SAAD, P.J.

I. NATURE OF THE CASE

This tax appeal involves the applicability of the industrial-processing exemption1 to the General Sales Tax Act (the Act).2 In sum, the industrial-processing exemption to the sales tax, MCL 205.54t, can only be granted to taxpayers engaged in "industrial processing." A taxpayer is only engaged in industrial processing when it (1) modifies "tangible personal property"3 for sale4 to consumers or (2) uses tangible personal property to produce wholly new tangible personal property for sale to consumers. For the taxpayer to receive the industrial-processing exemption, then, whatever the taxpayer eventually sells to consumers must be tangible personal property. Taxpayers that use tangible personal property to produce some other product that is not "tangible personal property" are not eligible for the industrial processing exemption under MCL 205.54t

Here, plaintiffs5 argue that their sales and purchases of electricity are eligible for the industrial-processing exemption to the sales tax. They assert that the telecommunications companies purchase electricity (which is tangible personal property) and either (1) modify the electricity into telecommunications signals, which are another form of electricity and thus a form of tangible personal property, and sell the signals to consumers; or (2) use the electricity to create telecommunications signals, which are a new form of tangible personal property in their own right. Accordingly, because plaintiffs' activity supposedly results in the ultimate sale of tangible personal property in the form of telecommunications signals to consumers, plaintiffs argue that this purchase of electricity is eligible for the industrial-processing exemption.

This argument is unconvincing for a simple reason: telecommunications signals are not tangible personal property. Plaintiffs' purchase of electricity to create telecommunications signals is thus not eligible for the industrial-processing exemption to the sales tax. The Court of Claims therefore properly granted defendant Department of Treasury6 summary disposition, and its holding is affirmed.

II. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The plaintiffs in this case are (1) electricity providers and (2) telecommunications companies that purchase electricity from the electricity providers. Plaintiffs brought these actions in the Court of Claims and argued that the telecommunications companies' purchase of electricity should be exempt from the sales tax under the industrial-processing exemption, MCL 205.54t. Again, to qualify for the industrial-processing exemption, the taxpayer's activity must result in the sale of tangible personal property to consumers.7 The statute defines "tangible personal property" as

Plaintiffs asserted that the telecommunications signals they produced were tangible personal property in two ways: (1) as electricity and (2) as property that can be "seen, weighed, measured, felt, or touched or that is in any other manner perceptible to the senses." As such, plaintiffs stated that their activities qualified as industrial processing under MCL 205.54t(7)(a) because (1) they purchased tangible personal property (electricity) and sold it in modified form (telecommunications signals) to consumers and (2) they purchased tangible personal property (electricity), used it to produce wholly new tangible personal property (telecommunications signals), and sold the wholly new tangible personal property (telecommunications signals) to consumers.

Defendant argued that plaintiffs were not eligible for the industrial-processing exemption under MCL 205.54t because plaintiffs were not engaged in industrial processing. Telecommunications signals, the Department claimed, are not tangible personal property, because they are (1) not electricity and (2) cannot be "seen, weighed, measured, felt, or touched" and are not "in any other manner perceptible to the senses." Because plaintiffs did not sell tangible personal property to consumers, they could not be engaged in industrial processing pursuant to MCL 205.54t(7)(a) and thus could not be eligible for the industrial-processing exemption under MCL 205.54t. Defendant also claimed that certain statutory definitions in the Use Tax Act, MCL 205.91 et seq., militated against classifying the telecommunications signals produced by plaintiffs as tangible personal property under the General Sales Tax Act's industrial-processing exemption.8

The Court of Claims heard exhaustive expert testimony from both sides on whether the telecommunications signals produced by plaintiffs are tangible personal property, either in that they are a modified form of electricity or are something that can be "seen, weighed, measured, felt, or touched or that is in any other manner perceptible to the senses."

In a thorough written opinion, the Court of Claims rejected plaintiffs' arguments and held that plaintiffs were not eligible for the industrial-processing exemption. Specifically, it ruled that the telecommunications signals produced by plaintiffs are not tangible personal property, in that they are not electricity, nor are they something that can be "seen, weighed, measured, felt, or touched or that is in any other manner perceptible to the senses." Because the telecommunications signals are not tangible personal property sold to consumers, the court ruled that plaintiffs were not engaged in industrial processing pursuant to MCL 205.54t(7)(a) and thus were not eligible for the industrial-processing exemption under MCL 205.54t. Accordingly, the court granted defendant's request for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10).

