance [his] own commercial sales in Florida,”

and the record established that the defendant’s sales from his website to Florida

addresses for a period of four years were 4.35% of his total sales and worth

approximately $100,000. While the court in Caiazzo found that there was personal

jurisdiction over the defendant, it noted that the “allegations [were] very barebones

and probably come as close to being inadequate for jurisdiction as possible without

actually crossing that line.” 

In both Renaissance Health and Caiazzo,

the defendant’s allegedly defamatory statements were aimed at increasing sales

within Florida, thereby satisfying the requirement that the defendant have created

jurisdictionally relevant contacts with Florida other than simply the defendant’s

relationship with the plaintiff. The record here fails to contain any such facts.




                                          19
      Finally, in Tobinick v. Novella, No. 9:14-CV-80781, 

(S.D. Fla. Jan. 23, 2015), the court found that a nonresident defendant’s

publication of allegedly defamatory statements on a website he edited and

contributed to caused financial harm to the plaintiff’s business in Florida, and

thereby satisfied minimum contacts. See 

In its analysis, the court

applied the Calder effects test as set forth by the Eleventh Circuit in Louis Vuitton

and Licciardello. See 

Tobinick, however, did not address the Supreme

Court’s decision in Walden clarifying the Calder effects test. As such, we find

Tobinick incompatible with Walden and thus unpersuasive.

      In the instant case, none of the Appellees offer their addiction treatment

services in Florida or otherwise have business contacts within Florida. None of

Appellees’ allegedly defamatory comments sought to direct business to their

practices. The closed Facebook group is geared specifically for other addiction

treatment professionals, not the general public, and was not designed to market

Appellees’ services into Florida. Indeed, the closed Facebook group is a passive

website. None of the Appellees owned the website where the comments were

posted, as they are mere contributors to the closed Facebook group. Appellees

further attested that none of the websites associated with their services direct their

advertising into Florida. While Appellants claim they suffered “reputational harm”

as a result of Appellees’ comments, Estes failed to identify any Florida resident



                                         20
who read these comments and consequently discontinued business relations with

her or The Addictions Academy in her counter-affidavit. Cf. 

(“However scandalous a newspaper article might be, it can lead to a loss of

reputation only if communicated to (and read and understood by) third persons.”).

      (b) Purposeful Availment Under the “Traditional Analysis”

      Courts have also applied a traditional purposeful availment analysis in the

context of intentional torts to determine whether a nonresident defendant possesses

sufficient minimum contacts with the forum state. See, e.g., Louis 

(noting that “courts have applied the traditional minimum contacts

test for purposeful availment analysis in lieu of, or in addition to, the ‘effects test’

in cases involving . . . intentional torts”).      Under the traditional test, courts

“identify all contacts between a nonresident defendant and [Florida]” and

determine “whether those contacts: (1) are related to the plaintiff’s cause of action;

(2) involve some act by which the defendant purposefully availed himself of the

privileges of doing business within the forum; and (3) are such that the defendant

should reasonably anticipate being haled into court in the forum.” 

(citing U.S. S.E.C. v. Carrillo, 

, 1542 (11th Cir. 1997)).

      Here, the only identifiable contact that Appellees have with the state of

Florida is their interactions with Estes on the comment threads in the closed

Facebook group. As discussed in the previous subsection, we find that Appellants’



                                          21
cause of action arises out of Appellees’ contact with Estes. A review of the record

establishes, however, that none of the Appellees purposefully availed themselves

of the privileges of conducting business within Florida such that they should

reasonably anticipate being haled into a Florida court. Appellees do not conduct

any type of business or service in Florida, advertise in Florida, own any real

property in Florida, or maintain any bank accounts in Florida. Compare Aviation

One, 722 F. App’x at 881 (finding that a nonresident corporation did not have

sufficient minimum contacts with Florida where it “did not solicit business in

Florida, did not insure property or a risk in Florida, and had no direct contact” with

the resident plaintiff before the incident), with Louis 

(finding that the nonresident defendant purposefully availed himself to Florida

where he “purposefully solicited business from Florida residents through the use of

at least one fully interactive, commercial website, . . . received orders from

multiple Florida residents to ship goods into Florida[,] . . . [and] shipped those

goods . . . into Florida”), and 

(finding that the

nonresident corporation purposefully availed itself to the United States where it

purchased advertisements numerous times in a widely circulated, complimentary

airlines magazine and set up bank accounts to purchase unregistered securities).

