CARLTON, J., for the Court:
¶ 1. This appeal stems from the Tallahatchie County Circuit Court's order striking Anthony Laws's expert witness and then later granting Louisville Ladder Inc.'s motion for summary judgment. Laws appeals, arguing that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 37 sanctions by arbitrarily striking Laws's expert witness, and that the trial court further erred in granting the motion to dismiss based on the exclusion of Laws's expert witness.
¶ 2. Upon appellate review, we find that the trial court indeed abused its discretion by imposing discovery sanctions upon Laws arbitrarily, since the record reflects Laws and his expert witness complied with the subpoena duces tecum actually served by Louisville Ladder. Upon finding that the trial court abused its discretion and erred in the arbitrary imposition of sanctions by the exclusion of Laws's expert witness, we reverse the trial court's grant
¶ 3. On April 7, 2010, Laws filed suit against Louisville Ladder
¶ 4. On June 12, 2012,
The record shows that Louisville Ladder sent Dr. Forbes a subpoena duces tecum and a notice for that deposition, but failed to subpoena Dr. Forbes himself to appear and testify at the deposition.
¶ 5. Meanwhile, Laws's counsel then requested to depose Louisville Ladder's Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 30(b)(6) corporate representative, stating that Dr. Forbes would not appear for his scheduled deposition on September 27, 2012, because Laws's counsel had not yet had the opportunity to depose Louisville Ladder's corporate representative. Louisville Ladder objected, explaining that per the scheduling order, all discovery had to be completed by September 28, 2012, and the deadline for filing dispositive motions was October 30, 2012. Laws claims that Dr. Forbes needed to review the corporate-representative deposition, as well as other production documentation, prior to testifying in his deposition. Laws argues that Louisville Ladder
¶ 6. Laws claims that on September 20, 2012, the parties agreed to extend the discovery deadline to November 15, 2012, and the record contains emails from both parties reflecting such an agreement. However, Louisville Ladder states that while the parties discussed a discovery continuance, no agreement was ever reached. The pretrial discovery schedule and order provided that the deadlines could be amended by the parties or by the court. A review of the record reflects the following text in an email from counsel for Louisville Ladder to counsel for Laws: "I suggest that we extend discovery to Nov[ember] 15, 2012. However, the motion deadline is still [October 30, 2012], which only the court can extend. Thus, my motions need to be filed by that date."
¶ 7. However, on October 1, 2012, Louisville Ladder filed a motion to dismiss, or alternatively, for sanctions, arguing the following: that Laws refused to produce his expert for a deposition on September 27, 2012, in a timely manner; that Laws and Dr. Forbes ignored the notice of deposition and subpoena duces tecum issued to Dr. Forbes in connection with the notice of deposition scheduled for September 27, 2012; that Laws failed to file a motion to quash the deposition and subpoena as required by Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure 26(d) and 45(d); and that no rules or caselaw support Laws's assertion that a defendant may cancel a scheduled expert's deposition so that the plaintiff can depose a fact witness. Louisville Ladder asserted that Laws's actions severely prejudiced its ability to prepare its defense.
¶ 8. On December 3, 2012, the trial court denied Louisville Ladder's motion to dismiss, but as a sanction under Rule 37(a) for failing to produce Dr. Forbes at the September 27, 2012 deposition, the trial court entered an order striking Laws's expert, Dr. Forbes. The original discovery deadline of September 28, 2012, expired, and upon the trial court's exclusion of his expert, Dr. Forbes, Laws then possessed no expert liability witness for trial. Laws filed a petition for an interlocutory appeal and a motion to stay the proceedings in the Mississippi Supreme Court, requesting that the supreme court reverse the trial court's order excluding Dr. Forbes and continue or stay the trial date. On January 16, 2013, the supreme court entered an order denying the petition and motion.
¶ 9. On January 18, 2013, Laws filed a motion to continue in the trial court, seeking additional time to retain a new expert. On February 7, 2013, the trial court entered an order denying Laws's motion to continue the trial date. The trial court also granted Louisville Ladder's motion for summary judgment, explaining that Laws "cannot prove that the subject ladder was defective without an expert liability witness."
¶ 10. Laws now appeals.