On appeal, plaintiffs argue that the Court of Claims erred when it held, as a matter of law, that they are ineligible for the industrial-processing exemption because (1) telecommunications signals are tangible personal property, in that they are both electricity and something that can be "seen, weighed, measured, felt, or touched or that is in any other manner perceptible to the senses" and (2) plaintiffs are therefore engaged in industrial processing in the use of electricity to produce telecommunications signals for sale to consumers and thus eligible for the industrial-processing exemption.9

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

A trial court's decision to grant summary disposition is reviewed de novo. Malpass v. Dep't of Treasury, 494 Mich. 237, 245, 833 N.W.2d 272 (2013). A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of the complaint, and we consider "the affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and other evidence submitted by the parties in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion." Nastal v. Henderson & Assoc. Investigations, Inc., 471 Mich. 712, 721, 691 N.W.2d 1 (2005) (citation omitted). "Where the proffered evidence fails to establish a genuine issue regarding any material fact, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Id.

Matters of statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo. Malpass, 494 Mich. at 245, 833 N.W.2d 272. When it interprets statutes, a court's primary task is to discern and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. Ford Motor Co. v. Dep't of Treasury, 496 Mich. 382, 389, 852 N.W.2d 786 (2014). The first step in that process is to examine "the language of the statute itself. If the language of the statute is unambiguous, the Legislature must have intended the meaning clearly expressed, and the statute must be enforced as written." Id. (citations and quotation marks omitted).

"Statutory interpretation requires an holistic approach. A provision that may seem ambiguous in isolation often is clarified by the remainder of the statutory scheme." SMK, LLC v. Dep't of Treasury, 298 Mich.App. 302, 309, 826 N.W.2d 186 (2012), aff'd in part and rev'd in part sub nom Fradco, Inc. v. Dep't of Treasury, 495 Mich. 104, 118, 845 N.W.2d 81 (2014) (citation omitted). "`When construing statutory language, [the court] must read the statute as a whole and in its grammatical context, giving each and every word its plain and ordinary meaning unless otherwise defined.'" Book-Gilbert v. Greenleaf, 302 Mich.App. 538, 541, 840 N.W.2d 743 (2013) (citation omitted) (alteration in original). Doing so requires us to "avoid a construction that would render any part of a statute surplusage or nugatory, and `[w]e must consider both the plain meaning of the critical words or phrases as well as their placement and purpose in the statutory scheme.'" People v. Redden, 290 Mich.App. 65, 76-77, 799 N.W.2d 184 (2010) (citation omitted) (alteration in original). And "[a] general principle of statutory construction is the doctrine of expressio unius est exclusio alterius, which means the express mention of one thing implies the exclusion of another." Wayne Co. v. Wayne Co. Retirement Comm., 267 Mich.App. 230, 248, 704 N.W.2d 117 (2005).

IV. ANALYSIS

A. THE GENERAL SALES TAX ACT

The General Sales Tax Act imposes a 6% tax on "all persons"10 who sell "tangible personal property" "at retail." MCL 205.52(1). The Act defines "tangible personal property" as

"Sale at retail" means:

Accordingly, for an item to be "[sold] at retail" under the Act, the item must be "tangible personal property" as defined in MCL 205.51a(q). In other words, whenever the term "sale at retail" is mentioned in the Act, it refers to the "sale, lease, or rental of tangible personal property." MCL 205.51(1)(b).

B. THE INDUSTRIAL-PROCESSING EXEMPTION

Much of the Act consists of statutory exemptions to the general tax levied by MCL 205.52(1). Among other things, the exemptions are "the product of a targeted legislative effort to avoid double taxation of the end product offered for retail sale or, in other terms, to avoid pyramiding the use and sales tax." Elias Bros. Restaurants, Inc. v. Treasury Dep't, 452 Mich. 144, 152, 549 N.W.2d 837 (1996) (citation and quotation marks omitted). "Because tax exemptions are disfavored, the burden of proving entitlement to an exemption" rests on the party seeking the exemption. Id. at 150, 549 N.W.2d 837. Any tax exemptions that apply to a specific taxpayer are strictly construed against the taxpayer. Guardian Indus. Corp. v. Dep't of Treasury, 243 Mich.App. 244, 249, 621 N.W.2d 450 (2000).

One such exemption is the exemption for "industrial processors," which is codified at MCL 205.54t(1)(a). This section creates a tax exemption for the "sale of tangible personal property"11 to "[a]n industrial processor for use or consumption in industrial processing." Id.

As used in the exemption, an "industrial processor" is "a person who performs the activity of converting or conditioning tangible personal property for ultimate sale at retail or use in the manufacturing of a product to be ultimately sold at retail." MCL 205.54t(7)(b) (emphasis added). "Industrial processing" means

Accordingly, the definition of "tangible personal property" is doubly important for any party that seeks to use the industrial-processing exemption. This is because, by definition, industrial processing involves either (1) the modification of "tangible personal property" for ultimate sale of the modified property at retail or (2) the use of "tangible personal property" in manufacturing "a product to be ultimately sold at retail" — i.e., the use of tangible personal property in manufacturing tangible personal property. Id. (emphasis added). Again, "sale at retail" is defined as "a sale, lease, or rental of tangible personal property for any purpose other than for resale, sublease, or subrent." MCL 205.51(1)(b) (emphasis added).12

Therefore, for a taxpayer to be engaged in industrial processing and thus be eligible for the industrial-processing exemption to the sales tax, the taxpayer must use tangible personal property to produce either a (1) modified or (2) new form of tangible personal property that will be sold to consumers. In other words, to qualify for the industrial-processing exemption, the taxpayer must ultimately sell consumers tangible personal property. Taxpayers that use tangible personal property to produce some other product that is not tangible personal property, then, are not eligible for the industrial-processing exemption under MCL 205.54t.13

C. APPLICATION

1. PLAINTIFFS' ARGUMENT

Here, the taxpayers claim their purchase of electricity is exempt from the sales tax under the industrial-processing exemption. Their argument is based on a logic chain consistent with the integrated definitional framework of MCL 205.51 and MCL 205.54t described earlier.

Again, to be eligible for the industrial-processing exemption under MCL 205.54t, a taxpayer must be engaged in industrial processing. Plaintiffs say they are engaged in industrial processing for two reasons. First, they claim that they convert and modify electricity, which is tangible personal property, into telecommunications signals, which they assert are another form of electricity that is thus also tangible personal property. Second, in the event we reject the argument that telecommunications signals are a modified form of electricity, plaintiffs claim the telecommunications signals "can be seen, weighed, measured, felt, or touched" or are in some "other manner perceptible to the senses,"14 making the telecommunications signals tangible personal property in their own right.

Because plaintiffs used tangible personal property (electricity) to produce (1) a modified form of tangible personal property (the telecommunications signals as electricity) or (2) a new form of tangible personal property (the telecommunications signals) and sell the modified or new forms of tangible personal property to consumers, they claim they are engaged in "industrial processing" pursuant to MCL 205.54t(7)(a). Because they are engaged in industrial processing, they are industrial processors under MCL 205.54t(7)(b). And because they are industrial processors engaged in industrial processing, their purchase of electricity is eligible for the industrial-processing exemption to the sales tax under MCL 205.54t.

Plaintiffs' argument that they are eligible for the industrial-processing exemption, then, is entirely dependent on whether telecommunications signals can be classified as tangible personal property: (1) as a form of "electricity"; or (2) in their own right, as something that "can be seen, weighed, measured, felt, or touched or that is in any other manner perceptible to the senses." Plaintiffs presented exhaustive expert testimony to support both propositions at trial, but their arguments are unconvincing.

2. TELECOMMUNICATIONS SIGNALS ARE NOT ELECTRICITY

Both parties submitted evidence to the Court of Claims that telecommunications signals take different forms as they transfer data from one source to another. Among other things, these forms include alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) electricity, ultraviolet light, radio waves, and digital signals. Accordingly, the telecommunications signals are a different type of energy at each stage of the transmission process. Though the signals are electricity at some stages of the transmission process, they are not electricity at every stage of the transmission process.

It is illogical to suggest that the word "electricity" encompasses matter that is manifestly not electricity at various stages of its transmission. The plain language of the statutory definition mandates this common sense definition of the word "electricity." Again, the General Sales Tax Act defines "tangible personal property" as

As the Court of Claims noted, "steam" is merely "water" in a different form. The presence of both terms in the definition demonstrates that plaintiffs' reading of MCL 205.51a(q) is incorrect, because the Legislature specifically included two different forms of the same matter in the definition. Under plaintiffs' reading — which reads "electricity" to include anything that is also electricity at some point in its existence — it would be sufficient to include the term "water," because that term would encompass water in all its forms, including its vaporous form (steam). This approach would render the term "steam" nugatory, which contravenes basic principles of statutory interpretation.15 Because the Legislature did not draft the statute in this way, it is clear that the Legislature did not intend the term "electricity" to encompass telecommunications signals.

3. TELECOMMUNICATIONS SIGNALS ARE NOT TANGIBLE PERSONAL PROPERTY

Plaintiffs' argument that telecommunications signals are tangible personal property in their own right is also unavailing. Both the plain meaning of the statutory definition and common sense militate against classifying telecommunications signals as tangible personal property.

The first indication that something is amiss with plaintiffs' argument is that the statutory definition of "tangible personal property" in MCL 205.51a(q) does not include the term "telecommunications signal."16 This bodes ill for plaintiffs, as we strictly construe all tax exemptions against the taxpayer,17 and the term that is required for plaintiffs to receive the industrial-processing exemption is absent from MCL 205.51a(q). And not only is it absent — it is conspicuously absent, because the definition itself includes a number of very specific terms ("electricity," "water," "gas," "steam," and "prewritten computer software"), while nowhere mentioning the phrase "telecommunications signal." Again, the "express mention of one thing [in a statute] implies the exclusion of another." Wayne Co., 267 Mich.App. at 248, 704 N.W.2d 117. The absence of the term "telecommunications signal" from MCL 205.51a(q), and the presence of numerous other specific terms in the definition, indicates that the Legislature did not intend for telecommunications signals to be included in the definition of "tangible personal property."

Furthermore, as defendant notes, the Legislature explicitly mentions "signals" in its definition of "telecommunications service"18 in the Use Tax Act19 — a statute that is "complementary and supplementary" to the General Sales Tax Act.20 World Book, Inc. v. Dep't of Treasury, 459 Mich. 403, 406, 590 N.W.2d 293 (1999). We note that the term "signals" also appears in the definition of "telecommunications service" in MCL 205.93c(4)(m) and that the term "telecommunication signal" appears in MCL 205.93c(3)(a). The presence of these terms in the Use Tax Act demonstrates that the Legislature is aware of the existence of telecommunications signals and would have chosen to include the phrase "telecommunications signal" in the General Sales Tax Act's definition of "tangible personal property" if it had wanted to do so.

Moreover, plaintiffs have presented no convincing evidence that telecommunications signals "can be seen, weighed, measured, felt, or touched or [are] in any other manner perceptible to the senses." They are not visible to the naked eye, nor can they be felt or touched in any discernable way. For this reason, plaintiffs spent a great deal of time at the Court of Claims attempting to show that telecommunications signals can be weighed or measured. Though this might be literally true, it is completely inconsequential because the terms "weighed" and "measured" must be read in the broader context of the sentence in which they are contained. Both terms are followed by the phrase "in any other manner perceptible to the senses," which indicates that the terms "weighed" and "measured" only apply to the weighing and measuring of something that is directly "perceptible to the senses." Again, telecommunications signals are not directly perceptible to the senses. Plaintiffs' interpretation of MCL 205.51a(q) would make the definition of "tangible personal property" completely limitless, because almost any form of matter or energy can be weighed or measured using the appropriate equipment.

Finally, for instances in which it is difficult or impossible to sensually perceive something, but the Legislature nonetheless wished to classify it as tangible personal property, the Legislature has made specific provision for it in MCL 205.51a(q). For example, the definition includes "electricity," which is rarely perceptible to the senses, and "prewritten computer software," which requires the aid of an external device (a computer) to perceive. Again, the absence of the phrase "telecommunications signal" from the definition — when combined with the other items specifically mentioned in the definition — indicates that the Legislature had no intention of classifying telecommunications signals as tangible personal property. Wayne Co., 267 Mich.App. at 248, 704 N.W.2d 117.

V. CONCLUSION

Because telecommunications signals are not "tangible personal property" under MCL 205.51a(q), in that they are neither electricity nor something that can be "seen, weighed, measured, felt, or touched or that is in any other manner perceptible to the senses," plaintiffs' purchase of electricity is not eligible for the industrial-purchasing exemption under MCL 205.54t. The Court of Claims thus properly granted summary disposition to the Department under MCR 2.116(C)(10), and its order is affirmed.

O'CONNELL and MURRAY, JJ., concurred with SAAD, P.J.