DOUGLAS P. WOODLOCK, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE.
In this putative class action, the remaining named plaintiff alleges that the defendant, a jewelry company, failed to provide gemstone treatment and special care disclosures in an appropriate location on its consumer website relating to the sale of treated gemstones, as required by regulations promulgated by the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC"). The plaintiff seeks relief under the Massachusetts consumer protection statute, Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, § 9, for the alleged harm caused to her — and to a putative class of individual Internet purchasers — by this failure to disclose. Before me are the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment as to the
The majority of the relevant facts are undisputed.
At the time Ms. Ferreira purchased her necklace, she did not have any knowledge about treatments for emeralds, including oil or resin treatment. Ms. Ferreira now believes that her emerald was treated with "plastic" resins and polymers and therefore was not a "genuine" gemstone. The experts for both parties agree that the emerald in Ms. Ferreira's necklace was mined from the ground, rather than being synthetized or created in a lab. The parties also agree that the emerald at issue was treated with a polymer or a similar resin that is subject to special care requirements. They dispute, however, whether this treatment is or is not "permanent," whether it will require re-treatment, and whether and how the treatment impacts the value of the emerald.
At the time of Ms. Ferreira's purchase, the main webpage for the necklace opened by default to the "overview" page for personalized jewelry, which did not have an emerald treatment disclosure. Similarly, gemstone treatment or special care disclosures did not appear on the description or solicitation pages for the necklace. Sterling did provide certain treatment disclosures on its website that could be accessed through the frequently asked questions ("FAQ") section. These FAQ included discussion about how to care for treated gemstone
Ms. Ferreira contends that Sterling did not comply with certain FTC regulations, 16 C.F.R. §§ 23.0 et seq., requiring jewelers to disclose to consumers at the time and place of purchase whether a natural gemstone has been subject to treatment, and that she was misled by the use of the term "genuine" to believe that her emerald was untreated and therefore more valuable than it was. Ms. Ferreira seeks to represent a putative class of individuals who similarly purchased natural gemstones, including diamonds, emeralds, rubies, and sapphires, through the Internet website of Sterling and its "doing business as" entities, and who allegedly paid an "artificially inflated purchase price" based on Sterling's misrepresentations and omissions. No class has yet been certified; thus only Ms. Ferreira's individual claims under chapter 93A and for unjust enrichment are the subject of the pending summary judgment motions.
Summary judgment is appropriate when, based on the pleadings, discovery, and disclosure materials in the record, "is there no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a), (c); see Adria Int'l Grp., Inc. v. Ferré Dev., Inc., 241 F.3d 103, 107 (1st Cir.2001). A disputed fact will preclude summary judgment only if it has "the potential to affect the outcome of the suit under the applicable law," that is, it is material to the resolution of the case. Sanchez v. Alvarado, 101 F.3d 223, 227 (1st Cir.1996) (citations and quotation marks omitted). Cross-motions for summary judgment will be evaluated separately under this protocol. Bienkowski v. Northeastern Univ., 285 F.3d 138, 140 (1st Cir.2002); see Mandel v. Bos. Phoenix, Inc., 456 F.3d 198, 205 (1st Cir.2006).
The Massachusetts Consumer Protection Act, Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, §§ 2, 9(1), provides a private right of action to individual consumers who have been injured by "unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce." Such acts or practices include those that would be considered unfair or deceptive under § 5(a)(1) of the Federal Trade Commission Act ("FTCA"), codified at 15 U.S.C. § 45(a)(1).
Ms. Ferreira principally asserts that Sterling violated FTC regulations promulgated pursuant to the FTCA by failing to provide gemstone treatment and special care disclosures on its website as directed by the regulations.
It is undisputed that the treatment Ms. Ferreira's emerald received created special care requirements for the gemstone. Therefore, disclosure of the treatment was required under 16 C.F.R. § 23.22(b) in conformity with the direction of note 2 to § 23.1 and the note to § 23.22.