Moreover, Appellants failed to identify any other contact that Appellees had with

Florida besides Estes or to otherwise rebut Appellees’ jurisdictional attestations.



                                         22
      Because Appellees’ allegedly defamatory statements about Appellants are

the only contact between Appellees and Florida, we conclude that Appellees did

not purposefully avail themselves of the privilege of conducting activities within

Florida. Accordingly, we find Appellants have failed to establish that Appellees

have sufficient minimum contacts to satisfy either the “effects test” analysis under

Calder and Walden or a traditional purposeful availment analysis.

      3. “Traditional Notions of Fair Play and Substantial Justice”

      While our finding that none of the Appellees purposefully availed

themselves to the privilege of conducting activities within Florida is sufficient to

affirm the trial court’s order, we further address whether the exercise of personal

jurisdiction over Appellees would satisfy the third prong of the due process

analysis, i.e., “traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” The relevant

factors for consideration are: “(1) ‘the burden on the defendant’; (2) ‘the forum’s

interest in adjudicating the dispute’; (3) ‘the plaintiff's interest in obtaining

convenient and effective relief’; and (4) ‘the judicial system’s interest in resolving

the dispute.’” Louis 

(quoting 

). As the Supreme Court has recently stated, the primary concern in assessing

personal jurisdiction under the prong of “traditional notions of fair play and

substantial justice” is the burden on the defendant. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v.

Superior Court of Cal., 

, 1780 (2017); see also Flatirons Bank v.



                                          23
Alan W. Steinberg Ltd. P’ship, 

, 1211 n.7 (Fla. 3d DCA 2017)

(citing Bristol Meyers in recognizing the “recent trend” in the Supreme Court’s

jurisprudence on specific jurisdiction “to limit the reach of a court over a defendant

where the activity has minimal affiliation with or connection to the forum state”).

      Appellees rely on a series of recent federal cases involving statements posted

on electronic message boards and websites to demonstrate that the exercise of

personal jurisdiction in the instant case would violate “traditional notions of fair

play and substantial justice” where the defendant’s activity evidenced minimal

affiliation with or connection to the forum state. We find these cases persuasive.

“Having an ‘interactive website’ . . . should not open a defendant up to personal

jurisdiction in every spot on the planet where that interactive website is

accessible.” Advanced Tactical Ordinance Sys., LLC v. Real Action Paintball,

Inc., 

, 803 (7th Cir. 2014); accord Louis 

(holding that “the mere operation of an interactive website alone” does not “give[]

rise to purposeful availment anywhere the website can be accessed”); see also

Kabbaj v. Simpson, 547 F. App’x 84, 88 (3d Cir. 2013) (finding that it “would not

comport with due process” to base personal jurisdiction solely on a non-resident’s

allegedly defamatory comments on electronic message boards); Shrader v.

Biddinger, 

, 1241 (10th Cir. 2011) (“The maintenance of a web site

does not in and of itself subject the owner or operator to personal jurisdiction, even



                                         24
for actions relating to the site, simply because it can be accessed by residents of the

forum state. . . . Similarly, posting allegedly defamatory comments or information

on an internet site does not, without more, subject the poster to personal

jurisdiction wherever the posting could be read (and the subject of the posting may

reside).” (citations omitted)); Blue Water Int’l, Inc. v. Hattrick’s Irish Sports Pub,

LLC, Case No. 8:17-cv-1584-T-23AEP, 

, at *3-4 (M.D. Fla.

Sept. 21, 2017) (finding that subjecting a nonresident business that advertised on

social media “to personal jurisdiction in Florida merely because a Floridian might

view the [defendant’s social media] pages ‘offend[s] traditional notions of fair play

and substantial justice’” and would “impermissibly risk subjecting a defendant to

suit throughout the United States” (quoting Advanced 

)).

      The record evidence establishes that the exercise of personal jurisdiction

over each Appellee would violate traditional notions of fair play and substantial

justice. Rodin and Nicholl both reside in Orange County, California, and Brown

resides in Johnson County, Kansas.         Brown and Nicholl attested that their

addiction therapy practices are centered on their respective geographic locations,

and Rodin attested that she does not practice in Florida. As discussed above, none

of the Appellees have relevant contacts with Florida other than the allegedly

defamatory comments on the threads in the closed Facebook group. While Florida

may have a strong interest in affording its residents a forum to obtain relief from



                                          25
intentional torts and it would be more convenient for Appellants to litigate in

Florida, the burden on Appellees to litigate in Florida outweighs these factors.

Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not err in granting each Appellee’s

motion to dismiss, as none of the Appellees have sufficient minimum contacts to

satisfy due process requirements.

   C. No Error in Denying Limited Jurisdictional Discovery

      Finally, Appellants argue that the trial court erred by not permitting them to

conduct limited jurisdictional discovery at the eleventh hour. Generally, “[a] trial

court is given wide discretion in dealing with discovery matters, and unless there is

a clear abuse of that discretion, the appellate court will not disturb the trial court’s

order.” 

. Once a defendant files an affidavit contesting

personal jurisdiction, the burden then shifts to the plaintiff to demonstrate the

grounds for the court to exercise jurisdiction over the defendant via counter-

affidavit or other sworn affidavit.     See Venetian 

;

Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft v. Jones, 

, 157 (Fla. 2d DCA 2017).

“If the material facts alleged in the opposing affidavits conflict with one another,

the trial court is required to hold an evidentiary hearing to resolve the jurisdictional

issue.” Redwood Recovery Servs. v. Addle Hill, Inc., 

, 1040 (Fla.

3d DCA 2014) (footnote omitted).




                                          26
      The record before us shows that Estes’s counter-affidavit failed to

demonstrate any grounds to exercise jurisdiction over Appellees after each

Appellee filed their own legally sufficient sworn affidavit. Indeed, the parties’

affidavits are not in conflict and can therefore be reconciled. Appellants, however,

urge us to consider the allegations in their verified Second Amended Complaint as

directly in conflict with Appellees’ affidavits. While a sworn complaint may act as

a substitute for a counter-affidavit, see Castillo v. Concepto Uno of Miami, Inc.,

, 60 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016), the sworn complaint must constitute legally

sufficient evidence to be considered by the court, see Toyos v. Helm Bank, USA,

, 1290 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016) (“‘While a verified complaint may

serve the same purpose as an affidavit . . . , the complaint’s allegations must meet

the requirements of the rule governing supporting and opposing affidavits.’”

(quoting Lindgren v. Deutsche Bank Nat’l Tr. Co., 

, 1076 (Fla. 4th

DCA 2013))). Here, the Second Amended Complaint’s verification was not based

on Appellants’ personal knowledge, but was “to the best of [Appellants’]

knowledge and belief.” “A verification which is improperly based on information

and belief is insufficient to entitle the verifying party to relief because the

verification is qualified in nature.” Ballinger v. Bay Gulf Credit Union, 

, 529 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010). Accordingly, as the verification of Appellants’




                                        27
Second Amended Complaint was qualified in nature, it failed to constitute legally

sufficient evidence to establish a basis for personal jurisdiction over Appellees.

      Because Appellants failed to rebut Appellees’ affidavits with Estes’s

counter-affidavit, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying limited

jurisdictional discovery. Cf. 

(“The . . . affidavit served to

shift the burden to de Bizemont to refute or rebut the allegations by providing her

own affidavit or other sworn proof to establish a basis for personal jurisdiction of

Rollet. By failing to do so, de Bizemont acted at her own peril in attending a non-

evidentiary hearing at which the trial court would be able to consider only the

complaint, the motion to dismiss, and Rollet’s affidavit.”).

IV.   CONCLUSION

      For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s order granting Appellees’

motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.

      AFFIRMED.




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