Michael F. CAVANAGH, J.
This case requires us to determine whether plaintiff, Cheryl Debano-Griffin, provided sufficient evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact regarding the causation element of her claim under the Whistleblowers' Protection Act (WPA), MCL 15.361 et seq. We hold that plaintiff presented evidence that showed more than a temporal relationship between the protected activity and defendants' adverse employment action. See West v. Gen. Motors Corp., 469 Mich. 177, 665 N.W.2d 468 (2003). Also, because plaintiff must rely on circumstantial evidence to overcome defendants' motion for summary disposition, the framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973), is applicable. In this case, we hold that plaintiff provided sufficient evidence to establish her prima facie case of unlawful retaliation under the WPA.
Additionally, we must determine whether plaintiff's claim, which questions defendants' proffered reason for the elimination of her position by asserting that the proffered reason was a pretext for retaliation, violates either the business-judgment rule, see Hazle v. Ford Motor Co., 464 Mich. 456, 475-476, 628 N.W.2d 515 (2001), or the separation of powers. We hold that it does not violate the separation of powers because judicial review of plaintiff's statutory claim merely examines whether the county board of commissioners acted outside its constitutionally and legislatively granted powers. Additionally, plaintiff's challenge to defendants' budgetary justifications does not implicate the business-judgment rule because plaintiff does not question, whether the economic decision was "`wise, shrewd, prudent, or competent.'" See id, at 476, 628 N.W.2d 515 (citation omitted).
Moreover, in addition to adequately rebutting defendants' facially legitimate budgetary grounds for eliminating plaintiff's position, plaintiff presented sufficient evidence to conclude that reasonable minds could differ regarding defendants' true motivations for eliminating her position. Therefore, plaintiff created a triable issue of fact and defendants were not entitled to summary disposition. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate the trial court's denial of defendants' motion for summary disposition.
In 1998, plaintiff began working as the director of Lake County's 911 department. Before her hiring, county voters had passed a millage for the purpose of operating Lake County's ambulance service. Lake County then contracted with Life EMS to provide two ambulances a day to service the county. In 2002, plaintiff discovered that Life EMS was using one of the ambulances to transport residents of other counties in nonemergency circumstances. She informed the county board of commissioners (hereinafter "the board") and other county officials that Life EMS was in breach of the contract, which posed a threat to the health and safety of county residents.
Additionally, on September 28, 2004, as authorized by the board, $50,000 was transferred from the ambulance account to
In January 2005, plaintiff filed a whistleblower claim under MCL 15.362,
Plaintiff sought leave to appeal, and, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, this Court reversed the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remanded the case to that Court for consideration of the argument raised by defendants but not addressed by the Court of Appeals during its initial review of the case. Debano-Griffin v. Lake Co., 486 Mich. 938, 782 N.W.2d 502 (2010). On remand, the Court of Appeals held that plaintiff had failed to establish a genuine issue of material fact on the causation element of her claim, relying primarily on West, and again reversed the trial court's order denying defendants' motion for summary disposition. Debano-Griffin v. Lake Co. (On Remand), unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued August 25, 2011 (Docket No. 282921), 2011 WL 3760907. We granted plaintiff's application for leave to appeal to consider "(1) whether the plaintiff established a causal
We review de novo a trial court's ruling on a motion for summary disposition. Chandler v. Dowell Schlumberger Inc., 456 Mich. 395, 397, 572 N.W.2d 210 (1998). Because defendants focused their argument supporting their motion for summary disposition on MCR 2.116(C)(10), we must ask whether a genuine issue of material fact exists when, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party, the "record which might be developed... would leave open an issue upon which reasonable minds might differ." Shallal v. Catholic Social Servs. of Wayne Co., 455 Mich. 604, 609, 566 N.W.2d 571 (1997) (citations and quotation marks omitted). Likewise, this Court reviews de novo constitutional questions, including those concerning the separation of powers. People v. Garza, 469 Mich. 431, 433, 670 N.W.2d 662 (2003).
Under the WPA, a plaintiff may establish a prima facie case by showing that (1) the plaintiff was engaged in protected activity as defined by the act, (2) the defendant took an adverse employment action against the plaintiff, and (3) "a causal connection exists between the protected activity" and the adverse employment action. Chandler, 456 Mich. at 399, 572 N.W.2d 210.
Absent direct evidence of retaliation, a plaintiff must rely on indirect evidence of his or her employer's unlawful motivations to show that a causal link exists between the whistleblowing act and the employer's adverse employment action. See Hazle, 464 Mich. at 462-463, 628 N.W.2d 515. A plaintiff may "`present a rebuttable prima facie case on the basis of proofs from which a factfinder could infer that the plaintiff was the victim of unlawful [retaliation].'" Id. at 462, 628 N.W.2d 515, quoting DeBrow v. Century 21 Great Lakes, Inc. (After Remand), 463 Mich. 534, 537-538, 620 N.W.2d 836 (2001). Once a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, "a presumption of [retaliation] arises" because an employer's adverse action is "more likely than not based on the consideration of impermissible factors" — for example, here, plaintiff's protected activity under the WPA — if the employer cannot
The employer, however, may be entitled to summary disposition if it offers a legitimate reason for its action and the plaintiff fails to show that a reasonable fact-finder could still conclude that the plaintiff's protected activity was a "motivating factor" for the employer's adverse action. Id. at 464-465, 628 N.W.2d 515. "[A] plaintiff must not merely raise a triable issue that the employer's proffered reason was pretextual, but that it was a pretext for [unlawful retaliation]." Id, at 465-466, 628 N.W.2d 515 (citations and quotation marks omitted).
Against this backdrop, we must now determine whether plaintiff established a prima facie case of unlawful retaliation and, if so, to what extent plaintiff may argue that defendants' budgetary justification for the elimination of her position was pretextual.
We hold that the Court of Appeals erred when it misapplied West to conclude that plaintiff had failed to establish her prima facie case because she did not create a genuine issue of material fact regarding causation under the WPA. In West, 469 Mich. at 186, 665 N.W.2d 468, a majority of this Court stated that "a temporal relationship, standing alone, does not demonstrate a causal connection between the protected activity and any adverse employment action." "Something more than a temporal connection between protected conduct and an adverse employment action is required to show causation" when retaliation is claimed. Id.
In the present case, plaintiff does not rely solely on the fact that defendants eliminated her position after she engaged in protected activity. To the contrary, plaintiff presented evidence of a causal link that shows more than a "coincidence in time." Id. at 186, 665 N.W.2d 468. Indeed, during a 12-day period when plaintiff made various complaints regarding the funds transfer and ambulance services, plaintiff's position went from fully funded to nonexistent. From this, a rational juror could infer that the board had already decided to fund plaintiff's position until she publicly voiced her complaints. See Hazle, 464 Mich. at 462, 628 N.W.2d 515. This is especially so because one reasonable conclusion is that the county's financial situation could not have deteriorated in 12 days to the point that it had to consider extreme cost-saving measures at that particular time.
In addition, the fact that the same entity that made the decision to eliminate plaintiff's position, the board, was also the direct recipient of plaintiff's complaints strengthens the causal link between plaintiff's protected activity and defendants' adverse action because it is reasonable to infer that the more knowledge the employer has of the plaintiff's protected activity, the greater the possibility of an impermissible motivation. Similarly, it is reasonable to conclude that the more an employer is affected by the plaintiff's whistleblowing activity, the stronger the causal link becomes between the protected activity and the employer's adverse employment action. In this case, the board heeded plaintiff's advice and returned the transferred funds back into the ambulance fund. The fact that the board remedied its prior and potentially unlawful action lends support to plaintiff's position that defendants, because of plaintiff's complaints, were forced to do something that they would not have otherwise done and, thus, a reasonable inference may be
When viewed in a light most favorable to plaintiff, the foregoing facts support a reasonable inference that plaintiff was the victim of unlawful retaliation, which establishes her prima facie case and gives rise to a rebuttable presumption that defendants unlawfully retaliated, against plaintiff by eliminating her position. The next step in the analysis requires that we consider the extent to which plaintiff may rebut defendants' facially legitimate reason for its adverse action — that the board eliminated plaintiff's position because of the county's impending financial crisis.
As previously stated, defendants may rebut the presumption of retaliation and, thus, are entitled to summary disposition if they offer a legitimate justification for the elimination of plaintiff's position unless plaintiff can show that defendants' justification was a pretext for unlawful retaliation. Defendants claimed that the board eliminated plaintiff's position out of economic necessity and, in support of their motion for summary disposition, offered an audit report that, according to defendants, showed that the county was suffering financial strain and required budget cuts. Defendants also offered the affidavit of Shelly Myers, the Lake County Clerk and Register of Deeds, which stated that the county was facing "severe financial difficulties." Plaintiff responded, claiming that defendants' budgetary justification was pretextual and, instead, the board's motivating factor for the elimination of her position was punishment for her complaints about the board's allegedly illegal transfer of funds from the ambulance fund.
Defendants argue that plaintiff cannot challenge defendants' budgetary justification because any challenge would either impermissibly question defendants' "business judgment" or unconstitutionally require judicial review of a legislative body's policy decision, violating the separation of powers. We disagree.
Regarding whether plaintiff may question defendants' "business judgment," we stated in Hazle, 464 Mich. at 476, 628 N.W.2d 515, that a "plaintiff cannot simply show that the employer's decision was wrong or mistaken, since the factual dispute at issue is whether discriminatory animus motivated the employer, not whether the employer is wise, shrewd, prudent, or competent." (Citation and quotation marks omitted.) And similarly, in Dubey v. Stroh Brewery Co., 185 Mich.App. 561, 565-566, 462 N.W.2d 758 (1990), the Court of Appeals held that
In this case, plaintiff did not question whether the decision to eliminate her position was "sound" or assert that it ineffectively combated the county's alleged financial crisis. Rather, plaintiff asserted that defendants' proffered justification was false or had no "basis in fact." Id. at 565, 462 N.W.2d 758. In other words, plaintiff questioned whether defendants' decision was in fact an economic decision by questioning the propriety of the county's audit report and the credibility of Myers. Specifically, plaintiff identified financial figures in the audit report that suggested that the county was not facing a budgetary crisis. Also, plaintiff discounted Myers's credibility by offering the minutes of a September 2004 county personnel committee meeting during which several county officials, including Myers, requested a pay raise in 2005. Because defendants relied on Myers's representation of the county's financial status to show that the board based its decision to eliminate plaintiff's position on legitimate budgetary concerns, arguably Myers's credibility was in issue, presenting a question for the trier of fact with regard to whether defendants actually offered a legitimate justification for the board's decision. See Brown v. Pointer, 390 Mich. 346, 354, 212 N.W.2d 201 (1973) (stating that "where the truth of a material factual assertion of a movant's affidavit depends on the affiant's credibility, there inheres a genuine issue to be decided at a trial by the trier of fact and a motion for summary judgment cannot be granted").
Moreover, even if defendants' position that the county was facing economic hardship had a "basis in fact," plaintiff nonetheless provided evidence to show that defendants' budgetary justification was "not the actual factor[ ] motivating the decision...." See Dubey, 185 Mich.App. at 565-566, 462 N.W.2d 758. For example, plaintiff provided the deposition testimony of James Martin, who worked at Lake County Central Dispatch. He testified that during 2005 and 2006 defendants hired additional full-time employees. Plaintiff also provided the county's budget worksheet for 2005, which, in the budget-request column, indicated that several 911 dispatchers would be given raises. Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, it is reasonable to conclude that even if the county was facing economic difficulties, those difficulties were not the board's "motivating factor" when it eliminated plaintiff's position. See Hazle, 464 Mich. at 465, 628 N.W.2d 515.
Thus, plaintiff has successfully established a genuine issue of material fact regarding the causation element of her whistleblower claim because, when viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, reasonable minds may differ with regard to whether defendants' facially legitimate economic motivation was based in truth or whether plaintiff's additional evidence showed that the motivating factor for the board's adverse decision was unlawful retaliation.
Equally unpersuasive is defendants' alternative argument: that despite the fact that plaintiff might have offered sufficient evidence to create a triable issue of fact regarding causation, plaintiff may not question the board's decision to eliminate her position because it would require judicial review of legislative policy determination, violating the separation of powers. Although defendants' argument conflates legislative immunity with separation of powers, we hold that neither doctrine precludes plaintiff's claim or ability to challenge defendants' budgetary justification
Defendants argue that the board is a legislative body and the board's elimination of plaintiff's position was a legislative act. Regarding the latter assertion, defendants cite Bogan v. Scott-Harris, 523 U.S. 44, 118 S.Ct. 966, 140 L.Ed.2d 79 (1998). In Bogan, the United States Supreme Court held that the termination of the plaintiff's position was legislative in nature because the discretionary policy decision "reach[ed] well beyond the particular occupant of the office"; thus, the defendants, local city legislators, were entitled to immunity. Id. at 49-51, 55-56, 118 S.Ct. 966. Bogan further reasoned that the determination of whether an action is legislative "turns, on the nature of the act, rather than on the motive or intent of the official performing it." Id. at 54, 118 S.Ct. 966. Indeed, this Court has reached a similar conclusion regarding executive immunity. In American Transmissions, Inc. v. Attorney General, 454 Mich. 135, 143, 560 N.W.2d 50 (1997), we stated that "[t]he Legislature's grant of immunity... is written with utter clarity. We need not reach the concern that a malevolent-heart exception might not be workable, since the Legislature has provided no such test."
However, defendants' argument ignores the fact that the WPA expressly waives legislative immunity, making the act fully applicable to public employers. In Anzaldua v. Band, 457 Mich. 530, 551-552, 578 N.W.2d 306 (1998), we stated that "[t]he Legislature expressly applied the act to the state by including the state and its political subdivisions in the definition of `employer.' See MCL 15.361(b); MSA 17.428(1)(b). Because the state is expressly named in the act, it is within the act's coverage." And notably, Anzaldua explained that the waiver is consistent with the design of the WPA to "protect the public from unlawful conduct by corporations and government bodies ... by removing barriers to the reporting of violations of law by employees." Id. at 533, 578 N.W.2d 306. Thus, plaintiff's claim is not barred by legislative immunity.
Considering the merits of defendants' separation-of-powers argument, the Michigan Constitution states that "[t]he powers of government are divided into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. No person exercising powers of one branch shall exercise powers properly belonging to another branch except as expressly provided in this constitution." Const. 1963, art. 3, § 2. The authority of local governments derives from article 7 of Michigan's 1963 Constitution and from the Legislature. See Const. 1963, art. 7, § 1; see, also, City of Lansing v. Edward Rose Realty, Inc., 442 Mich. 626, 632 n. 5, 502 N.W.2d 638 (1993). The Constitution states that county governments "shall have legislative, administrative and such other powers and duties as provided by law."
In the present case, despite the board's authority to make budgetary decisions, judicial review of plaintiff's whistleblower claim, which asserts that the board's budgetary justification for her termination was pretextual, does not violate the separation of powers. We have held that
See, also, Veldman v. Grand Rapids, 275 Mich. 100, 113, 265 N.W. 790 (1936) (explaining that a court's inquiry into municipal affairs is limited to situations in which there exists "a malicious intent, capricious action or corrupt conduct, something which shows the action of the body whose acts are complained of did not arise from an exercise of judgment and discretion vested by law in them"). As previously stated, plaintiff does not argue that the board's decision to eliminate her position was a product of unsound or unwise judgment. Rather, plaintiff argues that the board's decision was unlawful under the WPA and, thus, its decision fell outside the otherwise legitimate discretion afforded to the board by the Constitution and the Legislature. Thus, the trial court, by merely providing plaintiff a forum in which to litigate her statutory claim under the WPA, did not infringe the board's legitimate exercise of its judgment and discretion.
Accordingly, given that the WPA expressly waives legislative immunity, we hold that the question whether the board lawfully exercised its authority when it eliminated plaintiff's position is subject to judicial review. To hold otherwise would essentially allow defendants an impenetrable defense because plaintiff lacked direct evidence of retaliation and would render futile the burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas.
In summary, we hold that the McDonnell Douglas framework applies to plaintiff's claim under the WPA because plaintiff lacked direct proof of a causal connection showing that the board possessed a retaliatory motivation when it eliminated her position. Additionally, the Court of Appeals erred when it concluded that plaintiff failed to show more than a temporal relationship between the protected activity and the adverse employment action. In this case, plaintiff provided additional evidence to establish her prima facie case — particularly, the fact that plaintiff's position became unfunded within 12 days, which overlapped with when plaintiff engaged in the protected activity.
Thus, because plaintiff presented sufficient evidence to conclude that reasonable minds could differ regarding the board's true motivation for eliminating plaintiff's position, plaintiff raised a genuine issue of material fact regarding causation and defendants were not entitled to summary disposition. We reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals, reinstate the trial court's denial of defendants' motion for summary disposition, and reinstate the trial court's order entering judgment in favor of plaintiff.
YOUNG, C.J., and MARKMAN and MARY BETH KELLY, JJ., concurred with CAVANAGH, J.
ZAHRA, J., took no part in the decision of this case because he was on the Court of Appeals panel that issued the October 15, 2009, opinion.
McCORMACK, J., took no part in the decision of this case.
