DAVID R. GRAND, Magistrate Judge.
On April 14, 2015, plaintiff, Gregory Grimm ("Grimm") filed a complaint in the Oakland County Circuit Court against defendants Seterus, Inc. "(Seterus"), Chase Home Finance, LLC ("Chase"), and Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae"). (Doc. #1, Ex. A). In short, Grimm alleges that the defendants violated his rights under various federal and state laws in connection with the servicing of his mortgage loan relating to his home at 741 Vivian Lane, Oxford, Michigan (the "Property"). On May 14, 2015, defendants Seterus and Fannie Mae removed the action to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. (Doc. #1).
On July 15, 2015, defendants Seterus and Fannie Mae filed a motion to dismiss Grimm's complaint pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), and the motion has been fully briefed by the parties. (Docs. #4, 7, 9). The motion was referred to the undersigned for a Report and Recommendation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B). (Doc. #5). Pursuant to Eastern District of Michigan L.R. 7.1(f)(2), the Court finds that the facts and legal issues are adequately presented in the briefs and on the record, and declines to hold a hearing.
For the reasons stated herein, the Court
On July 30, 2004, Grimm obtained a mortgage loan (the "Loan) from Flagstar Bank to purchase the Property. (Comp. ¶7, Ex. 1). He alleges that Flagstar assigned its rights to Chase, and that on September 1, 2014, Seterus began servicing the Loan. (Id., ¶9; Ex. 3). On October 8, 2014, Fannie Mae purchased the Loan from Chase. (Comp. ¶15; Comp., Ex. 8; Doc. #4, Ex. C).
Grimm alleges that through August 2014, he was in full compliance with the Loan terms, and was timely on his mortgage payments. (Comp. ¶¶9-12). On August 7, 2014, Chase mailed Grimm his monthly mortgage statement. (Id. ¶8; Ex. 2). Importantly, that statement indicates a "Total Payment Due" of $1,087.39. (Id., Ex. 2). That payment was due by September 1, 2014, with a grace period through September 15, 2014. (Id.). It is undisputed that as of September 11, 2014, Grimm had not made this payment. (Id., Ex. 4). Seterus wrote Grimm a letter dated September 11, 2014, advising him that it was the new servicer of his mortgage loan, effective as of September 1, 2014. (Id. ¶9; Ex. 3).
(Id., Ex. 4; see also id., Ex. 5, 6).
Grimm also alleges he did not receive an October billing statement from Seterus, and that he called Seterus on October 1, 2014, to inquire into the matter. (Id., Ex. 4). Grimm alleges that a Seterus customer service representative told him that he still owed the $951.02 in fees, as well as the past two months' mortgage payments (for September and October). (Id.). Grimm did not pay his mortgage payments at this time. (Id.). The next day, Grimm retained his current counsel. (Id.).
On October 16, 2014, Grimm received a notice of default from Seterus, demanding that he cure the default by paying $3,125.80 (two monthly payments of $1,087.39 plus the $951.02 disputed fee amount). (Id., ¶11; Ex. 5). On October 17, 2014, Grimm submitted a letter to Seterus again disputing the $951.02 in fees, but admitting, "I owe payments for September and October." (Id., Ex. 4). Grimm enclosed two checks, each in the amount of $1,087.39, for his September and October mortgage payments. (Id., Ex. 4). On October 21, 2014, Grimm's counsel sent an additional letter to Seterus contesting the fees and explaining their origin, supra fn. 3, and alleging that Grimm's late mortgage payments were the result of Seterus's late billing statement, and thus not Grimm's fault. (Id., ¶13; Ex. 5). On October 28, 2014, Seterus wrote to Grimm's counsel, though neither Grimm nor Seterus provided the salient pages of that correspondence to the Court. (Id., Ex. 7). On October 29, 2014, Seterus wrote to Grimm, clarifying that Fannie Mae, not Chase, owned the Loan, and that Seterus would investigate the issues raised by Grimm. (Id., ¶15; Ex. 8). Grimm alleges that, "[t]hereafter, Seterus notified Plaintiff of it's [sic] intention to institute foreclosure of the Loan." (Id., ¶16) (emphasis added). However, Grimm does not explain the nature, form, or date of this alleged notification. On April 14, 2015, Grimm instituted the current action.
Grimm's complaint alleges 9 counts: (1) fraudulent misrepresentation; (2) violation of the Michigan Brokers, Lenders, and Servicer Licensing Act; (3) breach of contract; (4) violation of the Federal Debt Collection Practices Act; (5) violation of the Michigan Fair Debt Collection Practices Act; (6) accounting; (7) quiet title; (8) slander of title; and, (9) injunctive relief. In addition, Grimm alleges that "Seterus has repeatedly engaged in fraudulent conduct servicing loans throughout the United States," and he attached to his complaint lengthy on-line reviews of Seterus, and a website for a class action law firm representing individuals alleging that Seterus engages in unscrupulous billing practices resulting in wrongful foreclosures. (Id., Ex. 9).
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits a court to dismiss a complaint for "failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted." Id. In evaluating a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), "[c]ourts must construe the complaint in the light most favorable to plaintiff, accept all well-pled factual allegations as true, and determine whether the complaint states a plausible claim for relief." Albrecht v. Treon, 617 F.3d 890, 893 (6th Cir.2010) (internal brackets, quotation marks, and citations omitted); see also Etts v. Deutsche Bank Nat'l Trust Co., 2015 WL 5026192, at *3 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 25, 2015). To survive a motion to dismiss, a complainant must plead specific factual allegations, and not simply legal conclusions, in support of each claim. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678-679 (2009). "A complaint will be dismissed unless, when all well-pled factual allegations are accepted as true, the complaint states a `plausible claim for relief.'" Etts, 2015 WL 5026192 at *3 (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679).
In ruling on Fannie Mae and Seterus's motion to dismiss, this Court may consider the entire complaint, including documents attached thereto, documents incorporated by reference in the complaint and central to the claims, and any matters on which a court may take judicial notice. Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 (2007). "[I]f a factual assertion in the pleadings is inconsistent with a document attached for support, the Court is to accept the facts as stated in the attached document." Williams v. CitiMortgage, Inc., 498 Fed. App'x. 532, 536 (6th Cir.2012) (citation omitted); see also Etts, 2015 WL 5026192 at *3 (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679).
In Count 1 of his complaint, Grimm alleges fraudulent misrepresentation by Defendants related to their representations that he was in default on the Loan. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) provides that "[i]n alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake." Id. The Sixth Circuit has interpreted Rule 9(b) to broadly require complainants alleging fraud to "(1) specify the statements that the plaintiff contends were fraudulent, (2) identify the speaker, (3) state where and when the statements were made, and (4) explain why the statements were fraudulent." Frank, 547 F.3d at 569-70 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (emphasis added). Furthermore, a plaintiff pleading fraudulent misrepresentation must sufficiently allege that:
Elsheick v. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc., 566 Fed. App'x 492, 498 (6th Cir. 2014). Thus, insofar as Grimm attempts to assert a fraudulent misrepresentation claim, he must "allege the time, place, and content of the alleged misrepresentation on which he or she relied; the fraudulent scheme; the fraudulent intent of [the other party]; and the injury resulting from the fraud." Fluegge v. Nationstar Mortgage, LLC, 2015 WL 4430062, at *8 (E.D. Mich. July 20, 2015) (quoting Coffey v. Foamex L.P., 2 F.3d 157, 161-62 (6th Cir.1993)); see also Gregory v. CitiMortgage, Inc., 890 F.Supp.2d 791, 801 (E.D. Mich. 2012). Here, Grimm fails to satisfy both the Rule 9(b) standard and the requirements for alleging fraudulent misrepresentation.
Grimm's fraudulent misrepresentation claim is essentially that "Defendants intentionally represented that [he] was in default of the Loan and was liable for various sums due to the alleged default," when in fact they "knew . . . or should have known their representations were false" because he "was not in default." (Comp. ¶¶20-23). Grimm alleges that he "suffered substantial economic loss" as a result of Defendants' misrepresentations. (Id., ¶25).
These allegations fail to state a claim for relief because they lack the factual details required under Rule 9(b) and the above case law, and are nothing more than a mere "recital of the law." See Frank, 547 F.3d at 569-70 (requiring specific factual information to substantiate a fraud claim); Fluegge, 2015 WL 4430062 at *8 (requiring factual details to color a claim of fraudulent misrepresentation). Moreover, the very documents Grimm attached to his complaint belie his allegations. As discussed above, supra at 3-4, Grimm admitted that he did not timely pay his September 1 or October 1, 2014 mortgage payments, which constitutes a default of the Mortgage terms. (Comp., Ex. 1, 4, 5). Per the Loan agreement, the lender is entitled to submit a "notice of default" in writing to the borrower when the borrower fails to timely submit a payment. (Id., Ex. 1). A payment is untimely if it is received after 15 calendar days from the first of the month. (Id.). If the monthly payment is not paid in full and on time, the borrower is in default. (Id.). Thus, as the servicer of the Loan during the relevant time, Seterus was entitled to mail Grimm a notice of default when Grimm failed to timely submit his Loan payments. (Id., Ex. 3). Accordingly, Seterus' representation to Grimm in its October 17, 2014 correspondence that he was "in default" was not an untrue statement.
Grimm's attempt to bolster his fraud claims by attaching two unauthenticated website printouts to his complaint does not change this analysis. (Comp., Ex. 9). Though Grimm fails to articulate any specific relevance to his case, he appears to suggest that because Seterus has been subjected to other lawsuits alleging that it operates a large-scale scheme to repossess real property (by charging inordinate late fees and/or accelerating foreclosure proceedings), he too has been the victim of fraud at Seterus' hands. However, merely pointing to allegations made by others about how Seterus handled their loans provides none of the required factual detail about how Seterus allegedly committed fraud against Grimm.
In sum, Grimm's bare allegation of fraudulent misrepresentation is belied by the very documents he attached to his complaint, and falls far short of the heightened pleading requirements that govern that claim. Accordingly, the claim should be dismissed.
Brokers, Lenders, and Servicer Licensing Act ("MBLSLA") by making false representations and improper charges directly causing him injury.
The MBLSLA sets forth requirements for the licensing of mortgage brokers and servicers in Michigan. The relevant part of the MBLSLA states:
M.C.L. § 445.1672(a)-(c). Courts have interpreted the MBLSLA to require disclosure of certain material information in an attempt to protect home owners. However, when relevant material disclosures are made in a loan agreement, the MBLSLA is not violated. See Hanning v. Homecomings Financial Networks, Inc., 436 F.Supp.2d 865 (W.D. Mich.200) (mortgage broker did not violate MBLSLA when mortgagors were fully apprised of terms of their mortgage, including all fees). Here, Grimm's claim under the MBLSLA fails for numerous reasons.
First, several Eastern District of Michigan judges have held that the MBLSLA does not provide a private right of action. See, e.g., Shaya v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 2011 WL 1085617 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 22, 2011); Collins v. CitiMortgage, Inc., 974 F.Supp.2d 1034 (E.D. Mich. 2013); Hood v. Chase Manhattan Mortg. Corp., 2013 WL 162930 (E.D. Mich. April 16, 2013). For this reason alone, Grimm's claim fails. Second, it is clear the MBLSLA does not apply to Defendants Fannie Mae or Chase. The MBLSLA expressly exempts "[a] depository financial institution whether or not the depository financial institution is acting in the capacity of a trustee or fiduciary." M.C.L. § 445.1675(a). A "depository financial institution" is defined as "a state or nationally chartered bank, a state or federally chartered savings and loan association, savings bank, or credit union, or an entity of the federally chartered farm credit system." M.C.L. § 445.1651a(f). Consequently, the MBLSLA "does not apply to a corporate instrumentality of the United States, such as Freddie Mac [or Fannie Mae]," Pendracki v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP, 2012 WL 3887509, at *5 (E.D. Mich. Sept. 7, 2012 (additional citation omitted). Likewise, Chase, a nationally chartered bank, is also exempt. See Id. As such, Grimm's MBLSLA claim could apply, if at all, only to Seterus.
