NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
                       MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED


                                              IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
                                              OF FLORIDA
                                              SECOND DISTRICT

NATHAN LEON GOFF,                             )
                                              )
               Petitioner,                    )
                                              )
v.                                            )          Case No. 2D18-3163
                                              )
HEATHER FRANCES GOFF,                         )
                                              )
               Respondent.                    )
                                              )

Opinion filed June 26, 2019.

Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the
Circuit Court for Collier County;
Christine Greider, Judge.

Raymond L. Bass, Jr. of Bass Law
Office, Naples, for Petitioner.

Peter S. Adrien of Law Offices of
Adrien & Richards, Hollywood,
for Respondent.


 ATKINSON, Judge.


               Nathan Goff, the former husband, petitions for a writ of certiorari seeking

 review of the trial court's order disqualifying his attorney, Raymond Bass, from

 representing him in a postdissolution proceeding involving his former wife, Heather

 Goff. Because the trial court's order departed from the essential requirements of the

 law, we grant the petition and quash the order.
              The parties were married on May 9, 1999. The former wife filed a petition

for dissolution of marriage on February 29, 2016. After a final judgment of dissolution of

marriage was entered on July 7, 2017, the former wife filed three postjudgment motions:

a Motion to Enforce Final Judgment, a Motion for Assets Awarded, and a Motion for

Respondent to Remove Assets. Mr. Bass filed a notice of appearance on behalf of the

former husband.

              Mr. Bass has known the former husband since he was born and met the

former wife while she was dating the former husband. Throughout the years, Mr. Bass

has given the parties legal advice regarding various issues. Mr. Bass represented the

former husband in a personal injury case that lasted several years. He also

represented the former wife in a family-related dispute regarding a debt owed to her by

her sister and brother-in-law.

              The former wife filed a motion to disqualify Mr. Bass as the former

husband's attorney. Her motion was based on rule 4-1.9, Rules Regulating the Florida

Bar, which governs conflicts of interests with former clients. In her motion, the former

wife alleged that Mr. Bass has confidential information about the parties' finances. The

motion also made reference to Mr. Bass being listed as a trial witness for the former

husband in the pretrial catalog of the dissolution proceeding.

              Mr. Bass responded to the former wife's allegations in an affidavit, alleging

that he consulted with the former wife on one occasion on a legal matter that had

nothing to do with the dissolution proceeding. Mr. Bass also alleged that he has not

obtained any confidential information about any matter involving their marriage. He

explained that he was listed as a witness in the dissolution proceeding "for the purpose

of establishing the circumstances of how the former husband obtained his home from

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his father and his sister following the death of his grandfather." He was neither served

with a subpoena nor called to testify at trial.

              The trial court conducted a hearing on the former wife's motion. On cross-

examination, the former wife admitted that she had made a complete disclosure of her

personal finances during the dissolution proceeding. The trial court subsequently

entered an order disqualifying Mr. Bass as counsel for the former husband. The trial

court relied on Furman v. Furman, 

(Fla. 2d DCA 2018) and cited to

rule 4-1.7 but made no mention of rule 4-1.9, upon which the former wife's motion was

based.1

              "Disqualification of counsel is 'an extraordinary remedy that should be

used most sparingly.' " Bon Secours-Maria Manor Nursing Care Ctr., Inc. v. Seaman,

, 775 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007) (quoting Akrey v. Kindred Nursing Ctrs. E.,

L.L.C., 

, 1144 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003)). Because an order disqualifying

counsel denies a party's right to choose one's counsel, it is a material injury that cannot

be remedied on appeal. 

certiorari is the appropriate vehicle to review an

order disqualifying counsel.2 Alto Constr. Co., Inc. v. Flagler Constr. Equip., LLC, 22


              1The    trial court's reliance on Furman is misplaced. In Furman, a husband
sought review of the disqualification of his attorney based on that attorney's prior
involvement in drafting the parties' prenuptial agreement at issue in pending dissolution
proceedings—a scenario more amenable to the application of rule 4-1.7. See 

–82 (applying rule 4-1.7 to the wife's allegations that the former
husband's attorney had a "personal interest in ensuring that the prenuptial agreement is
upheld"); see also R. Regulating Fla. Bar 4-1.7(a)(2) (prohibiting representation of a
client if "there is a substantial risk that the representation of 1 or more clients will be
materially limited by the lawyer's responsibilities to another client, a former client or a
third person or by a personal interest of the lawyer").
              2However,  effective January 1, 2019, an order granting or denying a
motion to disqualify counsel is an appealable nonfinal order under recent amendments
to Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.130. See In re Amendments, 

(Fla. 2018).
                                           -3-
So. 3d 726, 727 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009) (citing AlliedSignal Recovery Tr. v. AlliedSignal,

Inc., 

, 677 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006)).

              The standard of review for orders disqualifying counsel is whether the trial

court abused its discretion. See Young v. Achenbauch, 

, 580–81 (Fla.

2014); see also Kaplan v. Divosta Homes, L.P., 

, 461 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009).

"While the trial court's discretion is limited by the applicable legal principles, the

appellate court will not substitute its judgment for the trial court's express or implied

findings of fact which are supported by competent substantial evidence." Applied Dig.

Sols., Inc. v. Vasa, 

, 408 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006). To be entitled to a writ of

certiorari, a petitioner must establish that the trial court departed from the essential

requirements of law. 

.

              "[T]he Florida Rules of Professional Conduct provide the standard for

determining whether counsel should be disqualified in a given case." Young, 

at 580 (citing State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co. v. K.A.W., 

, 633 (Fla.

1991)). Rule 4-1.9 states:

              A lawyer who has formerly represented a client in a matter
              must not afterwards:

              (a) represent another person in the same or a substantially
                  related matter in which that person's interests are
                  materially adverse to the interests of the former client
                  unless the former client gives informed consent;

              (b) use information relating to the representation to the
                  disadvantage of the former client except as these rules
                  would permit or require with respect to a client or when
                  the information has become generally known; or

              (c) reveal information relating to the representation except
                  as these rules would permit or require with respect to a
                  client.



                                             -4-
"To disqualify an opposing party's counsel, a former client must first demonstrate that

he or she had an attorney-client relationship with the lawyer." Galaxy Fireworks, Inc. v.

Kozar, 

, 257 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (citing 

). "If

that is established, an irrefutable presumption arises that confidences were disclosed in

the relationship." 

client must then demonstrate that the matter in which the

attorney is now adverse to him or her "is 'the same or substantially related to' the matter

in which [counsel] previously represented him" or her. Id. (quoting 

). "Matters are 'substantially related' for purposes of this rule if they involve the

same transaction or legal dispute, or if the current matter would involve the lawyer

attacking work that the lawyer performed for the former client." Young, 

at

583 (quoting Comment to R. Regulating Fla. Bar 4-1.9).

              The matter in which Mr. Bass is now adverse to the former wife is not "the

same or substantially related to" the matter in which Mr. Bass previously represented

her. Mr. Bass previously represented the former wife in a family-related dispute

regarding a debt problem that she had with her sister and brother-in-law. The former

wife testified that the extent of Mr. Bass' representation in this matter was sending one

demand letter on her behalf. Mr. Bass' representation of the former wife is "wholly

distinct" from the postdissolution proceeding against the former husband. See

Comment to R. Regulating Fla. Bar 4-1.9 ("[A] lawyer who recurrently handled a type of

problem for a former client is not precluded from later representing another client in a

wholly distinct problem of that type even though the subsequent representation involves

a position adverse to the prior client."). Thus, the fact that Mr. Bass represented her in

the family-related dispute does not preclude him from representing the former husband

in the "wholly distinct" postdissolution proceeding.

                                             -5-
              The former wife emphasizes that Mr. Bass has provided her with

unspecified financial advice throughout the years, during which Mr. Bass has obtained

confidential information about her finances that the average person would not have and

that would give the former husband an advantage over her in the postdissolution

proceeding. It is undisputed that the former wife had an attorney-client relationship with

Mr. Bass, giving rise to the irrefutable presumption that confidences were disclosed in

that relationship. However, the testimony of the former wife reveals that any

confidential information that Mr. Bass obtained about her finances had become

generally known when she made a full financial disclosure in the divorce case;

therefore, no conflict of interest exists. See R. Regulating Fla. Bar 4-1.9(b) (stating that

a lawyer who has formerly represented a client in a matter shall not thereafter "use

information relating to the representation to the disadvantage of the former client except

. . . when the information has become generally known"); see also Comment to R.

Regulating Fla. Bar 4-1.9 ("[T]he fact that a lawyer has once served a client does not

preclude the lawyer from using generally known information about that client when later

representing another client.").

              Furthermore, the trial court's reliance on the fact that Mr. Bass was on the

divorce trial witness list is misplaced. Rule 4-3.7(a) governs lawyers and witnesses and

provides, in pertinent part:

          A lawyer shall not act as advocate at trial in which the lawyer is
          likely to be a necessary witness on behalf of the client unless:
          (1) the testimony relates to an uncontested issue;
          (2) the testimony will relate solely to a matter of formality and
              there is no reason to believe that substantial evidence will be
              offered in opposition to the testimony;
          (3) the testimony relates to the nature and value of legal
              services rendered in the case; or
          (4) disqualification of the lawyer would work substantial hardship
              on the client.
                                            -6-
(Emphasis added.) Because the rule only prohibits a lawyer from serving as "trial"

counsel for a client where he is likely to be a necessary witness for that client, "it follows

that a lawyer may act as an advocate at pre-trial (before the start of the trial) and post-

trial (after the judgment is rendered) proceedings." Columbo v. Puig, 

,

1107 (Fla. 3d DCA 1999). Moreover, "[a] lawyer is not a necessary witness when there

are other witnesses available to testify to the same information." Steinberg v. Winn-

Dixie Stores, Inc., 

, 624 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013) (citing Allstate Ins. Co. v.

English, 

, 295 (Fla. 2d DCA 1991)).

              Here, Mr. Bass contends that the purpose of his testimony was to explain

how title to the property was acquired. In his affidavit, he stated the following:

                      I was informed by the former husband's trial attorney
              in this action that I would be listed as a witness for the
              purpose of establishing the circumstances of how the former
              husband obtained his home from his father and his sister
              following the death of his grandfather. I was not served with
              a subpoena and I was not called to testify at the trial.

Common sense suggests that if Mr. Bass was not even called to testify at the trial, he

could not have been a necessary witness. Yet, even if Mr. Bass did testify at trial as a

necessary witness, this would not prevent him from representing the former husband in

the postdissolution proceeding. See KMS Rest. Corp. v. Searcy, Denney, Scarola,

Barnhart & Shipley P.A., 

, 552 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013) (holding that the trial

court's order departed from the essential requirements of the law because it was not

limited to disqualifying counsel from representing KMS at trial and stating that "[t]he fact

that counsel will be a material witness does not preclude him from participating in

proceedings before and after trial"); Cerillo v. Highley, 

, 1289 (Fla. 4th

DCA 2001) (quashing order disqualifying counsel because the fact that counsel may be

                                             -7-
a witness at trial does not disqualify him from participating in pretrial proceedings);

(holding that the fact that counsel might be called as trial

witness did not preclude him from acting as advocate at pretrial and posttrial

proceedings).

              Because the trial court did not apply the appropriate rule for determining

whether a conflict of interest exists involving a former client, and because no conflict of

interest exists, the trial court departed from the essential requirements of law by

disqualifying Mr. Bass from representing the former husband in the postdissolution

proceeding. Accordingly, we grant the petition for writ of certiorari and quash the

disqualification order.

              Petition granted; order quashed.


SILBERMAN and SALARIO, JJ., Concur.




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