MEMORANDUM OPINION

LEWIS A. KAPLAN, District Judge.

An Ecuadorian court has entered an $18.2 billion judgment (the "Judgment") against Chevron Corporation ("Chevron")1 in an action brought by 47 individuals referred to as the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs (the "LAPs"), two of whom, Hugo Gerardo Camacho Naranjo and Javier Piaguaje Payaguaje (the "LAP Representatives"), have appeared in this action.2 Chevron brought this action against the LAPs, their lead U.S. attorney, Steven Donziger and his law offices, and others involved in the Lago Agrio Litigation,3 claiming that the Judgment is the product of fraud and violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ("RICO"). The RICO and, to some extent, the fraud claims rest on allegations that Steven Donziger, a New York lawyer, and others based in the United States, here conceived, substantially executed, largely funded, and significantly directed4 a scheme to extort and defraud Chevron, a U.S. company, by, among other things, (1) bringing a lawsuit in Ecuador;5 (2) fabricating (principally in the United States) evidence for use in that lawsuit in order to obtain an unwarranted judgment there;6 (3) exerting pressure on Chevron to coerce it to pay money not only by means of the Ecuadorian litigation and judgment, but also by subjecting Chevron to public attacks in the United States and elsewhere based on false and misleading statements;7 (4) inducing U.S. public officials to investigate Chevron;8 and (5) making false statements to U.S. courts and intimidating and tampering with witnesses in U.S. court proceedings to cover up their improper activities.9 In other words, the RICO claims include the allegation that the RICO Defendants — a term defined in the amended complaint—formulated a scheme to extort and otherwise wrongfully to obtain money from Chevron by conducting and conspiring to conduct the affairs of an enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity that included acts in the United States by Americans as well as acts in Ecuador by both Americans and Ecuadorians.10 The LAPs reportedly are pursuing proceedings to enforce the Judgment in at least Canada, Brazil and Argentina, this being consistent with an apparent strategy "to pursue an aggressive world-wide enforcement strategy in order to obtain settlement leverage over Chevron."11 Moreover, as an internal LAP memorandum revealed, there is evidence that the LAPs intend to seek enforcement in jurisdictions that would avoid "relitigation of the merits of the [Ecuadorian] case"12 and have expressed "particular interest" in enforcement proceedings in countries in which their counsel have relationships with governments and important individuals.13

On and after November 30, 2012, the LAP Representatives served 30 subpoenas on 26 non-parties14 for the production of documents and other tangible materials.15 Twenty of the nonparties are persons or entities who served as technical expert witnesses or consultants to Chevron with respect to the litigation in Ecuador, and the subpoenas directed to them seek, broadly speaking, documents relating to the Ecuadorian litigation as well as the litigation in this Court relating to that litigation, in each case for the period 2000 to date. Five of the other six non-parties are Chevron investigators and public relations consultants, who are commanded to produce the same sort of information as the experts and, in addition, information gathered with respect to particular Ecuadorian lawyers or others associated with the LAPs' prosecution of the Ecuadorian litigation. The final non-party served with a subpoena is the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.

Most of the subpoenaed material already has been sought in requests for production directed to Chevron in this action.16

Chevron contends principally that this Court should enter a protective order striking, or compelling the withdrawal of, the subpoenas as follows: (a) all subpoenas addressed to the 20 Chevron environmental contractors, experts, and consultants, which are directed to the merits of the Ecuadorian lawsuit, and (b) the subpoenas addressed to 23 of the non-parties (including the 20 environmental witnesses) in respect of whom the LAP Representatives are seeking discovery in this action through Chevron.

I

As an initial matter, it is necessary to consider whether and to what extent this Court has the power to grant the requested relief.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(c)(3) provides that "the issuing court must quash or modify a subpoena" on timely motion in circumstances there specified. Any motion to quash or modify therefore must be made in the issuing court.17 Each of these subpoenas was issued by a court other than this one. Accordingly, any motions to quash or modify them must be addressed to the issuing courts.18 But that is not the end of the matter.