For the purposes of the summary judgment motions pending before me, Sterling is willing to assume — without conceding — that it engaged in an unfair or deceptive act giving rise to a claim under chapter 93A on this basis. Although on these facts, it seems likely that Sterling's website was not in compliance with FTC regulations, I need not interpret the meaning of the conditional terminology of the disclosure requirements (i.e., "should be") to resolve this issue with certainty, because I conclude that other elements of a chapter 93A claim are not satisfied here. Indeed, the question remains whether a judge should make such a decision in the first instance. See Mass. Eye & Ear Infirmary v. QLT Phototherapeutics, Inc., 552 F.3d 47, 69 (1st Cir.2009) ("Massachusetts leaves the determination of what constitutes an unfair trade practice to the finder of fact, subject to the court's performance of a legal gate-keeping function."), decision clarified, 559 F.3d 1 (1st Cir.2009); Iannacchino v. Ford Motor Co., 451 Mass. 623, 888 N.E.2d 879, 888 & n. 17 (2008) ("when the injury alleged is purely economic, and there is a regulatory agency with relevant technical expertise and jurisdiction to provide relief for a problem that may affect many consumers, principles of primary jurisdiction may dictate that the agency `should have
From the vantage of the federal courts, the jurisprudence on cognizable injuries under chapter 93A leaves much to be desired by way of clarity. See, e.g., Shaulis v. Nordstrom, Inc., Civ. Action No. 15-10326-FDS, 120 F.Supp.3d 40, 48-51, 2015 WL 4886080, at *6-8 (D.Mass. Aug. 14, 2015); Rule v. Fort Dodge Animal Health, Inc. (Rule I), 604 F.Supp.2d 288, 298 (D.Mass.2009), affd, 607 F.3d 250 (1st Cir. 2010) (Rule II). Since Rule, however, there has been some helpful clarification by the Supreme Judicial Court in Tyler v. Michaels Stores, Inc., 464 Mass. 492, 984 N.E.2d 737, 745 (2013), and a handful of other cases, Auto Flat Car Crushers, Inc. v. Hanover Insurance Co., 469 Mass. 813, 17 N.E.3d 1066, 1076-77 & n. 12 (2014); Rhodes v. AIG Domestic Claims, Inc., 461 Mass. 486, 961 N.E.2d 1067, 1076-77 (2012); Casavant v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd., 460 Mass. 500, 952 N.E.2d 908, 912 (2011).
To succeed on a claim under chapter 93A, a plaintiff must demonstrate that she suffered a "separate, identifiable harm arising from the violation itself" that bears a causal connection to the unfair or deceptive act. See Tyler, 984 N.E.2d at 745. A per se violation alone — simply proving that Sterling violated the FTC regulations — is not enough to prevail. See Tyler, 984 N.E.2d at 745; see also Bezdek v. Vibram USA Inc., Civ. Action No. 12-10513-DPW, 2013 WL 639145, at *5 (D.Mass. Feb. 20, 2013) (observing that the Supreme Judicial Court has "disavowed the notion that deceptive advertising constitutes per se injury on consumers who purchase the product"). The injury must be "distinct from the statutory violation itself and cognizable under G.L. c. 93A, § 9." Tyler, 984 N.E.2d at 746.
Chapter 93A, § 9, encompasses primarily economic injuries, as well as those non-economic injuries that cause some harm to the consumer.
To prove causation of one of these cognizable injuries, a plaintiff "need not show proof of actual reliance on a misrepresentation in order to recover damages"; instead, the plaintiff must show "a causal connection between the deception and the loss and that the loss was foreseeable as a result of the deception." Iannacchino, 888 N.E.2d at 886 n. 12 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see Rhodes, 961 N.E.2d at 1076 ("plaintiff is required to prove that the defendant's unfair or
Ms. Ferreira identifies three types of injuries she claims to have suffered from Sterling's omission or misrepresentation: (a) a loss of bargain (a "price premium" injury), (b) unanticipated re-treatment costs, and (c) unanticipated special care requirements. Sterling contends that none of these constitute a cognizable injury, separate and distinct from the occurrence of the unfair or deceptive act itself.
Ms. Ferreira argues primarily that Sterling's failure to disclose that her emerald had been treated caused her to pay a price premium for the charm, because she believed she was purchasing a natural, untreated emerald. As a result, Ms. Ferreira asserts, she is owed the difference between the price she paid for the charm necklace and the true value of the misrepresented charm.
