PER CURIAM.

In these consolidated appeals, the Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs, Unemployment Insurance Agency (Department), appeals by leave granted circuit court orders holding that claimants were entitled to unemployment benefits. In Docket No. 313932, the Department appeals a November 9, 2012 Kent Circuit Court order reversing a decision of the Michigan Compensation Appellate Commission (MCAC) that claimant Rick Braska was disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits. In Docket No. 315441, the Department appeals a March 5, 2013 Ingham Circuit Court order reversing the decision of the MCAC that claimant Jenine Kemp was disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits. In Docket No. 318344, the Department appeals a September 5, 2013 Macomb Circuit Court order reversing the decision of the MCAC that claimant Stephen Kudzia was disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits. The common issue presented in the three cases is whether an employee who possesses a registration identification card under the Michigan Medical Marihuana Act (MMMA) MCL 333.26421 et seq., is disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits under the Michigan Employment Security Act (MESA), MCL 421.1 et seq., after the employee has been fired for failing to pass a drug test as a result of marijuana use.1 For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the circuit court rulings that claimants were entitled to unemployment benefits.

I. BACKGROUND

A. BRASKA v. CHALLENGE MANUFACTURING CO (Docket No. 313932)

Braska began working for Challenge Manufacturing Company (Challenge) as a material handler and hi-lo operator in September 2009. On June 11, 2010, Braska injured his ankle and was sent to a medical center where he was required to take a drug test. Braska tested positive for marijuana and disclosed for the first time that he had obtained a medical marijuana card in May 2010 and regularly used medical marijuana for his chronic back pain. Challenge terminated Braska's employment for violation of the company's drug-free-workplace policy as set forth in the employee handbook.

Dr. Richard Rasmussen, certified as a medical review officer for drug tests, reviewed the "results verification record," which was a printout of the laboratory results that was given to him. He signed the record on June 15, 2010. The results verification record showed that Braska tested positive for marijuana. There were 225 nanograms per milliliter of blood, which, according to Rasmussen, was "higher than the average." According to Rasmussen and Dr. David Crocker, there are no objective standards to determine when someone is under the influence of marijuana.

Following his termination, Braska applied for unemployment benefits. On July 6, 2010, the Unemployment Insurance Agency (UIA) found that Braska was not fired for a deliberate disregard of his employer's interest. It concluded that Braska was not disqualified for unemployment benefits under MCL 421.29(1)(b) for engaging in misconduct. Challenge protested the determination, and the UIA modified its decision, finding that Braska was discharged for testing positive for marijuana. Although failing a drug test would ordinarily have disqualified Braska from receiving benefits under MCL 421.29(1)(m), the UIA determined that because Braska had a valid medical marijuana card, he was not disqualified for unemployment benefits under that provision.

Challenge appealed the redetermination, and a hearing was held before an administrative law judge (ALJ). At the hearing, the ALJ excluded from evidence the results verification record, as well as a "specimen result certification" that Rasmussen sent to Challenge, because of problems in the chain of custody of Braska's urine sample. At the conclusion of the hearing, the ALJ found that Braska was fired for testing positive for marijuana, not general misconduct. The ALJ noted that an employer is required to establish, as a foundational element to the admission of the results of a drug test, that the sample analyzed was the sample collected from the employee. In this case, Challenge failed to produce any witness to establish how the drug test was conducted and how the sample test was handled. According to the ALJ, in the absence of this foundational testimony, the test results were inadmissible hearsay, and disqualification from unemployment benefits could not be established without them.

Recognizing that there might be disagreement on the adequacy of the evidence presented by Challenge, the ALJ addressed the effect of Braska's possession of a medical marijuana card. The ALJ noted that it surpassed credulity to believe that Braska had the card but did not use medical marijuana and that Braska specifically did not ask for a retest when one was offered by Rasmussen. The ALJ found that there was no evidence that Braska had operated a hi-lo under the influence of marijuana. Therefore, the ALJ concluded that Braska was not disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits under § 29(1)(m).