The principle that only the court that issues a subpoena has the power to quash or modify it "does not alter the broader concept that the district court in which an action is pending has the right and responsibility to control the broad outline of discovery."19 "A party's `discovery rights [in other districts] can rise no higher than their level in the district of trial'. . . Consequently, a party may seek a Rule 26(c) protective order to preclude another party from obtaining discovery from a non-party via subpoena issued by another court."20 Moreover, the district court in which the action is pending may issue protective orders ruling that discovery not be had or that it be conducted on limited terms, as these are issues that extend beyond the details of a specific subpoena.21 As one court helpfully put it, the court in which an action is pending may grant a protective order prohibiting discovery sought by a subpoena issued in another district in certain circumstances:

Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 26 controls the overall scope of discovery. Rule 26(c) authorizes "any party" to seek relief from inappropriate discovery efforts. And Rule 45(c), which was designed to afford protection to those (usually non-parties) who are served with subpoenas, affords those served with subpoenas in districts other than those in which the action is pending a ready source of relief. Indeed, the advisory note to Rule 45(c) makes clear that the rule "is not intended to diminish rights conferred by Rules 26-37 or any other authority."23 The requirement that a motion to quash or modify a subpoena be filed in the issuing court thus is entirely reconcilable with the authority of the court in which the action is pending to issue a protective order at the behest of a party to exercise its broad authority over the scope of discovery.

The subpoenas at issue here all raise general discovery issues that are central to the case, that extend beyond the specifics of the particular subpoenas, and that require uniform treatment, regardless of the districts in which discovery is pursued. These include whether the LAPs are entitled to discovery with respect to the merits of the Ecuadorian litigation, the nature and extent of Chevron's investigation of both this and the Ecuadorian cases, and experts who are consulting or who may be called upon to consult or testify in this action. Accordingly, this Court may entertain the motion for a protective order in furtherance of its obligation "to control the broad outline of discovery" in this case and to prevent any attempt to seek broader discovery in other districts than has been or would be permitted here, where the action is pending.24

II

The first question concerns the subpoenas addressed to the twenty experts who apparently were or may be consulted or called upon to testify in either the Ecuadorian case, this case or both. They seek all documents and communications concerning either litigation; payment concerning the experts' involvement with either; the experts' contacts at Chevron; materials they have reviewed; work plans, letters and reports; meetings with Chevron regarding either litigation; communications with Ecuadorian court officials; testimony or potential testimony; communications with other experts; and like materials. As the LAP Representatives put it, all of their subpoenas "seek documents to (1) demonstrate the existence of the pervasive pollution of the Oriente region of Ecuador and its devastating impact on the environment and people of the Oriente; and (2) prove knowledge of same by Chevron's experts and consultants at the time of their contrary submissions to the Lago Agrio Court."25

As has been shown already, the core of this case is Chevron's claim that Steven Donziger, a New York lawyer, and others conceived, substantially executed, largely funded, and significantly directed26 a scheme to extort and defraud Chevron, a U.S. company, by, among other things, (1) bringing a lawsuit in Ecuador;27 (2) fabricating (principally in the United States) evidence for use in that lawsuit in order to obtain an unwarranted judgment there;28 (3) exerting pressure on Chevron to coerce it to pay money not only by means of the Ecuadorian litigation and judgment, but also by subjecting Chevron to public attacks in the United States and elsewhere based on false and misleading statements;29 (4) inducing U.S. public officials to investigate Chevron;30 and (5) making false statements to U.S. courts and intimidating and tampering with witnesses in U.S. court proceedings to cover up their improper activities.31 In other words, the RICO claims include the allegation that the RICO Defendants — a term defined in the amended complaint—formulated a scheme to extort and otherwise wrongfully obtain money from Chevron, a U.S. company, by conducting and conspiring to conduct the affairs of an enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity that included acts in the United States by Americans as well as acts in Ecuador by both Americans and Ecuadorians. The LAPs are sued as principals allegedly liable for the fraud of Donziger and other agents. Thus, the central issue about the Ecuadorian judgment is whether the LAPs procured it by fraud or other misconduct in furtherance of the overall extortion scheme. The questions whether and why there is pollution in the Oriente region and whether Chevron's experts were aware of that simply have nothing to do with the case. In fact, until this, their latest, volte face, that has been the LAPs position. Just last year, in litigating Count 9 of this complaint,32 the LAP Representatives sought to preclude Chevron from calling certain expert witnesses. They argued that Chevron's proposed experts

In other words, they argued that relitigation of the merits of the Ecuadorian lawsuit — including whether the region is polluted and, if so, who is responsible for it — was not appropriate in that case. It certainly is not appropriate in this case, which concerns principally the alleged extortion scheme and fraud.