Overpayment can constitute an economic loss that is cognizable under chapter 93A where the consumer continues to own the misrepresented product "whose value was artificially inflated by a deceptive act or practice at the time of purchase." Bezdek, 2013 WL 639145, at *6; see Rule II, 607 F.3d at 255; Iannacchino, 888 N.E.2d at 886. Unlike in cases in which a plaintiff's use of the product has ended and she has suffered no harm, Ms. Ferreira continues to have possession of the emerald and may continue to suffer the loss of the bargain of her purchase. Compare Rule II, 607 F.3d at 251, 253-55 (no cognizable injury because plaintiff received benefit of medication without suffering its purported deficiencies, even though risks had not been disclosed to her at time of purchase or use), and Hershenow, 840 N.E.2d at 528, 532, 535 (no cognizable injury because plaintiffs had already returned rental car and had not been involved in collision during rental period, so illegal provisions in collision damage waiver in rental agreement were never enforced and did not cause any injury), with Shaulis, 120 F.Supp.3d at 52, 2015 WL 4886080, at *9 (unlike in Rule and Hershenow, where "transactions could not be unwound" and plaintiffs had already received "full value of the product or service for which the money was exchanged," plaintiff's injury, if she suffered one, was ongoing because she continued to possess and use product), and Iannacchino, 451 Mass. at 624-25, 630-31, 888 N.E.2d at 882-83, 886-87 (plaintiffs could have cognizable injury because they "continue[d] to own the allegedly noncompliant vehicles," and therefore "purchase price paid by the plaintiffs for their vehicles would entitle them to receive vehicles that complied with [federal] safety standards or that would be recalled if they did not comply").
This type of "benefit of the bargain" injury is cognizable if it can be "proved with reasonable certainty." Aspinall v. Philip Morris Cos., 442 Mass. 381, 813 N.E.2d 476, 490 (2004). To succeed, Ms. Ferreira must prove that Sterling's omission or affirmative misrepresentation caused her to pay more for the emerald charm than she otherwise would have paid, but for the omission or misrepresentation. Bezdek, 2013 WL 639145, at *6. The critical inquiries here are whether Ms. Ferreira has offered sufficient evidence that she was led to believe she was purchasing something other than what was sold to her, and whether what she received was actually worth less — even if not quantifiably
Ms. Ferreira first contends that she thought she was buying an emerald that was natural and therefore untreated. This assertion is belied by the record. The word "natural" did not appear on Sterling's website at the time. Even if it did, the emerald is natural, in that it was not created in a lab. Mr. Smith, Ms. Ferreira's expert, opines that a consumer would make an inference from the use of the word "natural" and the absence of a treatment disclosure that the stone "[w]as all natural and not treated" (emphasis supplied). This opinion is beside the point when "natural" did not appear on Sterling's website at the time of purchase.
Instead, the emerald was described by Sterling at the time of purchase as a "genuine" emerald. It is plausible that a consumer could interpret "genuine" to mean "natural"; indeed, Ms. Ferreira has offered belated testimony to this effect from herself and Mr. Smith.
Ms. Ferreira next contends that the treated emerald she received is less valuable than the untreated emerald she anticipated seeing in her charm. As a result, she contends, she paid an artificially inflated purchase price that she would not have paid had the treatment been disclosed. This argument is also unsupported by the evidence and cannot serve to demonstrate that Ms. Ferreira suffered a loss that is causally connected to Sterling's omission or misrepresentation.
Ms. Ferreira hangs this argument on a conclusory phrase appearing in the Federal Register in a summary of revisions by the FTC to the Jewelry Guides in 2000 (hereinafter "FTC commentary"). That phrase states that "the treated gemstone is not as valuable as a similar untreated stone." Federal Trade Commission, Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals and Pewter Industries, 65 Fed. Reg. 78,738, 78,738 (Dec. 15, 2000). Mr. Smith's corresponding opinion — that Ms. Ferreira overpaid for her charm because a treated gemstone is not as valuable as a similar untreated stone — is based exclusively on this phrase.
Ms. Ferreira takes this phrase significantly out of context.
The regulations themselves capture the possibility that a treatment could impact the value of a gemstone by requiring disclosure of treatments that have "a significant effect on the stone's value." See 16 C.F.R. § 23.22. If all treatments inevitably diminished the value of the gemstone, however, the regulations would presumably require such disclosure to be made as to all treatments. Instead, the FTC indicated that it included this caveat because "failure to disclose a gemstone treatment is deceptive only if absent disclosure consumers would falsely believe that the treated gemstone is as valuable as a similar untreated stone." 65 Fed. Reg. at 78,741.