Challenge appealed the ALJ's decision to the MCAC, and the MCAC reversed. The MCAC concluded that the only question governing the admission of a document in an administrative hearing is whether reasonable people would rely on the document. It found that all the documents offered by Challenge were reliable. The MCAC noted that the ALJ allowed Braska to collect unemployment benefits because he possessed a medical marijuana card. The MCAC concluded that this amounted to error, given that Challenge only needed to present evidence that Braska had tested positive on a drug test that was administered in a nondiscriminatory manner to disqualify Braska from receiving benefits. It ruled that the preponderance of the evidence established that Braska was disqualified from receiving benefits under § 29(1)(m).

Braska appealed the MCAC's decision in the circuit court, and the circuit court reversed on the ground that the MCAC's decision was not supported by competent, material, and substantial evidence. The court noted that the MCAC had failed to address the ALJ's interpretation and application of the MMMA and MESA, but the court declined to address those issues. This Court granted the Department's application for leave to appeal the circuit court's order.

B. KEMP v. HAYES GREEN BEACH MEMORIAL HOSPITAL (Docket No. 315441)

Kemp worked for Hayes Green Memorial Hospital (HGB) as a CT technician. HGB had a zero-tolerance drug policy. Employees were tested for drugs upon hire and then upon reasonable suspicion. In May 2011, a patient complained about Kemp, claiming that Kemp had inserted an IV line in the patient without using gloves, discussed the patient's insurance coverage in a crowded area, and told the patient about her family's drug use, including that she ate "special brownies."

On June 2, 2011, following an investigation into the complaint, Jennifer Myers, the human resource manager for HGB, told Kemp that she needed to take a drug test. Kemp consented, and she wrote on the consent form that she used marijuana for medical reasons. At the meeting, Kemp showed no objective signs of intoxication. Kemp tested positive for marijuana and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). A second test confirmed the results. On June 8, 2011, Myers informed Kemp that she was terminated. The reason for the termination was the failed drug test.

Kemp suffered from lupus, neuropathy, and chronic pain in her hand. She obtained a medical marijuana card in December 2010 and it remained valid in May 2011, when she was terminated. According to Kemp, she was never under the influence of marijuana at work. She used marijuana between 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m., and the effects were usually gone within two hours. Her shift at HGB was from 6:30 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.

Following her termination, Kemp applied for unemployment benefits. The UIA initially determined that, because Kemp was terminated for testing positive for an illegal substance, she was disqualified from receiving benefits under § 29(1)(m). The UIA reversed its decision after Kemp provided documentation that she possessed a medical marijuana card. HGB protested, and a hearing was held before an ALJ. The ALJ affirmed the UIA's redetermination that Kemp was not disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits. The ALJ explained that because marijuana was legally available to use for medical purposes, the issue whether Kemp's use of marijuana constituted misconduct or was illegal must include consideration of the MMMA. Because Kemp used marijuana for medical purposes, her use was lawful and, therefore, could not bar her receipt of benefits.

HGB appealed, and the MCAC reversed the ALJ's decision. The MCAC concluded that Kemp was disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits under § 29(1)(m). It reasoned that the MMMA only allows possession and consumption of marijuana; it does not regulate private employment or offer employment protection.

Kemp appealed in the Ingham Circuit Court, and the circuit court reversed the MCAC's decision. The circuit court noted that, although a federal court held that the MMMA did not prohibit a private employer from firing an employee who used medical marijuana, the present case involved state action. MESA, and specifically § 29, is enforced and interpreted by a state agency. Because there was state action, the MMMA was applicable and needed to be considered in determining whether Kemp was disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits. According to the circuit court, an employee who uses medical marijuana but is not intoxicated at work is not disqualified from receiving benefits under § 29(1)(m). It noted that the benefit interpretation by the UIA provided that an employee who uses medical marijuana should not be disqualified from benefits unless the employee is in possession of marijuana at work, is under the influence at work, or uses it at work. Specifically, regarding Kemp, the circuit court stated that Kemp did not fall under any of the three categories and that there was no evidence that she used medical marijuana other than as allowed by the MMMA. According to the circuit court, any disqualification from unemployment benefits would amount to a forfeiture of benefits that Kemp was otherwise qualified to receive, which constituted an impermissible penalty under the MMMA.

In reaching its conclusion, the circuit court rejected the Department's argument that Kemp tested positive for marijuana at work and that her discharge was akin to testing positive for any other intoxicating or illegal substance, such as Vicodin. It noted that the record did not show that Kemp tested positive for active marijuana. Rather, she tested positive for a metabolite of marijuana known as 11-carboxy-THC, which is not a Schedule 1 controlled substance and has no pharmacological effect on the body. Thus, according to the circuit court, the drug test simply demonstrated what Kemp had informed HGB of before the test — she used medical marijuana. This Court granted the Department's application for leave to appeal the circuit court's order.

C. KUDZIA v. AVASI SERVICES INC (Docket No. 318344)

Kudzia worked as an in-home service technician for Avasi Services, a corporate subsidiary of Art Van Furniture, Inc., whose employees repaired furniture for Art Van customers. Art Van required its employees to be drug-free, and it subjected the employees who drove an Art Van vehicle to random drug tests. On June 21, 2012, Daryl Smith, the service manager for Avasi Services, advised Kudzia that he had to report for a random drug test. Kudzia, who showed no signs of intoxication, said nothing in response. According to Dr. Stuart Hoffman, a medical review officer, Kudzia tested positive for "metabolized marijuana." On June 27, 2012, Smith met with Kudzia and informed him that he was discharged because of the failed test. Kudzia did not dispute the test results, and he informed Smith that he had a medical marijuana card.

In the past, Kudzia had undergone two surgeries on his knees. In July 2010, he received a medical marijuana card, which was valid through July 2012. After he received the card, Kudzia used a marijuana-infused cream on his knees.

The UIA found that Kudzia was discharged for testing positive on a drug test. It determined that he was not disqualified from receiving benefits under § 29(1)(m). Avasi Services appealed, and a hearing was held before an ALJ. The ALJ ruled that Kudzia was disqualified from receiving benefits under § 29(1)(b) (misconduct). The ALJ explained that no law prohibited an employer from having a policy that prohibited the use or possession of controlled substances. Kudzia acted in direct contravention of his employer's policy, as he did not request an exemption to use medical marijuana. However, the hearing referee also concluded that Kudzia was not disqualified from receiving benefits under § 29(1)(m). There was no evidence that Kudzia used medical marijuana in contravention of the MMMA.

Kudzia appealed, and the MCAC affirmed the ALJ's decision on different grounds. It reasoned that an employee who tests positive for a controlled substance is disqualified from receiving benefits under § 29(1)(m). Kudzia appealed the MCAC's decision in the Macomb Circuit Court, and the circuit court reversed. First, the circuit court ruled that, to the extent that provisions of the MMMA and MESA conflicted, the MMMA controlled. Second, it held that, although the MMMA does not impose restrictions on private employers, the MMMA applies to state action and the MCAC's decision to deny Kudzia benefits was an action by the state. The circuit court then held that Kudzia's use of medical marijuana implicated § 29(1)(m) because the MMMA did not legalize the use of marijuana. Nonetheless, the circuit court determined that the disqualification from benefits was contrary to the MMMA because it was a penalty or the denial of a right or privilege for the medical use of marijuana. The circuit court rejected the Department's argument that Kudzia's behavior was impermissible under the MMMA. It explained that Kudzia tested positive for marijuana metabolites and that it did not follow, from the presence of the metabolites, that Kudzia had ingested marijuana in the workplace or that he was under the influence of marijuana during work hours. This Court granted the Department's application foi leave to appeal the circuit court's order.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The issue whether unemployment benefits may be denied to an individual who, after using marijuana in accordance with the MMMA, is discharged after testing positive on a drug test was raised before the circuit courts in all three cases. The issue was decided by the circuit courts in the Kemp case and the Kudzia case and is therefore is preserved in those two cases. King v. Oakland Co. Prosecutor, 303 Mich.App. 222, 239, 842 N.W.2d 403 (2013). Although the issue was not decided by the circuit court in the Braska case, the issue involves an issue of statutory interpretation, the facts necessary for its resolution are present, and it is dispositive of the appeal; therefore we will address the issue in all three cases. See State Treasurer v. Snyder, 294 Mich.App. 641, 644, 823 N.W.2d 284 (2011).

A decision by the MCAC is subject to review by a circuit court under MCL 421.38, which provides in relevant part as follows:

"This Court reviews a lower court's review of an administrative decision to determine whether the lower court applied correct legal principles and whether it misapprehended or misapplied the substantial evidence test to the agency's factual findings," which is essentially a clear-error standard of review. VanZandt v. State Employees' Retirement Sys., 266 Mich.App. 579, 585, 701 N.W.2d 214 (2005). In other words, the circuit court's legal conclusions are reviewed de novo and its factual findings are reviewed for clear error. Mericka v. Dep't of Community Health, 283 Mich.App. 29, 36, 770 N.W.2d 24 (2009).

These appeals involve issues of statutory interpretation, which are questions of law that we review de novo. Id. "The primary goal of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and give effect to the Legislature's intent as expressed by the language of the statute." Id. at 38, 770 N.W.2d 24. If the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, judicial construction is neither required nor permitted; the statute must be enforced as written. Michigan v. McQueen, 493 Mich. 135, 147, 828 N.W.2d 644 (2013). Regarding voter-initiated statutes such as the MMMA, the intent of the electors governs the interpretation of the statute. Id. The statute's plain language is the most reliable evidence of the electors' intent. Id.

III. ANALYSIS

A. MESA

When it enacted MESA, the Legislature declared that "[e]conomic insecurity due to unemployment is a serious menace" and that "[t]he systematic accumulation of funds during periods of employment to provide benefits for periods of unemployment by the setting aside of unemployment reserves to be used for the benefit of persons unemployed through no fault of their own ... is for the public good, and the general welfare of the people of this state." MCL 421.2(1).

An individual must be eligible to receive unemployment benefits under MESA. Initially, an individual must meet certain threshold requirements set forth in MCL 421.28 such as, among other things, filing a claim for benefits and seeking employment. See MCL 421.28(1)(a), (b), and (c). In the event an individual meets the threshold requirements of § 28, he or she may nevertheless be disqualified from receiving benefits under MCL 421.29, which provides in pertinent part as follows:

B. THE MMMA

The MMMA was approved by the state electors in November 2008. People v. Kolanek, 491 Mich. 382, 393, 817 N.W.2d 528 (2012). In approving the MMMA, the state electors found that, according to modern medical research, there were beneficial uses for marijuana in treating or alleviating the effects of a variety of debilitating medical conditions. MCL 333.26422(a). "The purpose of the MMMA is to allow a limited class of individuals the medical use of marijuana...." Kolanek, 491 Mich. at 393, 817 N.W.2d 528. However, the MMMA did not legalize the use or possession of marijuana in all contexts. People v. Koon, 494 Mich. 1, 5, 832 N.W.2d 724 (2013). Marijuana remains a Schedule 1 controlled substance. Id.3 "The MMMA does not create a general right for individuals to use and possess marijuana in Michigan. Possession, manufacture, and delivery of marijuana remain punishable offenses under Michigan law." Kolanek, 491 Mich. at 394, 817 N.W.2d 528. See also Ter Beek v. Wyoming, 495 Mich. 1, 15, 846 N.W.2d 531 (2014) ("[I]ts possession, manufacture, and delivery remain punishable offenses under Michigan law.").

The MMMA functions by granting immunity from arrest, prosecution, or penalty. Koon, 494 Mich. at 5, 832 N.W.2d 724. Section 4 of the MMMA provides, in pertinent part:

The MMMA's immunity applies only if marijuana is used in accordance with the provisions of the MMMA. MCL 333.26427(a). The MMMA does not permit any person to "[u]ndertake any task under the influence of marihuana, when doing so would constitute negligence or professional malpractice" or to "[o]perate, navigate, or be in actual physical control of any motor vehicle, aircraft, or motorboat while under the influence of marihuana." MCL 333.26427(b)(1), (4). In addition, nothing in the MMMA may be construed to require an "employer to accommodate the ingestion of marihuana in any workplace or any employee working while under the influence of marihuana." MCL 333.26427(c)(2).

The MMMA also contains a broadly worded provision to ensure that qualifying individuals who adhere to the terms of the MMMA do not suffer penalties for their use of marijuana for medicinal purposes. Specifically, MCL 333.26427(e) provides "[a]ll other acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act do not apply to the medical use of marihuana as provided for by this act." Thus, to the extent another law would penalize an individual for using medical marijuana in accordance with the MMMA, that law is superseded by the MMMA. Koon, 494 Mich. at 8-9, 832 N.W.2d 724.

C. APPLICATION

The central issue presented in these three appeals is whether an employee who has a medical marijuana card and is discharged after failing a drug test may be denied unemployment benefits. To resolve this issue, we must examine the interplay between MESA and the MMMA. Specifically, we must first determine (1) whether claimants met the threshold requirements for unemployment compensation under MESA, (2) whether claimants were nevertheless disqualified from receiving benefits under one of MESA's disqualification provisions, and (3), to the extent claimants were disqualified for testing positive for marijuana, whether the MMMA nevertheless provides immunity and supersedes MESA in this respect.

With respect to MESA, none of the parties disputes that claimants met the threshold requirements for unemployment benefits under MCL 421.28. The MCAC found claimants disqualified for benefits under § 29(1)(m). As set forth earlier, that statutory provision disqualifies an individual who was discharged for the following conduct: (1) "illegally ingesting, injecting, inhaling or possessing a controlled substance on the premises of the employer," (2) refusing to submit to a fairly administered drug test, and (3) for "testing positive on a drug test, if the test was administered in a nondiscriminatory manner." MCL 421.29(1)(m). There is no evidence in the record that any of the three claimants ingested, injected, inhaled, or possessed marijuana on the premises of their respective employers. Furthermore, claimants' employers did not allege that claimants were under the influence of marijuana at any time during work hours. Similarly, claimants did not refuse to submit to a drug test. Thus, the first two disqualifiers under § 29(1)(m) are inapplicable in the present cases.

With respect to the third disqualifier, the MCAC determined that claimants were disqualified under that provision because they failed a drug test. However, although claimants failed their respective drug tests and ordinarily would have been disqualified for unemployment benefits under § 29(1)(m), we must determine whether claimants were nevertheless entitled to unemployment benefits under the MMMA provisions that grant immunity and supersede contrary laws.5

As noted, the MMMA's immunity clause provides in relevant part as follows:

The immunity provided under this section is broad. It prohibits the imposition of certain consequences on individuals who use medical marijuana in accordance with the MMMA. See 1031 Lapeer LLC v. Rice, 290 Mich.App. 225, 231, 810 N.W.2d 293 (2010) (use of the phrase "shall not" designates a mandatory prohibition). Specifically, the statute provides that qualifying patients "shall not" (1) "be subject to arrest, prosecution, or penalty in any manner" or (2) be denied any "right" or "privilege," "including but not limited to civil penalty or disciplinary action by a business or occupational or professional licensing board or bureau...." (Emphasis added).

In this case, none of the parties contends that claimants used medical marijuana in a manner that did not comply with the terms of the MMMA. Therefore, we must determine whether denial of unemployment benefits constitutes either imposition of a penalty or denial of a right or privilege.

The MMMA does not define the term "penalty." In Ter Beek, 495 Mich. at 20, 846 N.W.2d 531, in the context of the MMMA, our Supreme Court referred to a dictionary to define the term to mean "a `punishment imposed or incurred for a violation of law or rule ... something forfeited.'" Id., quoting Random House Webster's College Dictionary (2000). Further, because the term "penalty" in MCL 333.26424(a) is modified by the phrase "in any manner," the immunity granted by the MMMA from penalties "is to be given the broadest application" and applies to both civil and criminal penalties. Ter Beek v. Wyoming, 297 Mich.App. 446, 455, 823 N.W.2d 864 (2012), aff'd 495 Mich. 1, 846 N.W.2d 531 (2014).

Applying this definition to the present case, we conclude that denial of unemployment benefits under § 29(1)(m) constitutes a "penalty" under the MMMA that was imposed upon claimants for their medical use of marijuana. As discussed earlier, none of the parties disputes that claimants met the threshold requirements for unemployment benefits under MCL 421.28. The only reason claimants were disqualified by the MCAC from receiving benefits was because they tested positive for marijuana. In other words, absent their medical use of marijuana — and there was no evidence that claimants, all of whom possessed a medical marijuana card, failed to abide by the MMMA's provisions in their use — claimants would not have been disqualified under § 29(1)(m). Thus, because claimants used medical marijuana, they were required to forfeit their unemployment benefits. For this reason, the decision by the MCAC to deny claimants unemployment benefits amounted to a penalty imposed for the medical use of marijuana contrary to MCL 333.26424(a). Accordingly, because the MMMA supersedes MESA in this respect, the MCAC erred by denying claimants unemployment benefits. See MCL 333.26427(e) ("All other acts and parts of acts inconsistent with [the MMMA] do not apply to the medical use of marihuana as provided for by this act.").

The Department argues that disqualification under § 29(1)(m) is not a "penalty." According to the Department, something cannot be forfeited unless one was entitled to it, and claimants were not entitled to unemployment benefits because MESA conditions the payment of benefits upon an individual's eligibility and qualification. We reject the Department's argument that, because claimants were disqualified under § 29(1)(m), they were not penalized. This argument ignores the salient fact that claimants met the threshold requirements for unemployment benefits and were disqualified only because of their use of medical marijuana.

In addition, the Department claims that, to the extent the denial of unemployment benefits constituted a penalty, the penalty was imposed not for the medical use of marijuana, but rather for failing a drug test. Essentially, the Department contends that we should distinguish the act of failing a drug test from claimants' medical use of marijuana. We decline the Department's invitation to ignore the basis for the positive drug tests and engage in linguistic gymnastics in an attempt to avoid the plain language of the MMMA. Claimants' use of medical marijuana and their subsequent positive drug tests are inextricably intertwined. Each claimant tested positive for marijuana. There was no dispute that each claimant possessed a medical marijuana card. No evidence was presented to suggest that the marijuana discovered in the drug tests was not from the medical use of marijuana or that claimants failed to use medical marijuana in accordance with the provisions of the MMMA. Stated simply, claimants would not have failed the drug test had they not used medical marijuana. The plain language of the MMMA's immunity clause states that claimants "shall not" suffer a penalty for their medical use of marijuana. In construing unambiguous language such as this, we will give the statutory words their plain meaning. See Scalise v. Boy Scouts of America, 265 Mich.App. 1, 26, 692 N.W.2d 858 (2005) ("When construing a statute, where the language is unambiguous, this Court gives the words their plain meaning."). But for claimants' use of medical marijuana, the MCAC would not have disqualified them for unemployment benefits. The disqualification clearly amounted to a penalty imposed on claimants for their medical use of marijuana that ran afoul of the MMMA's immunity clause. Because the MMMA supersedes conflicting provisions of MESA, the MCAC erred by concluding that claimants were disqualified for unemployment benefits.6

The Department also argues that if we were to hold that the MMMA protects against the denial of unemployment benefits, we would disregard the MMMA's provision that employers are not required to accommodate the use of medical marijuana in the workplace. However, the Department reads the relevant provision of the MMMA, MCL 333.26427(c)(2), too broadly. The provision does not state that an employer is not required to accommodate the medical use of marijuana, which includes internal possession, MCL 333.26423(f). Rather, it states that nothing in the MMMA shall be construed to require "[a]n employer to accommodate the ingestion of marihuana in any workplace or any employee working while under the influence of marihuana." MCL 333.26427(c)(2) (emphasis added). There was no evidence that claimants ingested marijuana in the workplace or that they worked under the influence of marijuana. Thus, the Department's argument with respect to MCL 333.26427(c)(2) is misplaced.

In a related argument, the Department contends that awarding unemployment benefits in this case amounts to a penalty imposed on the employers because the employers ultimately will be required to pay increased contributions to the unemployment compensation fund. However, to the extent that applying the plain language of the MMMA results in employers being responsible for paying unemployment benefits, that is a matter of public policy. Our authority does not extend to setting public policy for the state. Houston v. Governor, 491 Mich. 876, 877, 810 N.W.2d 255 (2012). Rather, our concern is the plain language of the statute, which is the best indicator of the intent of the electorate in approving the medical marijuana initiative. McQueen, 493 Mich. at 147, 828 N.W.2d 644. Here, as discussed earlier, the denial of unemployment benefits conflicts with the plain language of the MMMA's immunity clause.

The Department cites Casias v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 695 F.3d 428 (C.A.6, 2012), and Beinor v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office of Colorado, 262 P.3d 970 (Colo. App., 2011), to further support its argument that the MMMA does not apply to private employers. The Department's reliance on these cases is unpersuasive.

In Casias, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals held that the MMMA's immunity clause did not apply to a private employer's decision to fire an employee for using medical marijuana, reasoning that the MMMA does not impose restrictions on private employers. Id. at 435. The Casias decision is not binding precedent on this Court. See Mettler Walloon, LLC v. Melrose Twp., 281 Mich.App. 184, 221 n. 6, 761 N.W.2d 293 (2008) (noting that, "[o]n questions of state law, Michigan courts are not bound by foreign authority"). Moreover, unlike in Casias, we are not presented with the issue of whether the MMMA's immunity clause applies in cases involving action solely by private employers.7 The issue raised in these cases is not whether the employers violated the MMMA because they terminated claimants. The issue is whether, by denying unemployment benefits, the MCAC — a state actor — imposed a penalty on claimants that ran afoul of the MMMA's broad immunity clause. When an individual is denied unemployment benefits, the employer's conduct is not at issue; rather, the denial involves state action. See Vander Laan v. Mulder, 178 Mich.App. 172, 176, 443 N.W.2d 491 (1989).

Similarly, Beinor, 262 P.3d at 975, is neither binding on this Court, Mettler Walloon, 281 Mich.App. at 221 n. 6, 761 N.W.2d 293, nor is it persuasive. In Beinor, the Colorado Court of Appeals held that the plaintiff, a medical marijuana user, was not entitled to unemployment benefits after he was terminated for failing a drug test. The court reasoned that the plaintiff was not entitled to immunity under the provision of Colorado's constitution allowing the medical use of marijuana. Id. at 975-976. The reasoning in Beinor is not persuasive for purposes of these cases. The constitutional provision at issue in that case only protected medical marijuana users from the state's criminal laws, id. at 975, whereas the MMMA's immunity clause is much broader, extending to both criminal and civil penalties. See Ter Beek, 495 Mich. at 20-21, 846 N.W.2d 531. Therefore, we do not find Beinor helpful to our analysis in these cases.

Finally, the Department argues that even if the MMMA prevents claimants from being disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits under § 29(1)(m), they are still disqualified from receiving benefits under § 29(1)(b) of MESA. Under that provision, an individual is disqualified from receiving benefits if he or she was discharged for misconduct connected with the individual's work. MCL 421.29(1)(b). According to the Department, all three claimants engaged in misconduct because they acted in direct and knowing contravention of their employers' zero-tolerance drug policies.

Contrary to the Department's argument, § 29(1)(b) is not applicable in the present cases. "[I]t is a settled rule of statutory construction that where a statute contains a specific statutory provision and a related, but more general, provision, the specific one controls." In re Haley, 476 Mich. 180, 198, 720 N.W.2d 246 (2006). In these cases, the MCAC found that each claimant was discharged for testing positive on a drug test. Other than testing positive for marijuana, there was no misconduct that led to any claimant being discharged. MCL 421.29 contains a specific provision regarding disqualification when an individual tests positive on a drug test. Accordingly, under the settled rule of statutory interpretation set forth in In re Haley, claimants' disqualification from receiving unemployment benefits is governed by § 29(1)(m), the specific provision concerning testing positive on a drug test, rather than § 29(1)(b), a related, but more general, provision regarding misconduct.

In addition, even if § 29(1)(b) were applicable and the MCAC disqualified claimants from receiving unemployment benefits because they were discharged for misconduct, this would not affect our analysis with respect to the plain language of the MMMA's immunity clause. Claimants' misconduct involved testing positive for marijuana on a drug test, which violated their employers' zero-tolerance drug policies. However, the only reason that claimants tested positive on the drug tests was that they used medical marijuana. Absent their use of medical marijuana, claimants would not have been disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits. Thus, the denial of benefits as a result of disqualification under § 29(1)(b), like disqualification under § 29(1)(m), results in a "penalty in any manner" for the medical use of marijuana contrary to MCL 333.26424(a).

IV. CONCLUSION

Claimants tested positive for marijuana and would ordinarily have been disqualified for unemployment benefits under MESA, MCL 421.29(1)(m); however, because there was no evidence to suggest that the positive drug tests were caused by anything other than claimants' use of medical marijuana in accordance with the terms of the MMMA, the denial of the benefits constituted an improper penalty for the medical use of marijuana under the MMMA, MCL 333.26424(a). Because the MMMA supersedes conflicting provisions of MESA, the circuit courts did not err by reversing the MCAC's rulings that claimants were not entitled to unemployment compensation benefits.8

Affirmed. A public question being involved, no costs awarded. MCR 7.219(A). We do not retain jurisdiction.

BORRELLO, P.J., and SERVITTO and SHAPIRO, JJ., concurred.