In these circumstances, the LAP Representatives' attempt to subpoena Chevron's experts' documents relating to the Ecuadorian litigation go far beyond the bounds of appropriate discovery here. As the LAP Representatives previously have argued, this case is not an occasion to relitigate the merits of the pollution claims that were involved in the Ecuadorian case. At most, the question whether the Ecuadorian record contains evidence that arguably supports the Judgment may have a bearing on whether the Ecuadorian courts afforded the essentials of due process which in turn goes to the question whether the Judgment is entitled to recognition or enforcement in the United States which in turn goes to whether an essential prerequisite to the LAP Representatives' collateral estoppel defense is satisfied.34 But even that is a matter to be determined in light of the record of the Ecuadorian proceeding — not on the basis of correspondence, work product and memoranda in the files of Chevron's expert witnesses and consultants that never made it into the record. And in the event that Chevron ultimately identifies experts to offer testimony for that purpose about whether the Ecuadorian record contains evidence that justifies the Judgment, the LAP Representatives would be entitled to discovery under Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2).

The subpoenas seek also information with respect to this action, including inter alia work papers of experts who may be consulting with Chevron and its counsel as well as others who may be called to testify here. As noted, an adverse party is entitled to the discovery set forth in Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2) with respect to experts who may testify at trial. But the timing of such disclosure already has been fixed by this Court35 and its scope is fixed by the rule. The LAP Representatives are not entitled to use subpoenas issued out of other courts to obtain broader or earlier disclosure of potential trial witnesses in this action than is thus available to them here under the rule. They certainly are not entitled to do an end-run around Rule 26(b)(4)(D)(ii) to obtain discovery of facts or opinions from consulting experts who will not be used at trial.36

Accordingly, Chevron is entitled to a protective order prohibiting the LAP Representatives from obtaining any of the requested discovery from any of the twenty experts, contractors, and consultants to which it has issued subpoenas.37

III

Chevron seeks relief also with respect to the subpoenas addressed to 23 of the nonparties in respect of whom the LAP Representatives are seeking discovery in this action through Chevron, the argument in essence being that the subpoenas are duplicative of discovery already being sought from it. In view of the determination that the LAP Representatives may not obtain discovery by these subpoenas from the twenty environmental experts, consultants, and contractors, this dispute concerns only three subpoena targets — Oliver Doug Beard, Kroll Associates, Inc. ("Kroll"), and Stroz Friedberg LLC ("Stroz").

Beard and Kroll offer, among other things, private investigative services. Stroz is a digital risk management and investigations firm. The subpoenas addressed to them are very broad, seeking all documents and communications concerning the Ecuadorian litigation, this case, and other related litigation as well as lawyers for and other individuals associated with the LAPs and payments to them by Chevron. In each case, the subpoenas seek all or substantially the same documents that the LAP Representatives and/or other defendants in this case have sought by requests for production addressed to Chevron. Accordingly, to the extent that there are relevancy and privilege objections, they are likely to be identical with respect to both the subpoenas and the documents requests served on Chevron. At a minimum, there will be substantial overlap between the issues that this Court will decide in the context of the objections to the requests to Chevron and those raised by these subpoenas, which doubtless will include important questions as to relevancy and, in all likelihood, as to the existence of work product protection and whether and to what extent any such protection will have been overcome by any showing of substantial need and inability to obtain the substantial equivalent of the information from other sources.38

As the LAP Representatives' right to the material sought by these subpoenas "can rise no higher than . . . in this district," it would make little sense to litigate these issues elsewhere before they are litigated here. Accordingly, while the Court acknowledges that it is conceivable that one or more of these three witnesses may have responsive documents that are not within the possession, custody or control of Chevron, and that therefore cannot be reached by means of the outstanding document request(s) to Chevron, it is not in the interests of consistency or economy to litigate the relevancy and work product objections to these documents in two or more districts at the same time. The prudent course is for the parameters of the appropriate discovery of these materials to be established first in this district. Following the production by Chevron of such of these materials as properly prove to be discoverable, it may be appropriate for the LAP Representatives and these three witnesses to determine whether the witnesses have possession, custody, or control of responsive, unproduced materials that are within the proper bounds of discovery and, if necessary, to litigate any remaining issues with respect to these three subpoenas in whichever court ultimately proves appropriate given the nature of those issues. Accordingly, the protective order shall defer proceedings with respect to these three subpoenas until a more appropriate time.

IV

The foregoing is sufficient to dispose of this motion, but it is important also to recognize that these subpoenas raise a substantial issue as to the good faith of those who served them. In order to understand the concern, it is necessary to understand their timing

This case was commenced on February 1, 2011. The parties were free to pursue discovery right from the outset. In April 2011, the Court (a) severed Count 9, which sought a declaration that the Ecuadorian judgment was neither recognizable nor enforceable outside Ecuador, (b) required completion of discovery in the so-called Count 9 Action by September 15, 2011,39 and (c) set that case down for trial on November 14, 2011. At the same time, it stayed discovery "with respect to matters not relevant to Count Nine and any alleged defenses thereto" pending further order.40 While the Court of Appeals ultimately dismissed the Count 9 action, it did not do so until after the September 15, 2011 close of the discovery period, at which point the case was substantially ready for trial.

Following the appellate decision, the Court first lifted the April 2011 discovery stay in part, ultimately lifting it in its entirety on June 25, 2012.41 It directed that all document production requests be served by December 1, 2012.42 Trial subsequently has been set for October 15, —.43

The parties thus were free to pursue discovery with respect to all issues from February 1, 2011 through mid-April 2011 and then again from June 25, 2012 until now. In addition, they were free to pursue discovery with respect the recognizability and enforceability of the Judgment throughout the nearly two years since this case was filed. Yet these subpoenas to 26 nonparty witnesses spread through ten other judicial districts — which in substantial respects seek documents previously requested from Chevron44 — were not served until the day immediately preceding the close of the period for seeking serving document discovery demands and, in a few cases, until after that period expired.45 Why?

The circumstances strongly suggest that the reason for this last second tactic is a desire to delay the resolution of this case.46 The LAPs are proceeding abroad with efforts to enforce the Ecuadorian judgment in at least three other countries and threaten to commence proceedings in still more. Although the Count 9 action has been dismissed, this action holds the potential for findings and determinations that, if adverse to them, could be prejudicial to those efforts. Thus, delay of this action would be in their interest.

The potential for delay here, in the absence of this protective order, is obvious. But for the protective order issued here, the scope of these subpoenas and privilege issues would be litigated in as many as 26 separate motions in as many as ten different courts with the prospect of appeals to as many as seven different circuits. There would be a possibility of inconsistent rulings generating multiple applications by one side or the other for reconsideration of earlier rulings by different courts in light of subsequent rulings in others. The likelihood of extended appellate proceedings would be substantial.

Rule 26(c) permits the court in which an action is pending to issue a protective order "to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense." Effectively compelling Chevron to litigate the proper scope of discovery in this action not only in this action, but also in a host of other courts in more than two score proceedings would be intolerable even in the absence of reason to suppose that this tactic was adopted for the purposes of delay and of subjecting it to that burden. Even assuming, however, that the LAP Representatives' motives were pure, the effect of doing so would be oppressive and certainly against any conception of the overriding purpose of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which is to secure "the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding."47

IV

For the foregoing reasons, plaintiff's motion for a protective order is granted to the extent indicated herein. The LAP Representatives shall not seek to enforce the subpoenas listed in Dkt. 667 Ex. 1 nor obtain any documents or other things pursuant to them. This ruling is without prejudice to an application by the LAP Representatives, following the determination of plaintiff's objections to the outstanding requests for production of documents, for leave to seek to enforce any portions of the subpoenas directed to Beard, Kroll and Stroz enforcement of which is not foreclosed by this Court's rulings on those objections.

SO ORDERED.