GLORIA M. NAVARRO, Chief Judge.
Pending before the Court is the Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (ECF No. 412) filed by Plaintiff Aevoe Corp. ("Plaintiff"). Defendants AE Tech Co., Ltd., Greatshield Inc., and S & F Corporation (collectively, "Defendants") filed a Response (ECF No. 445) and Plaintiff filed a Reply (ECF No. 470).
Plaintiff Aevoe Corp. ("Plaintiff") is the sole owner of United States Patent No. 8,044,942 ("the '942 Patent") entitled "Touch Screen Protector." (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 13-14, ECF No. 44.) Plaintiff is a California corporation (Oh Decl. Ex. 1, ECF No. 367-1) that markets and sells products embodying the '942 Patent throughout the United States. The invention of the '942 Patent relates to a touch screen protector for hand-held electronic devices. U.S. Patent No. 8,044,942, at [57] (filed June 14, 2011). Specifically, the '942 Patent discloses a touch screen protector that does not physically contact the touch screen portion of the device. Id. Additionally, the touch screen protector disclosed in the '942 Patent is "easily attached and removed" from the hand held device. '942 Patent, col. 1, ll. 10-13.
In this action, Plaintiff alleges that three defendants, AE Tech, Greatshield, and S & F Corporation, have directly infringed the '942 Patent. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 7-12, 36; Oh Decl. Ex. 2, ECF No. 324-3.) Neither party disputes that Defendant AE Tech "made and sold touch screen protectors under the Acase name" and that these products were sold for Apple iPhone 4 and Apple iPad 2 devices. (Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. 5:7-11, ECF No. 412 (citations omitted)). In addition, neither party disputes that "AE Tech also sold these same touch screen protectors under the Greatshield EZseal name to S & F Corporation and Greatshield" and that Defendants sold these products for Apple iPhone 4, Apple iPad 2, and Amazon Kindle Fire devices.
Subsequently, after the Court enjoined the sale of the Original Products, Defendants began selling "redesigned" versions of the Original Products ("Redesigned Products"). (See generally Order Grant'g Pl.'s Mot. for Order to Show Cause, ECF No. 65.) The Court later determined that the sale of these Redesigned Products constituted a violation of the Preliminary Injunction. (See id.) Plaintiff asserts, and Defendants do not dispute, that the sole distinction between the Original Products and the Redesigned Products is the presence
Based on the Court's construction of the disputed claim terms (see May 14, 2013 Order, ECF No. 287, 2013 WL 2095949) and the discovery conducted in this case, Plaintiff now requests that the Court enter summary judgment of infringement, no invalidity, and the amount of damages to which Plaintiff is entitled for the alleged infringement. As discussed below, the Court finds that Plaintiff's Motion should be GRANTED on the issue of infringement based on a comparison of the construed claims of the '942 Patent with the accused product, the report of Plaintiff's expert, Dr. Kazmer, and Defendants' failure to provide any competent evidence to rebut Plaintiff's initial showing of infringement. The Court further concludes that Plaintiff's Motion should be GRANTED on the issue of validity because Defendants have failed to provide sufficient evidence from which the Court can conclude that Defendants are able to carry their burden of establishing invalidity by clear and convincing evidence. Finally, the Court DENIES Plaintiff's Motion on the issue of the amount of damages because genuine issues of material fact remain for the jury to determine.
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide for summary adjudication when the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that "there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(a). Material facts are those that may affect the outcome of the case. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A dispute as to a material fact is genuine if there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the nonmoving party. See id. "Summary judgment is inappropriate if reasonable jurors, drawing all inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, could return a verdict in the nonmoving party's favor." Diaz v. Eagle Produce Ltd. P'ship, 521 F.3d 1201, 1207 (9th Cir.2008) (citing United States v. Shumway, 199 F.3d 1093, 1103-04 (9th Cir.1999)). A principal purpose of summary judgment is "to isolate and dispose of factually unsupported claims." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-24, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).
In determining summary judgment, a court applies a burden-shifting analysis. "When the party moving for summary judgment would bear the burden of proof at trial, it must come forward with evidence which would entitle it to a directed verdict if the evidence went uncontroverted at trial. In such a case, the moving party has the initial burden of establishing the absence of a genuine issue of fact on each issue material to its case." C.A.R. Transp. Brokerage Co. v. Darden Rests., Inc., 213 F.3d 474, 480 (9th Cir.2000) (citations omitted). In contrast, when the nonmoving party bears the burden of proving the claim or defense, the moving party can meet its burden in two ways: (1) by presenting evidence to negate an essential element of the nonmoving party's case; or (2) by demonstrating that the nonmoving party failed to make a showing sufficient to establish an element essential to that party's case on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. See Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323-24, 106 S.Ct. 2548. If the moving party fails to meet its initial burden, summary judgment must be denied and the court need not consider the nonmoving party's evidence. See Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 159-60, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970).
At summary judgment, a court's function is not to weigh the evidence and determine the truth but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505. The evidence of the nonmovant is "to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor." Id. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505. But if the evidence of the nonmoving party is merely colorable or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted. See id. at 249-50, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
Having previously construed the disputed claim terms of the '942 Patent, the Court now must address the second step in the infringement analysis: the comparison of the construed claims to the allegedly infringing device. Cybor Corp. v. FAS Techs., Inc., 138 F.3d 1448, 1454 (Fed.Cir. 1998).
To succeed on its claim of patent infringement, Plaintiff must carry its burden of establishing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the accused products either literally infringe the claims of the '942 Patent or infringe the claims of the '942 Patent under the doctrine of equivalents. The allegedly infringing products at issue in this case include AE Tech's Acase Aplus products for Apple iPhone 4 and Apple iPad 2 devices and Greatshield EZSeal product for Apple iPhone 4, Apple iPad 2, and Amazon Kindle Fire devices (collectively, "Original Products"). (Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. 5:7-14, ECF No. 412.) In addition, Plaintiff asserts that Defendants' redesigned Greatshield EZSeal and the redesigned AE Tech Acase Aplus products (collectively, "Redesigned Products") also infringe the '942 Patent. (Id. at 10:1-6; see generally Order Grant'g Pl.'s Mot. for Order to Show Cause, ECF No. 65.)
Plaintiff now asserts that summary judgment of literal infringement is appropriate on the Original Products and the Redesigned Products. Plaintiff also argues that, if the Court finds that summary judgment of literal infringement is not appropriate on the Redesigned Products, that summary judgment of infringement is still appropriate under the doctrine of equivalents. Because Plaintiff would bear the burden of proof of trial, Plaintiff must come forward with evidence that would entitle it to a directed verdict of infringement if the evidence went uncontroverted at trial; Plaintiff "has the initial burden of
Plaintiff first asserts that the Original Products literally infringe the Asserted Claims. (Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. 16:21-23.) "To prove literal infringement, the patentee must show that the accused device contains every limitation in the asserted claims. If even one limitation is missing or not met as claimed, there is no literal infringement." Mas-Hamilton Grp. v. LaGard, Inc., 156 F.3d 1206, 1211 (Fed.Cir.1998) (citation omitted). Here, Plaintiff has carried its initial burden by providing an expert report by Plaintiff's expert, Dr. Kazmer, and providing a descriptive claim chart that lists the limitations in the asserted claims and where each of those limitations is found in the Original Products. (Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. 5:17-9:27.) For example, Claim 1 recites:
'942 Patent col. 8, ll. 28-48. The detailed comparisons in Dr. Kazmer's Report and in Plaintiff's claim chart provide sufficient evidence to shift the burden from Plaintiff to Defendants to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact as to infringement of any of the asserted claims.
Defendants attempt to carry this burden by asserting that summary judgment of literal infringement is improper because one of the limitations in claim 1 of the '942 Patent is absent from the Original Products. (Defs.' Resp. 5:22-7:12, ECF No. 445.) See also Mas-Hamilton Grp., 156 F.3d at 1211 ("If even one [claim] limitation is missing [from the allegedly infringing product] ..., there is no literal infringement."). Specifically, Defendants argue that the Original Products do not form an "enclosed airspace," as required by the claims of the '942 Patent. See, e.g., '942 Patent col. 8, ll. 39-44. However, Defendants' rely exclusively on arguments of counsel for this position without pointing to any admissible evidence that supports this theory. In contrast, Plaintiff provided a thorough comparison of the products and also cited to the supporting report of Dr. Kazmer, which concludes that the Original Products form an "enclosed air space" as claimed in the '942 Patent. Specifically,
Plaintiff also contends that there are no remaining issues of fact that preclude summary judgment on Plaintiff's claim that Defendants' Redesigned Products also infringe the Asserted Claims. Plaintiff asserts, and Defendants do not dispute, that the sole distinction between the Original Products and the Redesigned Products is the presence of an "S-channel" through the adhesive. Plaintiff first argues that it is entitled to summary judgment of infringement because the Redesigned Products literally infringe the Asserted Claims. Alternatively, Plaintiff argues that the Redesigned Products infringe under the doctrine of equivalents. The Court cannot agree with Plaintiff that there are no genuine issues of material fact as to whether the Redesigned Products literally infringe the Asserted Claims. Specifically, a reasonable juror could determine that the Redesigned Products lacks an element that literally corresponds to the requirement that the spacer "continuously surround[s] the transparent window," as required by the Asserted Claims, because the small, "S-channel" of the Redesigned Products is too substantial of an interruption in the spacer. Although Plaintiff asserts that the S-channel interrupts only the adhesive, and not the spacer, the Court finds that a reasonable juror could disagree. Nevertheless, the Court still finds that Plaintiff has carried its initial burden of demonstrating that the Redesigned Products infringe the Asserted Claims under the doctrine of equivalents.
"A device that does not literally infringe a claim may nonetheless infringe under the doctrine of equivalents if every element in the claim is literally or equivalently present in the accused device." Sage Prods., Inc. v. Devon Indus., Inc.,
Because the presence of the "S-channel" is the only difference between the Original Products and the Redesigned Products, the Court need only discuss whether this alteration affects Plaintiff's infringement claim. The Court has previously recognized that a reasonable juror could determine that the "S-channel" interrupts the spacer. The Court further acknowledges that, according to the claims of the '942 Patent, the spacer must "continuously surround" the transparent window. Thus, Plaintiff is entitled to summary judgment of infringement under the doctrine of equivalents only if a spacer with an S-channel is an insubstantial difference from a spacer that continuously surrounds the transparent window. However, even to the extent the "S-channel" constitutes a "break" in the continuously surrounding spacer incorporated in the Redesigned Products, this spacer plays an identical "role" to the spacer claimed in the '942 Patent; the spacer of the Redesigned Products with the "S-channel" still acts to separate the plastic film from the touch screen portion of a touch screen device. See Warner-Jenkinson, 520 U.S. at 40, 117 S.Ct. 1040 (concluding that one of the touchstones of the equivalents inquiry is "whether the substitute element plays a role substantially different from the claimed element"). Furthermore, Dr. Kazmer's report discusses, in detail, how the Schannel has no effect on the "continuously surrounding" spacer in "1) visual aesthetics, 2) screen protection, 3) adhesion, 4) spacing between the transparent window and touch screen, and 5) provision of an enclosed air space." (Kazmer Report ¶ 48, ECF No. 422-1; see generally ¶¶ 49-58.) Based on Dr. Kazmer's Report, Plaintiff has submitted sufficient evidence that the addition of an S-channel in the spacer or adhesive is an insubstantial difference.
Put differently, even if the S-channel was determined to affect the spacer, Plaintiff has carried its burden of establishing that the spacer, nevertheless, performs substantially the same function, in substantially the same way, with substantially the same result. See Charles Mach. Works, 723 F.3d at 1380. Specifically, neither party disputes that the spacer functions to elevate the transparent window and prevent the transparent window from contacting the touch screen portion of the device. Similarly, neither party disputes that the spacer in the Redesigned Products, as in the '942 Patent, allows the touch screen protector to serve its protective
Defendants recognize that the spacer in their Redesigned Products accomplishes this function by being attached to the underside of the outer perimeter of the plastic film and then being mounted on the outer perimeter of the device. However, Defendants essentially assert that the "S-channel" prevents the spacer from "continuously surrounding the transparent window" and that, as such, the spacer accomplishes the elevation function in a substantially different way. The Court disagrees. The difference between the Redesigned Products and the spacer claimed in the '942 Patent is not sufficiently substantial to avoid infringement. Furthermore, Defendants have provided no evidence that the S-Channel has any effect on the function of the spacer.
Defendants make three additional arguments in an attempt to overcome Plaintiff's evidence. First, Defendants assert that the S-channel prevents the formation of an "enclosed air space" when the Redesigned Products are attached to a touch screen device. However, merely stating this difference is insufficient to preclude summary judgment. Rather, Defendants must present evidence that the addition of the S-channel is more than just an "unimportant and insubstantial change" made to avoid infringement. See Graver Tank & Mfg. Co. v. Linde Air Prods. Co., 339 U.S. 605, 607, 70 S.Ct. 854, 94 L.Ed. 1097 (1950) ("[T]o permit imitation of a patented invention which does not copy ever literal detail would be to convert the protection of the patent grant into a hollow and useless thing. Such a limitation would leave room for — indeed encourage — the unscrupulous copyist to make unimportant and insubstantial changes."). Thus, Defendants' first argument fails to rebut Plaintiff's evidence.
In addition, Defendants rely on Moore U.S.A., Inc. v. Standard Register Co., 229 F.3d 1091, 1104-07 (Fed.Cir.2000) in which the Federal Circuit found that summary judgment of infringement under the doctrine of equivalents was improper where the patent claimed an adhesive strip that extended "a majority of the length," and, in contrast, the accused product incorporated an adhesive strip that extended only a minority of the length. Essentially, Defendants appear to argue that the Court would be vitiating the claim requirement that the spacer continuously surround the transparent window if the Court found that the Redesigned Products with the S-channel was equivalent to a spacer without such a channel. However, the majority claim limitation at issue in Moore readily leant itself to line drawing. As such, the Federal Circuit was unable to agree with the patentee in that case when it argued that an "undisputed[]" minority could be equivalent to a majority. Moore, 229 F.3d at 1106 ("[I]t would defy logic to conclude that a minority — the very antithesis of a majority — could be insubstantially different from a claim limitation requiring a majority, and no reasonable juror could find otherwise.").
In the instant case, however, the requirement that the spacer "continuously surround" the transparent window is not as not as amenable to line drawing as the "majority length" limitation at issue in Moore. Furthermore, the Court's prior decisions in this case, in which the Court recognized that the spacer need not be completely uninterrupted to satisfy the continuously surrounding requirement, soundly foreclose Defendants' argument.
Finally, Defendants argue that the S-channel prevents the Redesigned Product from forming an "enclosed air space," as claimed by the '942 Patent. However, the Court's construction of the term "enclosed air space" forecloses this argument.
As such, the Court finds that Plaintiff carried its initial burden, and Defendants have failed to carry their burden of establishing the existence of a fact question. No reasonable juror could conclude, based on the record before the Court, that the spacer with the S-channel plays a substantially different role from the spacer claimed in the '942 Patent. For these reasons, the Court concludes that Plaintiff is entitled to summary judgment that the Redesigned Products infringe the Asserted Claims under the doctrine of equivalents.
Whether a patent claim is invalid as anticipated is a question of fact. IPXL Holdings, L.L.C. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 430 F.3d 1377, 1380 (Fed.Cir.2005). Although the question of whether a claim is invalid as obvious is a question of law, the resolution of this question is based on the four underlying factual inquiries identified in Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1, 17-18, 86 S.Ct. 684, 15 L.Ed.2d 545 (1966). See, e.g., Smiths Indus. Med. Sys., Inc. v. Vital Signs, Inc., 183 F.3d 1347, 1354-55 (Fed.Cir.1999). Because issued patents enjoy a presumption of validity, the party seeking to establish invalidity bears the burden of proving invalidity by clear and convincing evidence. Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. P'ship, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 2238, 2244-52, 180 L.Ed.2d 131 (2011); see also 35 U.S.C. § 282 ("A patent shall be presumed valid.").
In an attempt to carry their burden, Defendants first assert that they are under no obligation to provide expert testimony because the underlying technology in this case is easily understandable. (Resp. 23:12-28, ECF No. 445); see also Centricut, LLC v. Esab Grp., Inc., 390 F.3d 1361, 1369 (Fed.Cir.2004) ("In many patent cases, expert testimony will not be necessary because the technology will be easily understandable without the need for expert explanatory testimony." (internal quotations omitted)). Although Defendants may be correct about whether expert testimony is truly necessary, nevertheless, Defendants must still provide competent evidence that establishes a genuine issue for trial in order to defeat Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment. See, e.g., Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. at 17-18, 86 S.Ct. 684 (holding that, although obviousness is a legal determination, that determination is based on four factual inquiries, including "the level of ordinary skill in the pertinent art"); Schumer v. Lab. Computer Sys., Inc., 308 F.3d 1304, 1315 (Fed.Cir.2002) ("Typically, testimony concerning anticipation must be testimony from one skilled in the art...."). See generally Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548 (holding that, to defeat a motion for summary judgment on an issue that the party will bear the ultimate burden at trial, the party must produce competent evidence that shows a genuine issue for trail).
In response to Plaintiff's Motion, Defendants rely solely on the claim charts attached to the invalidity contentions that they submitted in accordance with Local Rule 16.1-8(d).
The Court recognizes that, at first blush, disregarding Defendants' claim charts in this way may seem inconsistent with the Court's prior reference, in Section III(A) above, to the claim charts that Plaintiff provided in its Motion for Summary Judgment. However, the statements in Plaintiff's claim chart are based on Dr. Kazmer's expert report. Thus, the claim chart on which the Court previously relied represents a summary of Plaintiff's actual evidence. In contrast, the claim chart that Defendants provided, by incorporating more than thirty pages of its invalidity contentions into its Response to Plaintiff's Motion, merely consist of counsel's statements and references to various prior art references. Defendants fail to provide any reports, deposition testimony, or other competent evidence to support these bare assertions of counsel. Accordingly, the Court finds that Defendants have failed to carry their burden of providing evidence sufficient to carry their burden of establishing a genuine issue for trial.
Plaintiff also requests that the Court summarily adjudicate the amount of damages to which it would be entitled if the '942 Patent is found valid, enforceable and infringed. Section 284 of the Patent Act provides that "[u]pon finding for the claimant the court shall award the claimant damages adequate to compensate for the infringement, but in no event less than a reasonable royalty for the use made of the invention by the infringer...." 35 U.S.C. § 284. "[T]he amount of a prevailing party's damages is a finding of fact on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence." SmithKline Diagnostics, Inc. v. Helena Labs. Corp., 926 F.2d 1161, 1164 (Fed.Cir. 1991). Here, Plaintiff asserts that the Court should award "$1,275,906 in lost
Whether lost profits are legally available is a question of law. See Poly-Am. L.P. v. GSE Lining Tech., Inc., 383 F.3d 1303, 1311 (Fed.Cir.2004). "To recover lost profits, the patent owner must show `causation in fact,' establishing that `but for' the infringement, he would have made additional profits." Grain Processing Corp. v. Am. Maize-Prods. Co., 185 F.3d 1341, 1349 (Fed.Cir.1999). The Federal Circuit has held that a court may reasonably infer this causation element if the patentee establishes the factors articulated in Panduit Corp. v. Stahlin Bros. Fibre Works, Inc., 575 F.2d 1152, 1156 (6th Cir.1978). See Rite-Hite Corp. v. Kelley Co., Inc., 56 F.3d 1538, 1545 (Fed.Cir.1995) ("A showing under Panduit permits a court to reasonably infer that the lost profits claimed were in fact caused by the infringing sales, thus establishing a patentee's prima facie case with respect to `but for' causation."). Thus, Plaintiff may establish "but for" causation by establishing each of the four Panduit factors: "(1) demand for the patented product, (2) absence of acceptable noninfringing substitutes, (3) manufacturing and marketing capability to exploit the demand, and (4) the amount of the profit [it] would have made." Panduit, 575 F.2d at 1156. Even if Plaintiff established the remaining factors as a matter of law, issues of fact remain as to whether noninfringing substitutes exist for the claimed touch screen protector product. Thus, the Court cannot grant Plaintiff's Motion on the issue of the amount of damages.
"`The existence of a noninfringing substitute is a question of fact.'" Cohesive Techs., Inc. v. Waters Corp., 543 F.3d 1351, 1373 (Fed.Cir.2008) (quoting Minn. Mining & Mfg. Co. v. Johnson & Johnson Orthopaedics, Inc., 976 F.2d 1559, 1577 (Fed.Cir.1992)).
Standard Havens Prods., Inc. v. Gencor Indus., Inc., 953 F.2d 1360, 1373 (Fed.Cir. 1991).
Although Plaintiff and its expert assert that there were no acceptable non-infringing substitutes on the market at the time of infringement, Defendants have previously provided several examples of noninfringing substitutes by numerous competitors. (See Tan Decl. ¶¶ 5-14, ECF No. 89-4.) To overcome Defendants' evidence,