DAVID, Justice.
"To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice." MAGNA CARTA, § XXIX. First articulated in the Magna Carta, the right to a speedy trial is fundamental in our jurisprudence.
Though Rule 4(C) implements a defendant's right to a speedy trial, our analysis of an alleged Rule 4(C) violation is distinct from that of a claimed constitutional violation, as both constitutions provide a defendant with broader protection of this fundamental right. Illustrating why Indiana affords defendants dual means of securing a speedy trial, here we conclude that despite the trial court's technical compliance with Rule 4(C), Logan's unduly long delay violated his constitutional right to a speedy trial.
On July 31, 2009, the State charged Logan with class C felony child molestation
At his October 22 pre-trial conference, Logan requested a continuance of his pre-trial conference until November 12, 2009, and the trial court granted his request. Then on November 12, Logan filed a motion for a continuance, and the trial court continued his pre-trial conference to December 10, 2009. On December 11, pursuant to Logan's motion, the trial court again continued his pre-trial conference to January 14, 2010. Similarly, on January 13, the trial court granted Logan's motion to continue his pre-trial conference and re-scheduled the matter for February 11, 2010. Once more, on February 11, Logan filed a motion to continue, the trial court granted his motion, and his pre-trial conference was continued until March 25, 2010.
After five continuances, the trial court held Logan's pre-trial conference on March 25, and the parties agreed to a November 8, 2010 jury trial date. But on October 28, the State filed a motion to continue Logan's jury trial due to court congestion. Six days later, the trial court granted the State's motion, vacated the November 8 trial date, and scheduled a pre-trial conference for December 16, 2010.
On December 7, 2010, Logan filed a motion to be released from jail on his own recognizance. As such, on December 16, the trial court held both Logan's scheduled pre-trial conference and a hearing on his motion for release. Pursuant to the parties' agreement, the trial court set Logan's jury trial for January 24, 2011. Additionally, the parties agreed that the trial court would rule on Logan's motion within fifty days.
Then on January 18, 2011, the State filed a second motion to continue Logan's trial due to court congestion. Granting the State a continuance, the trial court vacated the January 24 trial date and
Subsequently, on February 22, 2011, the trial court denied Logan's motion for release on his own recognizance. At his February 24 pre-trial conference, Logan filed a motion for discharge pursuant to Ind.Crim. Rule 4(C). By agreement of the parties, his jury trial was set for June 20, 2011. On March 9, 2011, the trial court denied Logan's motion for discharge.
Three months later, on June 8, 2011, the State filed another motion to continue Logan's trial due to court congestion. The trial court granted the State's motion on June 10 and accordingly scheduled a pre-trial conference for July 14, 2011. At the July 14 pre-trial conference, the trial court yet again denied Logan's request to be released on his own recognizance. Both parties advised the trial court that discovery was complete and that no other issues needed to be addressed before trial. Consequently, the trial court set Logan's jury trial for August 22, 2011.
But on August 15, 2011, the trial court, on its own motion, vacated the August 22 trial date due to court congestion, specifically another jury trial, and scheduled a pre-trial conference in this case for September 15, 2011. On September 15, Logan filed a motion to dismiss the charge against him based on an alleged violation of his constitutional right to a speedy trial. His pre-trial conference was also held as scheduled on September 15, and there he once again requested to be released on his own recognizance pursuant to Rule 4(C). The trial court set a hearing for October 6, 2011, for arguments on Logan's motion to dismiss and his oral motion for discharge, and it also set Logan's jury trial for February 6, 2012. Following the October 6 hearing, the trial court denied both motions on November 1, 2011.
Due to another scheduled jury trial causing court congestion on February 6, the trial court vacated Logan's scheduled jury trial for that date on January 30, 2012, and scheduled a pre-trial conference for February 23, 2012. At the February 23 pre-trial conference, the trial court set Logan's jury trial for July 9, 2012, and Logan maintained that his continued incarceration violated his constitutional right to a speedy trial. In response, the trial court indicated that he should file a written motion.
Next, on May 1, 2012, Logan filed a petition for writ of mandamus and prohibition with this Court. While that was pending, on May 14 the trial court reset Logan's jury trial for June 4, 2012, and scheduled a corresponding pre-trial conference for May 24, 2012. At the May 24 pre-trial conference, the trial court confirmed the June 4, 2012 jury trial date.
Also on May 24, this Court granted in part Logan's writ of mandamus and prohibition and ordered that Logan be immediately released on his own recognizance but denied his request for discharge from prosecution under Rule 4(C) and for dismissal based on an alleged violation of his constitutional right to a speedy trial. State ex rel. Logan v. Elkhart Superior Court No. 3, 969 N.E.2d 590, 591 (Ind. 2012). Accordingly, the trial court ordered Logan released from jail the following day.
On May 30, 2012, the trial court scheduled a pre-trial conference for the next day; there, as a result of a previously scheduled trial set for June 24, the trial court continued Logan's jury trial to September 17, 2012. By its own motion, on September 11, 2012, the trial court again continued Logan's September 17 trial date due to court congestion. The following day, the trial court set Logan's pre-trial conference for September 27, 2012. Then at the September 27 pre-trial conference, the trial court scheduled Logan's jury trial for February 11, 2013.
Over three-and-one-half years after he was taken into custody, Logan's jury trial for class C felony child molestation began on February 11, 2013. The next day, the jury found him guilty as charged. On March 7, 2013, the trial court sentenced Logan to six years in the Indiana Department of Correction.
On appeal, Logan maintained that he was entitled to discharge under Rule 4(C) and that he was deprived of his right to a speedy trial under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 12 of the Indiana Constitution. Finding that the trial court did not err in denying Logan's motion for discharge under Rule 4(C) and that Logan failed to demonstrate that the delays in his trial violated his constitutional right to a speedy trial, the Court of Appeals affirmed his sentence. Logan v. State, No. 20A05-1304-CR-192, Slip. op. at *10, 2014 WL 818067 (Ind.Ct.App. February 28, 2014).
Logan subsequently petitioned this Court to address both issues. We granted transfer, thereby vacating the opinion below. See Ind. Appellate Rule 58(A).
Although "Indiana Criminal Rule 4 generally implements the constitutional right of a criminal defendant to a speedy trial, thereby establishing time limits and providing for discharge in the event that limits are exceeded," Bridwell v. State, 659 N.E.2d 552, 553 (Ind.1995), our review of Rule 4 challenges is "separate and distinct" from our review of claimed violations of the speedy trial rights secured by the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution
Indiana Criminal Rule 4(C) provides,
Enacted "to provide functionality to a criminal defendant's fundamental and constitutionally protected right to a speedy trial," Ind.Crim. Rule 4 "places an affirmative duty on the State to bring the defendant to trial, but at the same time is not intended to be a mechanism for providing defendants a technical means to escape prosecution." Austin, 997 N.E.2d at 1037 (citations omitted).
Claiming that he was entitled to discharge under Rule 4(C), Logan challenges only one of the trial court's seven findings of congestion. According to Logan, on January 30, 2012, the trial court wrongly vacated his scheduled February 6, 2012 trial date in favor of another criminal case filed more than seven months after his.
In a May 15, 2012 affidavit submitted to supplement the record in Logan's original action, the trial court explained that Logan's February 6, 2012 trial date "was continued due to court congestion, specifically the trial of Mahamat A. Outman.... It should be noted that while Mr. Outman's case was filed after Mr. Logan's, Mr. Outman was in custody and demanded an early trial pursuant to C.R. 4(B)."
Appellate courts review a trial court's finding of congestion for clear error. Austin, 997 N.E.2d at 1040 (citing State v. Oney, 993 N.E.2d 157, 161 (Ind. 2013)). In doing so, "[w]e neither reweigh the evidence nor determine the credibility of witnesses"; rather, we "consider only the probative evidence and reasonable inferences supporting the judgment and reverse only on a showing of clear error ... [,] which leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made." Austin, 997 N.E.2d at 1040 (quoting Oney, 993 N.E.2d at 161).
We begin with the presumption that the trial court's finding of congestion is valid. Clark v. State, 659 N.E.2d 548, 552 (Ind.1995). "However, a defendant may challenge that finding, by filing a Motion for Discharge and demonstrating that, at the time the trial court made its decision to postpone trial, the finding of congestion was factually or legally inaccurate." Id. Ultimately, the defendant must demonstrate "that the finding of `congestion' is clearly erroneous." Bridwell, 659 N.E.2d at 554.
Here, the Chronological Case Summary and the above-quoted affidavit show that the trial court continued Logan's February 6, 2012 trial date to July 9, 2012 because of another defendant's demand for an early trial pursuant to Rule 4(B). Challenging the trial court's factual basis for its decision to issue a continuance, Logan contends that "the priority given to Rule 4(B) requests applies only relative to cases that have not been pending more than one year and in which the Rule 4(C) deadline is not imminent. That is, Rule 4(B) does not trump Rule 4(C)." (Appellant's Br. at 11.) Put differently, Logan claims that because the trial court should not have prioritized defendant Outman's case, there was no court congestion for his February 6 trial date, and thus the trial court's finding to the contrary was clearly erroneous.
659 N.E.2d at 551 (Appellant's Br. at 11 (emphasis his)). Additionally, he relies upon Court of Appeals precedent: "[i]deally, the oldest cases should be tried first, those defendants with speedy trial requests given priority, and no case left pending more than one year." Bridwell v. State, 640 N.E.2d 437, 439 (Ind.Ct.App. 1994) (emphasis his), affirmed in part and vacated in part by Bridwell v. State, 659 N.E.2d 552 (Ind.1995).
In Austin, we addressed a trial court's prioritization of Criminal Rule 4 cases
Faced with Outman's Rule 4(B) motion and Logan's Rule 4(C) motion both scheduled to proceed on February 6, the trial court determined that the Rule 4(B) motion, with its seventy-day deadline, took precedence. By honoring Outman's request for an early trial, the trial court fulfilled its responsibility of securing particularized priority treatment for a speedy trial motion, and in the process necessarily delayed Logan's trial date. Under the circumstances of this case, Logan cannot demonstrate that the trial court's finding of congestion was factually inaccurate.
Moreover, as the State points out, "any defendant who is dissatisfied at the rate his case is proceeding to trial under Criminal Rule 4(C) due to findings of congestion of the court's calendar can file a Criminal
However, in Austin we cautioned that court congestion "is not a blank check for poor judicial administration," as "[t]he protections afforded a defendant under Criminal Rule 4 are not to be trampled upon and trial courts must remain vigilant in its enforcement." 997 N.E.2d at 1043-44. And because the protections of Rule 4(C) are not co-extensive with the protections guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment and Article 1, Section 12, the trial court's technical compliance with Rule 4(C) does not end our inquiry.
The Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides, in relevant part, that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial," U.S. Const. amend. VI. Article 1, Section 12 of the Indiana Constitution states, in applicable part, that "[j]ustice shall be administered freely, and without purchase; completely, and without denial; speedily, and without delay." Ind. Const. art. 1, § 12. Logan argues that, under both constitutions, the 1,291-day delay from the State's filing of the charge against him to the start of his jury trial violated his right to a speedy trial and thus entitles him to dismissal of the class C felony child molestation charge.
To resolve claimed speedy trial violations under our state constitution, we apply the federal speedy trial analysis of Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972). Crawford v. State, 669 N.E.2d 141, 145 (Ind.1996) (citing Fortson v. State, 269 Ind. 161, 379 N.E.2d 147 (1978)). In Barker, the United States Supreme Court identified four factors to balance when considering whether the defendant has been deprived of his or her right to a speedy trial: (1) length of the delay; (2) reason(s) for the delay; (3)
"[T]o some extent a triggering mechanism," the appropriateness of the length of delay between the State's filing of charges against the defendant and the beginning of the defendant's trial is "necessarily dependent upon the peculiar circumstances of the case." Id. at 530-31, 92 S.Ct. 2182. For example, "the delay that can be tolerated for an ordinary street crime is considerably less than for a serious, complex conspiracy charge." Id. at 531, 92 S.Ct. 2182.
Here, it is undisputed that the length of Logan's delay for a class C felony was substantial. The State filed an Information charging Logan with class C felony child molestation on July 31, 2009, but his jury trial would not begin until February 11, 2013 — a delay of 1,291 days, or precisely three years, six months, and eleven days. For 1,029 of these days (2.8 years), amounting to almost eighty percent of the time, Logan was incarcerated. Only 154 days, or approximately twelve percent of the total delay, are attributable to Logan's five requested pre-trial conference continuances.
Moreover, Logan faced only one class C felony charge carrying a two-year statutory minimum, eight-year statutory maximum, and four-year advisory sentence. As he served the good-time equivalent of five years and almost eight months (2,058 days) before the trial court ordered his release from jail pursuant to our order, Logan very nearly served the length of his six-year sentence before his trial even began.
Previously, though we declined to reverse a defendant's conviction, we declared an approximately two-and-one-half-year delay between the filing of charges and the beginning of trial "unusually long" in a case where the defendant was imprisoned in another state and had to be extradited to Indiana to stand trial. Ballentine v. State, 480 N.E.2d 957, 957-59 (Ind.1985). Cf. Sweeney, 704 N.E.2d at 102-03 (39-month delay from charges to trial not unreasonable where delays attributable in part to defendant's filing several motions to continue trial). Here, Logan's delay from charging to trial lasted three-and-one-half times the length Rule 4(C) contemplates, and was considerable, unfortunate, and inexcusable. And at three-and-one-half years, his wait to be tried on a class C felony greatly exceeded what we would consider reasonable. Accordingly, this factor weighs heavily in his favor.
Next, we evaluate the reasons behind Logan's 1,291-day wait to be tried. In Barker, the Court determined that
407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. 2182 (emphasis added).
Initially, Logan was responsible for 154 days of delay, as he requested five continuances of his pre-trial conference. But once his pre-trial conference was held on March 25, 2010, and his jury trial set for November 8, 2010, his trial was continued seven times due to court congestion — the first three attributable to the State, and the remainder to the trial court — for a total of 826 calendar days between November 8, 2010, and his eventual trial date of February 11, 2013.
At his July 14, 2011 pre-trial conference, Logan expressed that discovery had been completed and that he was prepared to go to trial. Despite his (and the State's) readiness, due to court congestion it would be another nineteen months before Logan's trial would begin. Cf. Vermillion v. State, 719 N.E.2d 1201, 1206 (Ind.1999) (reasons for 21-month delay between charging and trial "attributable largely to the defendant," who elected to proceed pro se and requested multiple continuances). Although a congested court calendar weighs less heavily against the State, it still must be viewed as the responsibility of the government and an impediment to a defendant's constitutional right to a speedy trial. As such, this factor also weighs in Logan's favor.
Whether Logan asserted his constitutional right to a speedy trial "is entitled to strong evidentiary weight in determining whether [he] is being deprived of the right." Barker, 407 U.S. at 531-32, 92 S.Ct. 2182. This inquiry is closely related to the other Barker factors, as "[t]he strength of his efforts will be affected by the length of the delay, to some extent by the reason for the delay, and most particularly by the personal prejudice ... that he experiences. The more serious the deprivation, the more likely a defendant is to complain." Id. at 531, 92 S.Ct. 2182.
And complain he did. Once the trial court began to continue his trial dates, Logan filed a motion or orally requested to be discharged from prosecution on seven different occasions, in addition to filing a partially successful writ of mandamus and prohibition. In fact, each of Logan's requests followed the trial court's granting a continuance of his trial date. To compare, in Sweeney we found the eponymous defendant's attempts to assert his right to a speedy trial insufficient, for although Sweeney requested a speedy trial on several occasions, he was often "the protagonist of the delays" by filing numerous motions to continue his trial. 704 N.E.2d at 102. Because Logan persistently and emphatically asserted his right to a speedy trial, and did not otherwise hinder its progress, this factor weighs heavily in his favor.
Finally, we examine any prejudice to Logan that resulted from his 1,291-day delay between charging and trial.
Barker, 407 U.S. at 532, 92 S.Ct. 2182.
Logan insists that "the delay in prosecution resulted in oppressive pretrial incarceration and undue anxiety, and possibly impaired [his] defense" in unmeasurable ways. (Appellant's Br. at 17.) In response, the State claims that "Logan fails to identify any specific prejudice to his defense. For example, he does not cite any loss of evidence ... or any other impairment to his defense. Thus, he has failed to demonstrate prejudice to his defense, and his claim of prejudice must fail." (Appellee's Br. at 14.) Moreover, according to the State, we cannot presume Logan suffered prejudice from the delay, as courts "generally have found presumed prejudice only in cases in which the post-indictment delay lasted at least five years." State v. Ollivier, 178 Wn.2d 813, 842-43, 312 P.3d 1 (2013).
Though Logan cannot point to particular prejudice resulting from his prolonged delay for trial,
Thus, by virtue of his 1,291-day delay between charging and trial, 826 of which were a result of seven court congestion continuances and 1,029 of which he spent incarcerated, Logan experienced personal prejudice attributable to his protracted wait to be tried. Yet because Logan is unable to point to any specific prejudice beyond inherent "oppressive pretrial incarceration" resulting from this delay, this factor weighs only moderately in his favor.
All four Barker factors weigh in Logan's favor and compel the conclusion that the delay of three years, six months, and eleven days between the filing of the charge against him and the beginning of his trial for class C felony child molestation violated his right to a speedy trial under the U.S. and the Indiana Constitutions. Specifically guaranteed in both constitutions, the right to a speedy trial is a fundamental right of the accused that trial courts must be diligent in protecting and defendants zealous in asserting. Id. at 533, 92 S.Ct. 2182. When, on balance, the length of the defendant's wait for trial, the reasons behind the delay, the defendant's assertion of his or her right, and the presence of prejudice to the defendant as a result of the delay show that the trial court has not assiduously safeguarded the defendant's right to a speedy trial, then the defendant must not face the charges filed against him or her.
In this particular case, the record reflects that jury trials were scheduled on an average of twenty to twenty-four dates each year. Considering the trial court's limited availability and Logan's repeated assertion of his right, we urge trial judges facing similar circumstances to consider, when they deem it necessary, going outside their standard practice in establishing jury trial dates to ensure that a defendant's right to a speedy trial is guaranteed. For example, a trial judge could move a previously set civil trial in favor of a criminal defendant, start a criminal trial on a different day of the week (say, a Wednesday instead of the typical Monday), or delegate certain tasks to a magistrate in order to free up resources to try the defendant.
We are not suggesting, nor implying, that our trial judges must do the impossible. We are simply reiterating that they are the gatekeepers of justice. Our trial courts must continue to be diligent, adaptable, and creative in an effort to secure a criminal defendant's fundamental right to a speedy trial.
We therefore order Logan released from incarceration, vacate his conviction for class C felony child molestation, and remand to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
RUSH, C.J., DICKSON, RUCKER, and MASSA, J.J., concur.