Clearly, the FTC commentary and the resulting regulations do not establish that any given untreated emerald, in general, is more valuable than any particular treated emerald, let alone that Ms. Ferreira's emerald is less valuable than a similar untreated emerald. The FTC commentary — which in any event is not binding on the courts, see McMillan v. Collection Professionals Inc., 455 F.3d 754, 764 (7th Cir.2006); see also Heintz v. Jenkins, 514 U.S. 291, 298, 115 S.Ct. 1489, 131 L.Ed.2d 395 (1995); McDermott v. Marcus, Errico, Emmer & Brooks, P.C., 911 F.Supp.2d 1, 64 (D.Mass.2012), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 775 F.3d 109 (1st Cir.2014) — offers only generalized speculation as to value
The experts' opinions on value are altogether speculative and therefore of limited evidentiary significance. Mr. Fuller, Sterling's expert, opines that the emerald Ms. Ferreira received is common "for the price which she paid for it," but acknowledges that it would be difficult — if not impossible — to determine what the emerald's value would have been had it not been treated, and therefore to compare its value treated to its value if it were untreated. Mr. Smith opines that Ms. Ferreira overpaid for the charm, but this opinion is rooted in a snippet of FTC commentary that, as Ms. Ferreira employs it, is vastly misleading. See 65 Fed. Reg. at 78,738.
We are left with a record that tells us nothing of the value of Ms. Ferreira's emerald charm compared to some identified untreated counterpart. Ms. Ferreira has not offered any non-speculative, non-conclusory evidence that what she received was of any lesser value than what she paid for.
This is akin to the speculative injury that Judge Saylor recently rejected as non-cognizable under chapter 93A in Shaulis, 120 F.Supp.3d at 51-53, 2015 WL 4886080, at *9-10. In Shaulis, the plaintiff purchased a sweater for $49.97 at Nordstrom Rack, believing — based on information on the price tag — that she was saving 77% on her purchase from the former market price of the sweater, when the listed former price was, she alleged, actually fabricated. Id. at 42-44, 51-52, at *1-2, *9. The plaintiff did not allege that the sweater was worth less than the selling price or was otherwise defective; she alleged only "that she would not have purchased the sweater in the absence of Nordstrom's misrepresentation" that she was saving so much. Id. at *9. Judge Saylor concluded that
Id.
Similarly, here, Ms. Ferreira has not presented any evidence demonstrating that she did not receive what she paid for. Although she alleges that she "bargain[ed] for an additional benefit ex ante" that she did not receive, she offers no evidence to support this. See Bezdek, 2013 WL 639145, at *5 n. 9. As Judge Saylor observed, "no Massachusetts case has ever found an injury under Chapter 93A ... where the alleged injury was based entirely on the
There is no evidence to support the proposition that the value of the emerald Ms. Ferreira received is less than what she believed she was receiving, or less than what she would have received had she received what she claims she had bargained for. Ms. Ferreira has offered nothing more than "conclusory allegations, improbable inferences, and unsupported speculations" stemming from FTC commentary excerpts wrenched from their context, an expert opinion based solely on that misleading exercise, and Ms. Ferreira's own subjective view. See Medina-Muñoz v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 896 F.2d 5, 8 (1st Cir.1990). Ms. Ferreira has not carried her burden in opposing Sterling's motion for summary judgment of demonstrating by reference to specific, provable facts "that a reasonable jury could return a verdict" in her favor. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Considering Sterling's motion "on an individual and separate basis," I conclude that Sterling is entitled to summary judgment on this claimed price premium injury. See Bienkowski, 285 F.3d at 140.
Before turning to the substance of this claim, Sterling contends that Ms. Ferreira has waived her claim of injury based on unanticipated re-treatment costs, because she explicitly stated in her deposition that the only damages she seeks are for a price premium injury and statutory damages.
Ms. Ferreira has offered some anecdotal evidence supporting the proposition that the treatment of her emerald could degrade and require re-treatment in the future. Her expert, Mr. Smith, opines that Ms. Ferreira's emerald received a non-permanent treatment, that non-permanent treatments are subject to eventual degradation, and therefore that Ms. Ferreira "faces future costs for gemstone retreatment." In contrast, Sterling's expert, Mr. Fuller, opines that the precise nature of the treatment — and accordingly its permanence — cannot be determined without further expert analysis. Mr. Fuller additionally opines that "if the emerald ... is used under normal conditions and subject to special care requirements, then the condition of the polymer filler will not necessarily experience any degradation or observable change in clarity appearance." The FTC commentary, which both parties cite for other propositions, suggests that gemstone treatments with colorless oils are non-permanent. 65 Fed. Reg. at 78,738. In this setting, it is not possible to do anything other than speculate regarding what, if any, degradation is inevitable due to the nature of the treatment Ms. Ferreira's emerald might have received.
