OPINION OF THE COURT

FAHEY, J.

On this appeal we are called upon to determine whether Mental Hygiene Law § 81.44 permits a guardian to retain property of an incapacitated person after the incapacitated person has died for the purpose of paying a claim against the incapacitated person that arose before such person's death. We conclude that it does not.

I.

Respondent Eastchester Rehabilitation & Health Care Center, a skilled nursing facility, began to care for Edna Shannon in December 2005. Approximately three years later, respondent Westchester County Department of Social Services (DSS) determined that Shannon was eligible for Medicaid benefits as of September 1, 2008. In April 2009, and pursuant to Eastchester's request, Supreme Court appointed petitioner, Family Service Society of Yonkers (FSS Yonkers), as guardian of Shannon's person and property. Shannon was discharged from Eastchester to another skilled nursing facility in November 2009.

In June 2010, Eastchester made a claim with FSS Yonkers seeking compensation for approximately $164,000 in services it rendered to Shannon that were not covered by Medicaid. Some three months later, DSS advised FSS Yonkers that Shannon was indebted to DSS in the approximate amount of $166,000 for medical assistance paid on her behalf. Supreme Court approved the sale of Shannon's real property for $308,000 in January 2011, and Shannon died at age 87 in December 2011. In the meantime, Shannon's debts to Eastchester and DSS had grown such that by summer 2012 more than $200,000 was owed to each of those entities. By then, slightly less than $190,000 of Shannon's property remained. The question whether that property, which consisted of cash and securities, remained in Shannon's guardianship account or became the property of her estate lies at the core of this appeal.

In August 2012 FSS Yonkers commenced this proceeding to settle its final account as to the guardianship seeking a determination whether it was required to pay Shannon's remaining property in equal amounts to DSS and Eastchester in satisfaction of their claims, or whether it should disburse the property in some other manner. By order entered in February 2013, Supreme Court held that the balance of Shannon's remaining property (save for $9,000 that the court instructed FSS Yonkers to pay to its attorneys and to the Court Examiner for services rendered in connection with the guardianship estate) should be paid to DSS in satisfaction of DSS's claim (see Social Services Law § 369 [2] [b] [i] [B] [permitting recovery for medical assistance correctly paid "from the estate of an individual who was (55) years of age or older when he or she received such assistance," subject to certain qualifications immaterial here]). On appeal, the Appellate Division reversed insofar as appealed from, with the majority holding "that since Eastchester's claim arose before Shannon's death, and [Mental Hygiene Law §] 81.44 (d) allows [FSS Yonkers] to retain assets to secure known claims, Eastchester's claim has priority over that of DSS, which arose after Shannon's death" (120 A.D.3d 128, 129 [1st Dept 2014]).

The dissenter, however, "would [have] affirm[ed] Supreme Court's determination that the Medicaid lien imposed by Social Services Law § 104 (1) takes precedence over a claim by the general creditor, ... Eastchester" (id. at 133-134 [Freedman, J., dissenting]). The dissenter concluded that "[o]nce ... Shannon died, all funds other than those reserved for the administration of her guardianship in accordance with Mental Hygiene Law § 81.44 passed to her estate" (id. at 134), and that DSS thus had a claim superior to that of Eastchester against Shannon's property (see id. at 136, citing Social Services Law § 104 [1]). We subsequently granted DSS leave to appeal (24 N.Y.3d 904, 905 [2014]) and, for the reasons that follow, we now reverse the order of the Appellate Division insofar as appealed from.1

II.

The Medicaid program is designed "to pay for necessary medical care for those eligible individuals whose income and resources do not allow them to meet the costs of their medical needs" (Matter of Golf v New York State Dept. of Social Servs., 91 N.Y.2d 656, 659 [1998]). Ultimately, the "goal of Medicaid [is] that the program be the payer of last resort" (Matter of Costello v Geiser, 85 N.Y.2d 103, 106 [1995] [internal quotation marks omitted]). Apparently with that in mind, the legislature enacted what is now Social Services Law § 104 (1), which provides, in relevant part, that "[i]n all claims of the public welfare official made under [such] section the public welfare official shall be deemed a preferred creditor."

Given the pertinent language of Social Services Law § 104 (1), to the extent that both DSS and Eastchester seek to recover from Shannon's estate, DSS's claim against property that passed to the estate would have priority over a competing claim brought by Eastchester because Eastchester did not take a judgment against Shannon before she died. Indeed, absent a judgment, Eastchester would be a general creditor, that is, "[a] creditor [that], upon giving credit, takes no rights against specific property of the debtor" (Black's Law Dictionary 449, 450 [10th ed 2014]), and, in theory, a claim it made against property in Shannon's estate would be subservient to any claim of DSS against such property. However, this appeal does not present a question of competing claims against property in Shannon's estate. Rather, the issue is whether property held by FSS Yonkers as Shannon's guardian at the time of Shannon's death automatically became the property of her estate or could be withheld by FSS Yonkers for the purpose of paying the claim, out of the guardianship account, that Eastchester had noticed before Shannon died.

As the dissenter at the Appellate Division noted, FSS Yonkers's authority as Shannon's guardian expired with Shannon's death (see 120 AD3d at 136 [Freedman, J., dissenting], citing Mental Hygiene Law § 81.36 [a] [3] [providing that "(t)he court appointing the guardian shall discharge such guardian, or modify the powers of the guardian where appropriate, if it appears to the satisfaction of the court that ... the incapacitated person has died"]), and the property in the guardianship account that remained after the fees of the guardianship were paid would normally have passed to her estate (see SCPA 103 [19] [defining "estate" as "(a)ll of the property of a decedent... or person for whom a guardian has been appointed"]). The question becomes whether, as the Appellate Division majority concluded, Mental Hygiene Law § 81.44 (d) provides for what amounts to a holdback authorizing "Eastchester ... to be paid out of the guardianship account [maintained by FSS Yonkers for Shannon] before any funds passed to [Shannon's] estate" (120 AD3d at 131), i.e., whether FSS Yonkers may withhold from Shannon's estate funds in the guardianship account for the purpose of paying Eastchester. The text of section 81.44 (d) provides that

Subdivision (e) of section 81.44, in turn, states that, "[u]nless otherwise ordered by the court ..., the guardian may retain, pending the settlement of the guardian's final account, guardianship property equal in value to the claim for administrative costs, liens and debts" (emphasis added).

III.

"It is fundamental that a court, in interpreting a statute, should attempt to effectuate the intent of the Legislature" (Majewski v Broadalbin-Perth Cent. School Dist., 91 N.Y.2d 577, 583 [1998] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Matter of Albany Law School v New York State Off. of Mental Retardation & Dev. Disabilities, 19 N.Y.3d 106, 120 [2012]). Inasmuch "[a]s the clearest indicator of legislative intent is the statutory text, the starting point in any case of interpretation must always be the language itself, giving effect to the plain meaning thereof" (Majewski, 91 NY2d at 583; see Commonwealth of the N. Mariana Is. v Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, 21 N.Y.3d 55, 60 [2013]). "We are also guided in our analysis by the familiar principle `that a statute ... must be construed as a whole and that its various sections must be considered together and with reference to each other'" (Matter of New York County Lawyers' Assn. v Bloomberg, 19 N.Y.3d 712, 721 [2012], rearg denied 20 N.Y.3d 983 [2012], quoting People v Mobil Oil Corp., 48 N.Y.2d 192, 199 [1979]; see Albany Law School, 19 NY3d at 120). Of course, "where `the language is ambiguous, we may examine the statute's legislative history'" (People v Ballman, 15 N.Y.3d 68, 72 [2010], quoting Roberts v Tishman Speyer Props., L.P., 13 N.Y.3d 270, 286 [2009]).

This is one of those instances in which the statutory language is unclear. In reciting in Mental Hygiene Law § 81.44 (d) the purposes for which a guardian may retain the property of an incapacitated person following such person's death, the legislature listed the security of "claim[s]" and "lien[s]" before reaching "administrative costs." If our analysis was limited to the examination of subdivision (d), a reasonable mind could conceivably side with Eastchester. Indeed, had the legislature meant in that subdivision to permit the retention of property needed to secure only administrative claims and administrative liens, it would have said as much. Stated differently, the legislature could have placed the modifier "administrative" next to the nouns "lien" and "claim," that is, it could have explicitly provided for the retention of property for the narrow purpose of satisfying administrative liens and administrative claims (see Matter of Raynor v Landmark Chrysler, 18 N.Y.3d 48, 56 [2011] ["(w)here a statute describes the particular situations in which it is to apply and no qualifying exception is added, an irrefutable inference must be drawn that what is omitted or not included was intended to be omitted or excluded" (internal quotation marks omitted)]; cf. Mental Hygiene Law § 81.21 [a] [19] [empowering a guardian to "pay bills after the death of the incapacitated person provided the authority existed to pay such bills prior to death until a temporary administrator or executor is appointed"]). Viewed in isolation, the fact that the legislature did not insert such a limitation into subdivision (d) could suggest that it meant to allow the retention of guardianship funds to secure administrative costs, as well as any claim or any lien.

Our review, however, is not that constrained. The plain language of subdivision (d) of Mental Hygiene Law § 81.44 requires that it is to be read in conjunction with subdivision (e) of the same section, which considers the property a guardian may retain following the death of an incapacitated person. Further, our precedent requires such a review (see New York County Lawyers' Assn., 19 NY3d at 721). In subdivision (e) of section 81.44, the legislature allowed a guardian to retain from the estate of a deceased incapacitated person "property equal in value to the claim for administrative costs, liens and debts" (emphasis added). That construct suggests that the legislature meant to permit the retention only of property equal in value to the expenses incurred with respect to the administration of the guardianship, i.e., property needed to satisfy administrative costs, administrative liens, and administrative claims.

Given the discord between subdivisions (d) and (e) of Mental Hygiene Law § 81.44, our analysis turns to the legislative history of that section (see Ballman, 15 NY3d at 72; Roberts, 13 NY3d at 286).2 On this point the Sponsor's Memorandum is decisive. The Appellate Division majority correctly noted that the Sponsor's Memorandum reflects that section 81.44 was "designed to facilitate the transition between a guardianship for an incapacitated person and an estate after the death of such incapacitated person" (Sponsor's Mem, Bill Jacket, L 2008, ch 175 at 10, 2008 NY Legis Ann at 127; see 120 AD3d at 132). But that memorandum further explains that section 81.44 clarified "the rights of the personal representative of the estate to marshal guardianship funds and codifie[d] the right of the guardian to retain a reserve to cover reasonably anticipated administrative expenses of the guardianship" (Sponsor's Mem, Bill Jacket, L 2008, ch 175 at 10, 2008 NY Legis Ann at 127 [emphasis added]). The reference to the retention of a reserve to cover reasonably anticipated administrative expenses is dispositive of the question before us. Put simply, it compels the conclusion that the legislature did not intend for section 81.44 to permit a guardian to retain funds following the death of an incapacitated person for the purpose of paying a claim (other than a claim related to the administration of the guardianship) against the incapacitated person that arose before that person's death. Inasmuch as Eastchester's claim for medical services rendered to Shannon is unrelated to the administration of her guardianship, we conclude that Mental Hygiene Law § 81.44 does not allow FSS Yonkers to withhold from Shannon's estate funds to pay Shannon's debt to Eastchester.

Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division, insofar as appealed from, should be reversed, with costs, and the order of Supreme Court reinstated.

Order, insofar as appealed from, reversed, with costs, and order of Supreme Court, Bronx County, reinstated.