¶ 11. The trial court possesses considerable discretion in the imposition of sanctions. Cunningham v. Mitchell, 549 So.2d 955, 958 (Miss.1989). A trial court also possesses considerable discretion when ruling on discovery matters. Douglas v. Burley, 134 So.3d 692, 697 (¶ 13) (Miss.2012). This Court reviews a trial judge's decision to impose sanctions for discovery abuses under an abuse-of-discretion
¶ 12. When reviewing the grant of summary judgment, this Court utilizes a de novo standard of review. Webb v. Imperial Palace of Miss., LLC, 76 So.3d 759, 759-60 (¶ 3) (Miss.Ct.App.2011) (citing Anglado v. Leaf River Forest Prods., 716 So.2d 543, 547 (¶ 13) (Miss.1998)). Summary judgment must be granted "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Id. at 760 (¶ 3) (quoting M.R.C.P. 56(c)). "This Court will consider all of the evidence before the [trial] court in the light most favorable to the non-moving party." Id. (citing Palmer v. Anderson Infirmary Benevolent Ass'n, 656 So.2d 790, 794 (Miss. 1995)).
¶ 13. Laws argues that the trial court erred in awarding Rule 37 sanctions. Laws asserts that he violated no court order or any discovery rules. Laws claims that the trial court awarded the sanctions based on misrepresentations made by Louisville Ladder.
¶ 14. As stated, on appeal, we review a trial court's imposition of sanctions for discovery violations under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Ladner, 436 So.2d at 1371. In assessing the trial court's exercise of discretion, we first inquire whether the trial court applied the correct legal standard.
¶ 15. In the present case, the trial court granted Louisville Ladder's motion to dismiss in part, and denied it in part. The trial court granted Louisville Ladder's motion requesting Rule 37 sanctions and struck Laws's expert, Dr. Forbes. However, the trial court initially declined to grant the motion to dismiss the case, explaining that dismissal "is too extreme of a sanction in this matter." The trial court later dismissed the case due to Laws's lack of an expert witness to establish liability. However, Laws's argument on appeal addresses not only the severity of the sanction, but also attacks the factual basis of the sanction.
¶ 16. We acknowledge precedent establishing the exclusion of evidence and dismissal as harsh sanctions not to be imposed lightly or without a sufficient factual basis showing a clear violation and willfulness. See Bowie v. Montfort Jones Mem'l Hosp., 861 So.2d 1037, 1041-42 (¶¶ 12-13) (Miss.2003); see also Ross v. State, 954 So.2d 968, 1000 (¶ 65) (Miss.2007). As stated, Laws claims that he never violated a court order nor violated any discovery rule. With respect to Laws's claim, the record reflects that Laws's expert, Dr. Forbes, provided the documents and record requested by the subpoena duces tecum issued by Louisville Ladder. In reviewing Laws's claim of compliance with the subpoena duces tecum at issue, we acknowledge that Dr. Forbes constituted a nonparty expert witness, and as such, his attendance at the deposition to appear and
¶ 17. Laws also asserts that he made Dr. Forbes personally available for a deposition within the extended discovery deadline, and Laws states that he was not to blame for the deposition-scheduling conflict. Laws argues that Louisville Ladder raised numerous false claims to the trial court, and the trial court erroneously based its findings on these misrepresentations, including the following: that Louisville Ladder issued a subpoena to depose Dr. Forbes, when it had not; that Laws failed to produce documents in compliance with Dr. Forbes's subpoena duces tecum; that the parties never agreed to extend the discovery deadline; and that the Mississippi Supreme Court had affirmed the trial judge's decision in awarding sanctions on interlocutory appeal.
¶ 18. At the core of his argument on appeal, Laws states that Louisville Ladder failed to properly subpoena Dr. Forbes to personally appear and to testify at the deposition at issue. Laws provides that Louisville Ladder filed a subpoena duces tecum, which only required Dr. Forbes to produce documents relating to Laws's case. Laws asserts that since Louisville Ladder failed to subpoena Dr. Forbes to appear in person and testify at the deposition, then the trial court's sanction lacked a factual basis. Laws argues that he complied with the subpoena duces tecum that Louisville Ladder served. Laws also asserts that Louisville Ladder failed to seek an order from the trial court compelling discovery, and as a result, the trial court's award of Rule 37 sanctions was improper. See Caracci v. Int'l Paper Co., 699 So.2d 546, 557 (Miss.1997).
¶ 19. Without addressing the subpoena actually served, Louisville Ladder refutes Laws's assertion that a court order compelling discovery was needed before seeking sanctions against Laws, citing Kilpatrick v. Mississippi Baptist Medical Center, 461 So.2d 765, 767 (Miss.1984), where the supreme court held that "[u]nder the inherent power of courts to protect the integrity of their process, courts may impose sanctions without a court order." However, we acknowledge that the imposition of sanctions for a discovery violation requires some noncompliance or failure to cooperate in discovery. See generally Pierce v. Heritage Props., Inc., 688 So.2d 1385, 1388 (Miss.1997). The flaw in Louisville Ladder's argument and the sanction by the trial court pertains to the lack of a subpoena requiring Dr. Forbes to personally appear and testify at the deposition in dispute. The trial court erred by imposing sanctions upon Laws for failing to produce a nonparty witness where no subpoena was issued for this witness to appear and testify. Stated otherwise, Louisville Ladder failed to actually subpoena this nonparty witness to personally appear and testify at the deposition. See M.R.C.P. 45.
¶ 20. A review of the record reflects that Louisville Ladder served a subpoena duces tecum upon Laws, and not a subpoena ad testificandum requiring Dr. Forbes's personal presence at a deposition or hearing.
¶ 21. The imposition of sanctions for a discovery violation requires a determination of whether a failure to comply or lack of cooperation exists. See Hapgood v. Biloxi Reg'l Med. Ctr., 540 So.2d 630, 633 (Miss.1989) (reversed sanction since trial court ordered appellant to produce original diaries but appellant no longer possessed originals, just copies); Harvey v. Stone Cnty. Sch. Dist., 862 So.2d 545, 549 (¶ 10) (Miss.Ct.App.2003) (This Court reversed a dismissal based on discovery violations because the record failed to show that the pro se appellant repeatedly disregarded procedural directives of the court.).
¶ 22. A close examination of the subpoena duces tecum in this case shows Louisville Ladder summoned Dr. Forbes to do the following:
As explained, a subpoena duces tecum only requires the production of documents, and imposes no requirement for the witness to deliver the documents personally. The subpoena duces tecum served upon Dr. Forbes allowed for Dr. Forbes to either hand-deliver or mail the documents. The record reflects that Laws and Dr. Forbes complied with the subpoena duces tecum by providing the documents subject to that subpoena in accordance with the date and time required. Therefore, the trial court erred in finding that Laws failed to comply or cooperate in the deposition of Dr. Forbes, and thus the trial court arbitrarily imposed sanctions on Laws. See Miss. Code Ann. § 11-1-51; Philley v. Toler, 239 Miss. 347, 359, 123 So.2d 223, 227-28 (1960).
¶ 23. Additionally, the record reflects that the trial court entered an amended scheduling order on June 12, 2012, which provided that the discovery deadlines contained in the scheduling order "may be supplemented, amended, or extended by agreement of the parties or permission of the [c]ourt upon the showing of reasonable cause." (Emphasis added). The record also contains email correspondence between the attorneys for both parties, which reflects on its face their agreement to extend the discovery deadline to November 15, 2012.
¶ 24. The record shows that Laws agreed to produce Dr. Forbes to appear and to testify at a deposition within this extended discovery deadline of November 15, 2012; however, Louisville Ladder failed to subpoena Dr. Forbes to appear and to testify at a deposition even during the extended discovery period. Louisville Ladder instead filed a motion to dismiss and for sanctions on October 1, 2012, upon expiration of the original September 28, 2012 discovery deadline. A review of the record fails to show a willful or intentional failure to cooperate with discovery by Laws.
¶ 25. With respect to the discovery scheduling order, we acknowledge that the Mississippi Supreme Court has established that upon review, prior discovery orders of the trial court remain in place. Douglas, 134 So.3d at 697 (¶ 14). To prevent confusion and potential conflict, upon remand,
¶ 26. Laws also asserts that the trial court erred in denying Laws's motion to continue to the trial and that the trial court erred in granting Louisville Ladder's motion for summary judgment based on the exclusion of his expert.
¶ 27. On October 29, 2012, Louisville Ladder filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that Laws lacked the ability to prove the required elements of his products-liability claim because, among other things, Laws could not provide expert testimony to establish that the warnings on the ladder were inadequate. On February 28, 2013, the trial court granted the motion for summary judgment, stating: "The court finds that [Laws] cannot prove that the subject ladder was defective without an expert liability witness."
¶ 28. As discussed previously, the record reflects that the trial court abused its discretion by arbitrarily imposing sanctions upon Laws for failing to produce Dr. Forbes at the September 27, 2012 deposition, since Louisville Ladder failed to require the personal presence of this nonparty witness for testimony by proper subpoena.
¶ 29.
LEE, C.J., IRVING AND GRIFFIS, P.JJ., BARNES, ISHEE, ROBERTS, MAXWELL AND FAIR, JJ., CONCUR. JAMES, J., CONCURS IN PART AND IN THE RESULT WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION.