U NITED S TATES N AVY –M ARINE C ORPS
              C OURT OF C RIMINAL A PPEALS
                         _________________________

                             No. 201600438
                         _________________________

                  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                                  Appellee
                                      v.

                        HOWARD P. THOMAS
      Aviation Electrician’s Mate Second Class (E-5), U.S. Navy
                              Appellant
                       _________________________

 Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary

       Military Judge: Captain Ann K. Minami, JAGC, USN.
Convening Authority: Commanding Officer, Fleet Readiness Center
 Northwest, Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, Oak Harbor, WA.
Staff Judge Advocate’s Recommendation: Lieutenant Tadd C. Blair,
                            JAGC, USN
    For Appellant: Lieutenant R. Andrew Austria, JAGC, USN.
 For Appellee: Commander James E. Carsten, JAGC, USN; Major
                      Kelli A. O’Neil, USMC.
                     _________________________

                         Decided 31 October 2017
                         _________________________

 Before H UTCHISON , P RICE , and S AYEGH , Appellate Military Judges
                        _________________________

This opinion does not serve as binding precedent, but may be cited
as persuasive authority under NMCCA Rule of Practice and
Procedure 18.2.
                       _________________________


   PER CURIAM:
   A military judge sitting as a special court-martial convicted the appellant,
pursuant to his pleas, of two specifications of assault consummated by a
battery in violation of Article 128, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ),
10 U.S.C. § 928 (2012). The military judge sentenced the appellant to eight
                        United States v. Thomas, No. 201600438


months’ confinement, reduction to pay grade E-1, and a bad-conduct
discharge. In accordance with a pretrial agreement, the convening authority
(CA) approved the sentence as adjudged but suspended the punitive
discharge and confinement in excess of 45 days.
    In a single assignment of error, the appellant asserts that the military
judge abused her discretion when she admitted evidence during
presentencing that was not directly related to the offenses to which the
appellant pleaded guilty.1 After reviewing the record of trial and the parties’
submissions, we find no error materially prejudicial to the substantial rights
of the appellant and affirm. Arts. 59(a), 66(c), UCMJ.
                                   I. BACKGROUND
    While deployed to Misawa Air Base, Japan, the appellant, Aviation
Electrician’s Mate Third Class (AE3) SM, Aviation Electronics Technician
Third Class (AT3) MM, and other members of the appellant’s work center
were socializing near the smoke pit outside of the enlisted barracks. As AE3
SM and AT3 MM were leaving the smoke pit together, the appellant gave
AT3 MM a hug. While hugging her, he reached with his left hand and
grabbed the breast of AE3 SM, who was standing next to AT3 MM. After he
finished hugging AT3 MM, the appellant then stepped back and grabbed her
breast.
   During presentencing, the trial counsel (TC) asked AE3 SM if she had
ever had any issues or problems working with or being supervised by the
appellant. She answered that he had previously made her “feel highly
uncomfortable.”2 The trial defense counsel objected, alleging the response was
improper evidence in aggravation. The TC argued that AE3 SM’s response
was proper aggravation because it showed a continuous course of conduct.
The military judge (MJ) overruled the objection and AE3 SM went on to
explain that she felt “highly uncomfortable being anywhere alone with him,”
because “[t]here was a lot of unwanted touching in the form of shoulder
massages and just comments that [she] did not feel comfortable with.”3
                                   II. DISCUSSION
   We review a military judge’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an
abuse of discretion. United States v. McDonald, 

, 430 (C.A.A.F.
2004) (citing United States v. Tanksley, 

, 175 (C.A.A.F. 2000)).
“The abuse of discretion standard is a strict one, calling for more than a mere


   1   Raised pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 

(C.M.A. 1982).
   2   Record at 164.
   3   

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difference of opinion.” United States v. White, 

, 239 (C.A.A.F.
2010) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). In determining
whether a judge has abused her discretion regarding the admission of
evidence, the military judge’s decision will stand unless the challenged action
is “arbitrary, fanciful, clearly unreasonable, or clearly erroneous.” 

internal quotation marks omitted).
    RULE FOR COURTS-MARTIAL (R.C.M.) 1001(b)(4), MANUAL FOR COURTS-
MARTIAL, UNITED STATES (2016 ed.) provides that “trial counsel may present
evidence as to any aggravating circumstances directly relating to or resulting
from the offenses of which the accused has been found guilty.” Additionally,
“when uncharged misconduct is part of a continuous course of conduct
involving similar crimes and the same victims, it is encompassed within the
language ‘directly relating to or resulting from the offenses of which the
accused has been found guilty’ under RCM 1001(b)(4).” United States v.
Nourse, 

, 232 (C.A.A.F. 2001). In Nourse, the Court of Appeals for
the Armed Forces concluded that evidence of the appellant’s uncharged
larcenies from the same victim in the same place was admissible because it
was directly related to the charged offenses as part of a continuing scheme to
steal from a single victim. 

see also United States v. Mullens, 

, 400 (C.M.A. 1990) (holding that evidence of uncharged indecent
liberties the appellant took with his children at a prior duty station years
prior to the charged misconduct was admissible under R.C.M. 1001(b)(4) for
convictions of sodomy and indecent acts with his children); United States v.
Bullard, No. 201600122, 2016 CCA LEXIS 558, at *3-4 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App.
22 Sep 2016) (holding that an uncharged battery upon the same child victim
that occurred the same week and was similar to the physically abusive
conduct in the two pled battery offenses was admissible as aggravation
evidence).
   Here the evidence of prior unwanted touching—shoulder massages—is
similar to the offenses charged and involves one of the victims of an offense to
which the appellant pleaded guilty. This testimony puts the offense regarding
AE3 SM in context and provides evidence of the appellant’s “continuous
course of conduct involving the same or similar crimes, the same victim[], and
a similar situs within the military community.” 

.
Consequently, the evidence is directly related to the offense.
    However, sentencing evidence is also subject to MILITARY RULE OF
EVIDENCE (MIL. R. EVID.) 403, MANUAL FOR COURTS-MARTIAL, UNITED
STATES (2016 ed.). United States v. Manns, 

, 166 (C.A.A.F. 2000).
If the military judge conducts a proper balancing test under MIL. R. EVID.
403, the “ruling will not be overturned unless there is a ‘clear abuse of
discretion.’” 

States v. Ruppel, 

, 250 (C.A.A.F.


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1998)). We give less deference to the military judge if she fails to articulate
her MIL. R. EVID. 403 balancing analysis on the record, and no deference if
she fails to conduct it all. 

. Because the military judge
here did not conduct a MIL. R. EVID. 403 balancing on the record, we examine
the record ourselves. 

that the probative value of the evidence is not “substantially
outweighed” by the danger of “unfair prejudice.” MIL. R. EVID. 403. AE3 SM’s
testimony regarding her feelings and the appellant’s previous “unwanted
touching[,]” was probative of the extent of the harm suffered by AE3 SM, and
not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. The evidence
was limited to a single statement, and the appellant chose to be sentenced by
a military judge, where “the potential for unfair prejudice was substantially
less than it would be in a trial with members.” 

. We are
confident the military judge was “able to sort through the evidence, weigh it,
and give it [the] appropriate weight.” 

, therefore, that the military judge did not abuse her
discretion in admitting AE3 SM’s challenged testimony.
    Even assuming error in admitting AE3 SM’s testimony, the appellant is
only entitled to relief if he can demonstrate that the error materially
prejudiced his substantial rights. Art. 59(a), UCMJ. As the sentencing
authority, military judges are “presumed to know the law and follow it absent
clear evidence to the contrary.” United States v. Erickson, 

, 225
(C.A.A.F. 2007) (citing United States v. Mason, 

, 484 (C.A.A.F.
1997)). Despite the appellant’s assertions, there is no indication that the
military judge gave undue weight to AE3 SM’s testimony regarding the
appellant’s prior conduct. Indeed, the record contains significant additional
evidence in aggravation, including the remainder of AE3 SM’s testimony,
where she described the effect that the appellant’s assault had on her
relationship with her spouse, how she became depressed, and felt “paranoid;”
how she would not answer her phone or door and “would be looking over [her]
shoulder all the time[.]”4
   Under these circumstances, we are confident that even if admitting the
challenged testimony was error, the error did not substantially influence the
adjudged sentence, or materially prejudice the appellant. See United States v.
Griggs, 

, 410 (C.A.A.F. 2005).




   4   

See also Prosecution Exhibit 4 (AT3 MM’s written statement).


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                          III. CONCLUSION
The findings and sentence, as approved by the CA, are affirmed.
                                  For the Court




                                  R.H. TROIDL
                                  Clerk of Court




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