Yet Grimm failed to plead adequate factual detail to state a claim for relief against Seterus. Grimm makes only the conclusory allegation that Seterus violated the MBLSLA by making "false representations and improper charges" (Comp. ¶28) and that this conduct "was the proximate cause of damages, injuries and losses" suffered by him. (Id., ¶29). Grimm's reliance on such boilerplate language does not satisfy threshold pleading requirements. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678; see also Barkho v. Homecomings Financial, LLC, 657 F.Supp.2d 857 (E.D. Mich. 2009) (finding that mortgagor's "vague and conclusory allegations" regarding mortgagee's alleged violation of MBLSLA must be dismissed). Furthermore, Grimm was fully apprised of the Loan repayment terms, including late fees and deadlines. (Comp., Ex. 1). Grimm has not explained how, in light of this fact, Seterus violated the MBLSLA.
Grimm's third cause of action is for breach of contract. Under Michigan law, a party asserting a breach of contract must establish: "(1) there was a contract (2) which the other party breached (3) thereby resulting in damages to the party claiming breach." Miller-Davis Co. v. Ahrens Const., Inc., 848 N.W.2d 95, 104 (2014) (internal citations omitted). Grimm's discombobulated allegations fail to satisfy these standards.
In his Complaint, Grimm alleges that despite paying "the Loan as directed," Defendants "foreclosed on the [Property]," constituting a breach of the Loan contract. (Comp. ¶31-33). Grimm alleges that this breach "was a proximate cause of injuries, damages, and losses of [him] . . ." (Id., ¶34). Grimm offered no support for this conclusory assertion, and the support Grimm did provide establishes that he did not pay "the Loan as directed." Supra at 3-4. In their motion to dismiss, Seterus and Fannie Mae assert that at the time Grimm filed the complaint, neither Fannie Mae nor Seterus had initiated foreclosure proceedings on the Property. (Doc. #4). Although the Court cannot consider that unattested factual averment in considering the instant motion to dismiss, it is noteworthy that in his response motion, Grimm changes his allegation regarding the nature of the alleged breach, and no longer appears to be asserting that a foreclosure in fact occurred. Instead, Grimm suggests two alternative breaches: (1) that "Defendants [he does not specify which] . . . gave notice of default and foreclosure
Grimm cites Rose v. National Auction Group, Inc., 466 Mich. 453 (2002) for the proposition that "the Michigan Supreme Court held a fraudulent scheme that induced Plaintiff to sign the contract will support a breach of contract action." (Doc. #7 at 13). Actually, the Michigan Supreme Court held exactly the opposite in that particular case, and the case has no bearing on Grimm's breach of contract claim, in any event. In Rose, the Michigan Supreme Court held that the plaintiffs' breach of fiduciary duty claim failed because they had participated in a real estate shill scheme with the alleged fiduciary and therefore could not have "reasonably reposed faith, confidence, and trust" in that person. Rose, 466 Mich. at 464; id. at 469 ("In allegedly suggesting the shill bidder scheme, defendants did not breach any duty to plaintiffs."). Moreover, because Grimm has not alleged that Defendants breached the contract by fraudulently inducing him to enter into it, Rose is inapplicable to Grimm's case.
Finally, while it may be true that under the terms of the Loan agreement, the lender may not default the borrower when he is compliant with the terms of the agreement, the same cannot be said where he has contravened one of its material terms. (Comp., Ex. 1, Note at ¶6; Mortgage at ¶22).
For his fourth count, Grimm alleges that the Defendants violated the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ("FDCPA"). The FDCPA prohibits debt collectors from engaging "in any conduct the natural consequence of which is to harass, oppress, or abuse any person in connection with the collection of a debt." Montgomery v. Huntington Bank, 346 F.3d 693 (6th Cir. 2003).
Liability under the FDCPA is limited to "debt collectors," defined as:
15 U.S.C. § 1692(a)(6). The FDCPA exempts mortgage service companies, such as Seterus, that manage outstanding debts on behalf of others, "so long as the debts were not in default at the time servicing was assigned." 15 U.S.C. § 1692(a)(6)(F)(iii); see also Barksdale v. Green Tree Servicing LLC, 2014 WL 7205009, at *2-3 (E.D. Mich. Dec. 17, 2014) (emphasis in original) (citing Bridge v. Ocwen Fed. Bank, FSB, 681 F.3d 355, 359 (6th Cir. 2012)); Martin v. Select Portfolio Serving Holding Corp., 2008 WL 618788 at *4 (S.D. Ohio 2008) ("[w]here the debt was assigned for servicing before default of the loan, the assignee is exempt from the [FDCPA] because the assignee becomes a creditor and is collecting its own debt").
Grimm alleges that he first received a notice of default on October 16, 2014. (Comp. ¶11; Ex. 5). Grimm alleges that Seterus was assigned to service the Loan in September 2014. (Id., ¶9; Ex. 3). Other documents in the record show that Fannie Mae purchased the Loan from Chase on October 8, 2014. (Doc. #4-4). Since the complaint clearly alleges that the Defendants acquired (or disposed of) their respective interests in the Loan before Grimm was notified of a default, they are not a "debt collectors" under the FDCPA with respect to Grimm's Loan. (Comp. ¶9, 11). Accordingly, Grimm's FDCPA claim against them should be dismissed.
Despite captioning Count 5 as a claim for violation of the Michigan Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, this claim actually alleges that "Defendants" violated the Michigan Occupational Code ("MOC"), M.C.L. § 339.901 et seq. (Comp. ¶39-41). With respect to this claim, Grimm merely alleges that "Defendants engaged in illegal conduct as above stated." (Id., ¶40). He next alleges that "this conduct was the proximate cause of damages, injuries and losses suffered by Plaintiff as set forth above." (Id., ¶41). This is the entirety of Grimm's allegations, and such naked allegations clearly cannot "survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim." Cheesewright v. Bank of Am., N.A., 2013 WL 639135, at *5 (E.D. Mich. Feb. 21, 2013) (internal citations omitted) (citing Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678).
Grimm's claim also fails on the merits, as he has failed to explain how the MOC applies to Defendants. Like the FDCPA, the MOC does not apply to entities "whose collection activities are confined and are directly related to the operation of a business other than that of a collection agency. . . ." M.C.L. § 339.901(b). The MOC expressly exempts "[a] state or nationally chartered bank when collecting its own claims" from coverage. M.C.L. § 339.901(b)(ii) (emphasis added). As such, "any actions by [Defendants] to foreclose on [Grimm's] residence or to collect outstanding loan payments do not constitute debt collection under the MOC," and this claim should be dismissed. Cheesewright, 2013 WL 639135, at *5.
Grimm's sixth cause of action is for an accounting. (Comp. ¶42-43). Such a claim is "a legal action to compel a defendant to account for and pay over money owed to the plaintiff but held by the defendant," McDerment v. Biltmore Properties, Inc., 2005 WL 3556147, at *10 (Mich. Ct. App. Dec. 29, 2005) (brackets omitted) (citing Black's Law Dictionary (7th ed.)), and only lies when there is a dispute over how much has been paid between the parties. See Boyd v. Nelson Credit Centers, Inc., 132 Mich.App. 774, 779, 348 N.W.2d 25, 27 (1984) (external citation omitted). That is, "an accounting may not be had where the action is for a specific sum due under a contract." Id. Finally, "whether a plaintiff has stated a cause of action for an accounting must be determined from the facts pled in the plaintiff's complaint rather than from the prayer for relief." Id.
Michigan courts construe a claim for an accounting as an independent remedy, hinging upon other causes of action. McDonald v. Green Tree Servicing, LLC, 2014 WL 1260708, at *8 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 27, 2014) (internal citations omitted) (citing Boyd, 132 Mich.App. 774, 779-80 (1984)). Furthermore, an accounting is considered by Michigan courts to be an extraordinary equitable remedy, only available when other legal remedies are demonstrably inadequate. McDonald, 2014 WL at *8 (citing Bradshaw v. Thompson, 454 F.2d 75, 79 (6th Cir.1972)).
In asserting his claim for an accounting, Grimm merely alleges, "Defendants have failed, neglected and refused to account for the payments [he] has made on the Loan." (Comp. ¶43). Grimm has a fundamental misunderstanding of the accounting remedy. Accounting is not an entitlement to financial accounting records per se; rather, accounting is a remedy that stems from a defendant's failure to perform legal obligations, and upon a plaintiff's showing that alternative legal remedies are inadequate to redress such a failure. There must also be a question as to an amount of money due. Boyd, 132 Mich.App. 774, 779 (1984).
Here, there is no dispute that Grimm did not pay his September or October Loan payments on time, which triggered the notice of default. (Comp., Ex. 4, 5). Upon discussions with Seterus, Grimm became aware of the disputed amounts. (Id., Ex. 4). Thus, the fundamental element of a financial discrepancy is absent from Grimm's complaint.
Furthermore, Grimm's own exhibits belie his allegation, and show that once Seterus was assigned to service of the Loan, Seterus provided Grimm (and his counsel) with information regarding his concerns and the servicing of his Loan. (Id., Ex. 7 (Seterus 10/28/14 letter in response to letter from Grimm's counsel, stating "Enclosed is information related to your client's loan") and 8). Grimm does not identify any specific request for information which Seterus refused to comply with. Consequently, he has not satisfied any of the threshold pleading requirements entitling him to an accounting. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678-679.
While Grimm asserts a claim to quiet title, the Sixth Circuit has unequivocally held that "quiet title" is not a claim, but a remedy. Goryoka v. Quicken Loan, Inc., 519 F. App'x 926, 929 (6th Cir. 2013) (holding that district court properly dismissed plaintiff's quiet title count because it is not a cause of action but rather a remedy); see also Berry v. Main St. Bank, 977 F.Supp.2d 766, 776 (E.D. Mich. 2013) (same). The availability of the quiet title remedy hinges upon the success of Grimm's other claims. Where, as here, there is no surviving cause of action, the quiet title remedy is unavailable and should be dismissed. Id.
Count 8 of Grimm's Complaint is for slander of title. Such claims were recognized at common law "as a remedy for malicious publication of false statements that disparage a plaintiff's right in property." B & B Investment Group v. Gitler, 581 N.W.2d 17, 20 (1998) (emphasis added). In Michigan, slander of title claims have both a common-law and statutory origin. Id. To establish either, a plaintiff must show falsity, malice, and special damages. Id.; see also M.C.L.A. § 565.108.
In order to establish slander of title at Michigan common law, "a plaintiff must show . . . that the defendant maliciously published false statements that disparaged a plaintiff's right in property, causing special damages." B & B Investment Group, 581 N.W.2d at 20 (citing Sullivan v. Thomas Organization, PC, 276 N.W.2d 522 (1979) (additional citations omitted). Michigan courts have interpreted "special damages" to include litigation costs, impairment of vendibility, and loss of rent or interest. Id. (additional citations omitted).
Grimm asserts in his claim for slander of title that, due to the Defendants "illegal conduct," they do not have a valid security interest in the Property. (Comp. ¶49). Grimm further alleges that in spite of Defendants' lack of a valid security interest in the Property, they nonetheless caused a Sherriff's sale to take place without proper notice. (Id., ¶49-50). Grimm alleges that, consequently, there is an improper cloud on the Property's title. (Id., ¶51). Grimm alleges that this cloud proximately caused him to suffer unidentified "injuries." (Id., ¶52). Grimm's request for a slander-of-title remedy lack merit.
First, Grimm has not identified a slanderous notice or publication. The only "publication" relied on in the complaint is a "notice of default" letter from Seterus to Grimm. (Id., ¶ 11; Ex. 5). And, as discussed above, such notice was legitimate in light of Grimm's admitted failure to timely pay his September and October 2014 Loan payments. (Id., Ex. 1, 4). In the absence of a slanderous publication, the slander-of-title remedy is inappropriate.
Second, Grimm has not alleged that either Fannie Mae or Seterus maliciously published the allegedly false statements, as required by Michigan courts in slander of title claims. Importantly, "for purposes of a slander of title claim, malice may not be inferred merely from the filing of an invalid lien; the plaintiff must show that the defendant knowingly filed an invalid lien with the intent to cause the plaintiff injury." Wells Fargo Bank v. Country Place Condominium Ass'n., 848 N.W.2d 425 (2014).
Finally, in his complaint, Grimm merely states that Defendants' "illegal conduct" "was the proximate cause of damages, injuries and losses suffered by [him]." (Comp. ¶52). Such a superficial and conclusory statement does not amount to a factually supported allegation of slander of title; Grimm has neither alleged that any false publications by Defendants resulted in injury to his property rights, nor that such publications have resulted in special damages. Both allegations are indispensable to a slander of title claim. B & B Investment Group, 581 N.W.2d at 20 (additional citations omitted). As such, Grimm has not adequately alleged that the slander-oftitle damages remedy is warranted, and this claim should be dismissed.
Grimm's final claim is a request for injunctive relief. The issuance of a preliminary injunction is governed by Fed. R. Civ. P. 65. Injunctive relief is "an extraordinary remedy that should issue only when justice requires." Ramanauskas v. Blue Horseshoe Holding Co., 2015 WL 2329082, at *1 (Mich. Ct. App. May 14, 2015); see also Pontiac Fire Fighters Union Local 376 v. Pontiac, 753 N.W.2d 595 (2008). "A preliminary injunction is the strong arm of equity which should not be extended to cases that are doubtful or do not come within well-established principles of law." United States v. Michigan, 230 F.R.D. 492, 494 (E.D. Mich. 2005) (citing Am. Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky v. McCreary County, 354 F.3d 438 (6th Cir.2003)) (additional citation omitted).
Federal district courts have developed four factors in analyzing a preliminary injunction request: "(1) whether the plaintiff has a strong likelihood of succeeding on the merits; (2) whether the plaintiff will suffer irreparable injury absent the injunction; (3) whether issuing the injunction will cause substantial harm to others; and (4) whether the public interest will be furthered by the issuance of the injunction. Gonzales v. Nat'l Bd. of Med. Examiners, 225 F.3d 620, 625 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing Michigan State AFL-CIO v. Miller, 103 F.3d 1240, 1249 (6th Cir.1997)). Michigan courts embrace a near-identical approach. See, e.g., Davis v. City of Detroit Fin. Review Team, 821 N.W.2d 896, 918 (2012) (string citations omitted).
Although no one factor is controlling, "a finding that there is simply no likelihood of success on the merits is usually fatal." Gonzales, 225 F.3d at 625. The movant must show irreparable injury — harm compensable by money damages does not warrant injunctive relief. Michigan, 230 F.R.D. at 494. The Sixth Circuit has made clear that the proof required to obtain a preliminary injunction exceeds that required to survive a summary judgment motion. Id. (citing Leary v. Daeschner, 228 F.3d 729, 739 (6th Cir.2000)).
Here, for the reasons discussed above, Grimm's underlying causes of action fail to plead claims on which relief may be granted. He therefore cannot show entitlement to injunctive relief, which "is an equitable remedy, not an independent cause of action." Terlecki v. Stewart, 278 Mich.App. 644, 663 (2008).
For the foregoing reasons,
Within 14 days after being served with a copy of this Report and Recommendation and Order, any party may serve and file specific written objections to the proposed findings and recommendations and the order set forth above. See 28 U.S.C. §636(b)(1); Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(2); E.D. Mich. LR 72.1(d)(1). Failure to timely file objections constitutes a waiver of any further right of appeal. See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, (1985); United States v. Sullivan, 431 F.3d 976, 984 (6th Cir. 2005). Only specific objections to this Report and Recommendation will be preserved for the Court's appellate review; raising some objections but not others will not preserve all objections a party may have. See Smith v. Detroit Fed'n of Teachers Local 231, 829 F.2d 1370, 1373 (6th Cir. 1987); see also Frontier Ins. Co. v. Blaty, 454 F.3d 590, 596-97 (6th Cir. 2006). Copies of any objections must be served upon the Magistrate Judge. See E.D. Mich. LR 72.1(d)(2).
A party may respond to another party's objections within 14 days after being served with a copy. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(2); 28 U.S.C. §636(b)(1). Any such response should be concise, and should address specifically, and in the same order raised, each issue presented in the objections.