More significantly, the evidence in the record defeats Ms. Ferreira's claim for re-treatment costs on causation grounds. Chapter 93A requires proof of "but for" causation and proximate causation. See Markarian v. Conn. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 202 F.R.D. 60, 68-69 (D.Mass. 2001). For example, in In re TJX Companies Retail Security Breach Litigation, 246 F.R.D. 389, 397 (D.Mass.2007), it was not enough for the plaintiff banks to show "that the data breach is the but-for cause of their loss or that [the defendants] failed to remedy shortcomings in its data security systems," because the relevant unfair or deceptive practice was the negligent misrepresentation of security compliance, rather than the security compromises. As a consequence, the plaintiffs had to "show that, had [the defendants] been candid about their data security compliance, [the plaintiffs'] losses would not have occurred." Id. Ms. Ferreira similarly must demonstrate that Sterling's omission or misrepresentation was or will be the but-for and proximate cause of any existing or
First, there is no evidence that Ms. Ferreira's emerald has any existing degradation attributable to the treatment it initially received, or that Ms. Ferreira has incurred any cost to re-treat the emerald as of yet. Her expert, Mr. Smith, suggests — without stating explicitly — that he observed some degradation in the gemstone (or was relying on Ms. Ferreira's own observation of degradation), but he could not establish the cause of the degradation, and therefore could not attribute it to treatment degradation as opposed to the use of cleaning methods that were not recommended or some other cause. This is consistent with the observation of Sterling's expert, Mr. Fuller, that if there is any degradation in the emerald, there is no baseline on which to assess that degradation (i.e., any indication of how the emerald appeared when Ms. Ferreira first purchased it), and therefore the cause of such degradation is not identifiable. Mr. Fuller further opines that "[t]here is no evidence that the polymer treatment applied to the [emerald] has degraded or failed."
More importantly, Ms. Ferreira indicates in a self-serving affidavit that she observed that the color of the emerald seemed to have faded only after she cleaned her emerald with sterling silver cleaner. There is no evidence that this cleaning method was recommended by Sterling; instead, the record indicates that Sterling suggested cleaning gemstones with warm water and mild soap. Ms. Ferreira's tentative observation of a color change following home cleaning with an unauthorized agent does not support the inference that the treatment failed or that the emerald required re-treatment. To the contrary, the cleaning constitutes an intervening event that compromises the claim of causation. Even assuming that the resin treatment the emerald initially received could degrade over time, causing the color of the emerald to fade, Ms. Ferreira cannot establish on this record that any degradation her emerald experienced — and any resulting re-treatment costs she incurred — may be attributed to the treatment that Sterling did not properly disclose, rather than to actions Ms. Ferreira took on her own accord in her use of the emerald charm, including daily wear and tear and her own improper treatment of it.
The evidence is insufficient to show that the alleged loss — the need to incur retreatment costs — would not have occurred but for Sterling's failure to disclose the treatment and special care conditions for the emerald. Without causation, Ms. Ferreira cannot succeed on a chapter 93A claim based on this alleged injury. Aspinall, 813 N.E.2d at 491.
Finally, Ms. Ferreira contends that she suffered an injury in the form of special care requirements that "increase the cost of ownership" and that were not disclosed to her or anticipated by her at the time of purchase. The parties do not dispute that the emerald requires special care. Ms. Falen testified, and at the time of Ms. Ferreira's purchase the FAQ section of the Sterling website indicated, that this special care involves cleaning the emerald with a mild liquid detergent mixed with warm water, or solely with warm water.
Ms. Ferreira has not described this as an economic injury in any comprehensible way, but instead implies that it imposes an additional burden on her that she did not anticipate when she made her purchase. A cognizable injury under chapter 93A need not necessarily be an unforeseen expenditure. In Tyler, 984 N.E.2d at 746, the Supreme Judicial Court recognized that a consumer could suffer two potential types of cognizable injuries attributable to the defendant's deceptive practice of collecting consumer zip codes in relation to credit card transactions: "the actual receipt by a customer of unwanted marketing materials," or the merchant's sale of that information (or data obtained therefrom) to a third party. Each of these injuries, the court reasoned, is "distinct from the statutory violation itself" and cognizable under chapter 93A, § 9, as "an invasion of the consumer's personal privacy causing injury or harm worth more than a penny." Id. at 746 n. 20.
But it is hard to see how the need to clean jewelry in warm, soapy water would constitute an invasion of personal privacy akin to those identified in Tyler, or how this would constitute an economic loss for a consumer. Ms. Ferreira has not identified any other special care requirements that would impose a greater burden. Accordingly, the record lacks any evidence to establish that she was injured by Sterling's failure to disclose in a way that is cognizable under chapter 93A. See Tyler, 984 N.E.2d at 746 n. 20; Hershenow, 840 N.E.2d at 533-34.
Ms. Ferreira's claim for minimum statutory damages is based solely on her claim of a per se chapter 93A violation. But the Supreme Judicial Court has made clear that statutory damages cannot substitute for the requirement that a plaintiff prove injury and causation in a chapter 93A claim. Hershenow, 840 N.E.2d at 533 n. 18. Statutory damages substitute only for quantifying the loss. Id.; see Bezdek, 2013 WL 639145, at *4 n. 7; Rule I, 604 F.Supp.2d at 302 (misrepresentation cannot qualify as "injury" simply because it is "deceptive" and some customers are influenced by it; rather, plaintiff must demonstrate "that even a per se deception caused a loss" (quoting Hershenow, 840 N.E.2d at 533)); Tyler, 984 N.E.2d at 745 & nn. 15-16.
This is a case in which there is no evidence in the record that the harm the plaintiff has suffered is inherently unquantifiable. Rather, I have been presented with a record that suffers from a failure of proof regarding quantification of an asserted loss. That there is no evidence in the record establishing a value differential between what Ms. Ferreira received and what she paid for does not mean that the differential cannot be calculated. Jewelry appraisal is a well established valuation technique, but it was not provided in the summary judgment record before me. The statutory damages provision of chapter 93A, however, does not relieve Ms. Ferreira of her evidentiary burdens. See Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, § 9(3). She may not
In sum, Ms. Ferreira cannot prove a cognizable injury on this record. I will accordingly grant summary judgment for the defendant on count I.
Ms. Ferreira offers no argument on her unjust enrichment claim in her submissions regarding the summary judgment motions. She has consequently waived this claim. Cf. Harriman v. Hancock Cty., 627 F.3d 22, 28 (1st Cir.2010). Regardless of Ms. Ferreira's intentions regarding pursuit of an unjust enrichment claim, the case law makes clear that "[a] claim of unjust enrichment ... is `not available to a party with an adequate remedy at law." Fernandes v. Havkin, 731 F.Supp.2d 103, 114 (D.Mass.2010) (quoting Ben Elfman & Son, Inc. v. Criterion Mills, Inc., 774 F.Supp. 683, 687 (D.Mass. 1991)); see Perry v. Equity Res. Mgmt., L.L.C., Civ. Action No. 12-10779-RWZ, 2014 WL 4198850, at *5 (D.Mass. Aug. 26, 2014). The availability — regardless of the likelihood of success — of a claim under chapter 93A precludes a claim for unjust enrichment. Fernandes, 731 F.Supp.2d at 114; see Reed v. Zipcar, Inc., 883 F.Supp.2d 329, 334 (D.Mass.2012). Accordingly, I will grant summary judgment for the defendant on count II.
Sterling moves in the alternative to strike Ms. Ferreira as an adequate class representative under Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(4). I need not rule on this request, because I will grant Sterling's motion for summary judgment on Ms. Ferreira's claims. I will also deny Ms. Ferreira's motion (Dkt. No. 91) to strike this portion of Sterling's motion for summary judgment and accompanying evidentiary materials as moot.
Although Ms. Ferreira cannot proceed with her case individually, nor from all appearances would a class action be feasible in this setting, consumers are not entirely without recourse against those engaged in the type of misconduct alleged here. A remedy for such unfair or deceptive practices is an enforcement action by the FTC or by the Massachusetts Attorney General. See Rule II, 607 F.3d at 255; Shaulis, 120 F.Supp.3d at 52-53, 2015 WL 4886080, at *10. In addition, there may be other consumers who, unlike Ms. Ferreira, are able to prove a cognizable loss. Those individuals are not precluded from proceeding on a chapter 93A claim against Sterling by this judgment. But Ms. Ferreira
For the reasons set forth more fully above, I:
