OPINION AND ORDER1

SHIRA A. SCHEINDLIN, U.S.D.J.

I. INTRODUCTION

In 2007, Alan Newton sued the City of New York (the "City") and certain of its employees (with the City, "defendants"), alleging a federal civil rights claim and pendent state claims for defendants' failure to produce a rape kit that, when finally located in 2005, overturned his 1985 conviction for rape, robbery and assault.2 In bringing this action, Newton sought, inter alia, to impose liability under Section 1983 of Title 42 of the United States Code ("Section 1983")3 and for intentional infliction of emotional distress ("IIED") under state law.

At trial, which began in September 2010, the jury returned a verdict in Newton's favor on both claims — awarding him eighteen million dollars on the Section 1983 claim and $592,500 on the IIED claim. After trial, defendants moved to set aside both verdicts pursuant to Rule 50(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Alternatively, defendants moved for a new trial or remittitur under Rules 59(a) and (e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, respectively.

On May 12, 2011, this Court granted defendants' Rule 50(b) motion in full, setting aside both verdicts and declining to reach the merits of defendants' Rule 59 motions (the "May 12, 2011 Decision").4 Newton appealed only the setting aside of the Section 1983 verdict. On February 26, 2015, the Second Circuit found for Newton and reinstated that award.5 The Second Circuit mandate issued on May 22, 2015 (the "Mandate"), remanding this case for further proceedings.

On remand, defendants now seek a ruling on their outstanding Rule 59 motions. Newton objects, however, to this Court's authority to decide these motions at this stage — arguing that defendants have abandoned them and that the Mandate precludes their adjudication.6

For the following reasons, I find that this Court retains jurisdiction to decide defendants' pending Rule 59(a) and (e) motions. The Rule 59(a) motion for a new trial is DENIED and the Rule 59(e) motion for remittitur is GRANTED.

II. BACKGROUND7

A. The V.J. and E.G. Convictions

In May 1985, Newton was convicted on charges relating to two separate sexual assault incidents. The conviction at issue in this case — of which Newton was ultimately exonerated — was for rape, robbery, and assault (the "V.J. Conviction"). This conviction was based primarily on eyewitness testimony. No DNA evidence was offered at trial, as the science of DNA testing was not yet adequately advanced. On this conviction, Newton was sentenced to an indeterminate prison term of thirteen and one-third to forty years.

Also in May 1985, Newton was convicted of First Degree Attempted Rape, a Class C felony, and Endangering the Welfare of a Minor, a misdemeanor (the "E.G. Conviction"). The victim was a nine-year-old girl. On this conviction, Newton was sentenced to an indeterminate prison term of three and one-third to ten years. Newton was to serve the V.J. and E.G. sentences consecutively.

B. Exoneration from the V.J. Conviction

In 1994, approximately eleven years into Newton's incarceration, New York State enacted legislation allowing post-conviction defendants to request and obtain DNA testing under certain circumstances.8 Between 1994 and 2002, Newton thrice requested and received permission from a New York State court to conduct DNA testing on evidence from the V.J. crime scene. In each instance, the City was unable to locate the rape kit containing the relevant biological evidence.

V.J.'s rape kit was finally located in 2005, and DNA testing excluded Newton as the source of the sperm collected from the victim. Accordingly, in 2006, the New York Supreme Court vacated the V.J. Conviction and Newton was released from prison. Despite Newton's efforts, the E.G. Conviction was not overturned.9 By the time of his release, however, Newton had served the maximum ten-year sentence for that conviction.10

C. Trial

In 2007, Newton brought this action seeking recovery for his wrongful V.J. Conviction. This case was tried by a jury in September 2010, with bifurcation of the Section 1983 claim's liability and damages phases.

1. Evidentiary Rulings

Among the pre-trial evidentiary rulings, this Court ruled on the admissibility of the E.G. Conviction (i.e., the attempted rape conviction that was not overturned). The Court admitted the following details about the E.G. Conviction: date of conviction, length of sentence, and that the conviction was for a Class C felony. The Court excluded the nature of the E.G. Conviction (attempted rape) and the fact that the victim was a minor. In accordance with these rulings, Newton stipulated at trial that he would have served the maximum ten-year sentence for the E.G. Conviction and thus, that he served twelve years for the V.J. Conviction.

2. Liability Phase

At the close of the Section 1983 liability phase, defendants moved for judgment as a matter of law under Rule 50(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. This Court denied that motion, with the exception of granting defendants' motion to dismiss a negligence claim.

Newton's Section 1983 and IIED claims were submitted to the jury, who returned their liability verdicts on October 18, 2010. The jury found the City liable on the Section 1983 claim and two of the four individual defendants liable on the IIED claim.

3. Damages Phase

On the Section 1983 claim, Newton sought to recover only for his pain and suffering during the twelve years of his wrongful incarceration.11 Newton served as the only witness on the issue of damages. On direct examination, Newton testified, inter alia:

Newton also testified that he "really never suffered [any] physical injuries" while incarcerated and had not sought medical assistance for feelings of depression after his release.13 He also explained that his conditions of confinement during his latter twelve years of confinement (for the V.J. Conviction) — while difficult and marked by severe limitations on his freedom, comfort, and privacy — did not differ significantly from those during his first ten years (for the E.G. Conviction).14

After Newton's direct examination, defendants again sought permission to disclose the nature of the E.G. Conviction to the jury. In support of this request, defendants argued that Newton's damages testimony had "opened the door to admission of the nature of [the E.G. Conviction], also a sexual offense."15 Adhering to its original ruling, the Court denied defendants' request because "[t]he prejudice [of admission] outweigh[ed] the probative value."16

During summations, Newton's attorney suggested to the jury that Newton be awarded two million dollars per year of wrongful incarceration. Thereafter, the Court instructed the jury that Newton's attorney was "allowed to suggest [that amount] but you are in no way bound to follow it."17

The jury reached its damages verdicts on October 19, 2010. On the Section 1983 claim, the jury awarded a compensatory award of eighteen million dollars — which, allocated evenly across Newton's stipulated twelve years of wrongful incarceration, amounted to $1.5 million per year.18 On the IIED claim, the jury awarded $592,500.19

D. Defendants' Post-Trial Motions

After trial, in November 2010, defendants renewed their motion for judgment as a matter of law under Rule 50(b). Defendants also moved, in the alternative, for a new trial or remittitur under Rules 59(a) and (e). Defendants' Rule 50 and 59 motions were briefed together.

On May 12, 2011, this Court granted defendants' Rule 50(b) motion and set aside both the Section 1983 and IIED awards — holding, inter alia, that defendants' "delay in producing the DNA evidence resulted from the City's poor or non-existent evidence management system is indicative of negligence, but does not rise to the level of a constitutional violation."20 In so ruling, the May 12, 2011 Decision declined to reach the Rule 59 motions, explaining: "alternatively, defendants move for a new trial or remittitur.... Because I grant defendants' Rule 50(b) motion in its entirety, I do not consider these other claims."21 Neither party moved for reconsideration of the May 12, 2011 Decision.

E. Newton's Appeal

On June 23, 2011, Newton filed a Notice of Appeal from the portion of the May 12, 2011 Decision overturning the Section 1983 award.22 In his Opening Brief, filed November 4, 2011, Newton appealed only the grant of defendants' Rule 50(b) motion and did not mention the undecided Rule 59 motions.23 Defendants' Opposition Brief, filed on February 14, 2012, contained the following reference to the Rule 59 motions: "[a]lternatively, defendants moved for a new trial or remittitur of the damages award."24 Newton's Reply Brief, filed March 14, 2012, again did not mention the Rule 59 motions.25 This Court's May 12, 2011 Decision was included in the appellate record at Dkt. No. 3.

Appellate argument was held on October 3, 2012. On February 26, 2015, the Second Circuit issued an Opinion vacating this Court's May 12, 2011 Decision (with instructions on remand),26 and its Mandate issued on May 22, 2015. The Mandate provided

Neither the Second Circuit's Opinion nor Mandate mentioned the still-pending Rule 59 motions.28

F. Remand Proceedings

On remand, Newton seeks immediate entry of a final judgment on the eighteen million dollar Section 1983 verdict. Defendants, however, ask that this Court first decide their outstanding Rule 59 motions.

III. APPLICABLE LAW

A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(c)(1)

Pursuant to Rule 50(c)(1), when a district court grants a Rule 50 motion for judgment as a matter of law, it "must also conditionally rule on any motion for a new trial" and "state the grounds for conditionally granting or denying the motion for a new trial."29 Thus, in granting judgment as a matter of law, a trial court cannot decline to reach the merits of any motion for a new trial on the basis of mootness.30

B. The Mandate Rule

It is well-settled that "`[an appellate] mandate is controlling only as to matters within its compass. ... Put simply, the law of the case does not extend to issues an appellate court did not address.'"31 However,

IV. LEGAL STANDARD

"Rule 59 [of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure] provides the mechanism by which a court can (1) set aside a verdict and order a new trial; or (2) reconsider a prior entry of judgment."33 Pursuant to this rule,

Two subsections of Rule 59 are applicable here.

A. Rule 59(a) Motion for a New Trial

Under Rule 59(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a court "`may, on motion, grant a new trial on all or some of the issues ... after a jury trial, for any reason for which a new trial has heretofore been granted in an action at law in federal court.'"35 However, "a court considering a Rule 59 motion for a new trial must bear in mind that the court should only grant such a motion when the jury's verdict is egregious."36 Thus, "`[a] motion for a new trial should be granted when, in the opinion of the district court, the jury has reached a seriously erroneous result or ... the verdict is a miscarriage of justice.'"37

"The general grounds for a new trial are that (1) the verdict is against the clear weight of the evidence; (2) the trial court was not fair; (3) substantial errors occurred in the admission or rejection of evidence or the giving or refusal of instructions to the jury; or (4) damages are excessive."38 To order a new trial based on the admission or rejection of evidence at trial, the challenged evidentiary rulings must have been "a clear abuse of discretion and... so clearly prejudicial to the outcome of the trial that [the court is] convinced [that]... a seriously erroneous result or ... miscarriage of justice" occurred.39

B. Rule 59(e) Motion for Remittitur

Alternatively, "[u]nder Rule 59(e) of the Federal Rules, a court can grant a motion to alter or amend a judgment `to correct a clear error of law or prevent manifest injustice.'"40 Pursuant to this authority, the trial court is empowered to "enter a conditional order of remittitur, compelling a plaintiff to choose between reduction of an excessive verdict and a new trial."41 "`It is not[, however,] among the powers of the trial court, where the jury has awarded excessive damages, simply to reduce the damages without offering the prevailing party the option of a new trial.'"42

Thus, "[w]hile calculating damages is traditionally the province of the jury, the Second Circuit has held that an award can be amended or set aside as `excessive'" in at least two circumstances:43

"Where there is no particular discernable error, [the Second Circuit has] generally held that a jury's damage award may not be set aside as excessive unless `the award is so high as to shock the judicial conscience and constitute a denial of justice.'"45 "A verdict shocks the judicial conscience `only if it surpasses an upper limit, and whether that has been surpassed is not a question of fact with respect to which reasonable persons may differ, but a question of law.'"46 "In making this determination, courts canvass the amounts awarded in `comparable cases' and determine whether the award falls within the `reasonable range.'"47 "The key is comparability: whether the counterpart cases involve analogous facts, similar measures of damages, and are otherwise fairly congruent."48 The Second Circuit has "stress[ed], however, that [this] task is not [simply] to balance the number of high and low awards and reject the verdict if the number of lower awards is greater."49 Further, "in making a determination as to excessiveness, the court `is free to weigh the evidence and need not view it in the light most favorable to the verdict winner.'"50

V. DISCUSSION

A. Jurisdiction Over Rule 59 Motions51

As a threshold matter, Newton contends that this Court should not address the merits of defendants' Rule 59 motions because it lacks jurisdiction to do so.52 First, Newton argues that defendants abandoned these motions in failing to pursue them before or on appeal. Second, Newton argues that the mandate rule proscribes a post-remand decision on these motions. I address each argument in turn, and find that I am not precluded from rendering a decision on the pending motions.

1. Abandonment

There is no dispute that this Court erred in its May 12, 2011 Decision by not conditionally ruling, as required by Rule 50(c)(1), on defendants' Rule 59 motions. Rather, Newton argues that defendants have abandoned their right to a decision on these motions because they neither sought a conditional ruling from the district court after the May 12, 2011 Decision (either through a motion for reconsideration or other means) nor argued on appeal that the district court erred in not making a conditional ruling. In support of this position, Newton avers that at least three other circuits — the Fifth, Seventh, and Eleventh — have deemed Rule 59 motions abandoned under similar circumstances.53 Defendants respond that the Second Circuit — along with other circuits — has not ruled on the issue of Rule 59 abandonment.54 Additionally, defendants argue that the First Circuit has rejected the concept of abandonment.55

Broadly speaking, both parties' characterizations are accurate: although several circuits have deemed Rule 59 motions abandoned in certain situations, the Second Circuit and others have not. An examination of the case law, text of Rule 50, and policy considerations on both sides leads me to conclude that defendants are entitled to a post-remand ruling on their pending Rule 59 motions.

Of the circuits that have squarely confronted the issue, at least the Eleventh and Fifth have found abandonment where, as here, the "Defendant fails to pursue his motion for a new trial with the district court after the court grants JMOL without making the alternative ruling required by Fed. R. Civ.P. 50(c)(1), and the Defendant fails to argue for a new trial ruling on appeal."56,57 Although not all such opinions include reasoning on this point, the Fifth Circuit has indicated that its approach curtails "the delay and waste of judicial resources that can occur if parties are allowed to resuscitate dormant motions for new trial after the appeals court has once considered a judgment."58

Other circuits, by contrast, have either squarely rejected or not confronted this issue. Of these circuits, the First Circuit has taken the strongest position in rejecting abandonment. In Jennings v. Jones, the First Circuit was presented with a situation in which the defendant failed to obtain a conditional ruling from the district court or argue for a new trial on appeal.59 Originally, the First Circuit adopted the Fifth, Seventh, and Eleventh Circuits' position and deemed the defendant's motion to be abandoned.60 Upon rehearing, however, "the revised panel opinion withdr[ew] its ruling that the appellant [had] waived or forfeited his right to a ruling on his conditional new trial motion" and remanded the case so that the motion could be decided in the trial court.61

Similarly, when faced with a trial court's failure to conditionally rule, the Third Circuit has remanded the motion for a decision on its merits. In Rhone Poulenc Pharmaceuticals v. Newman Glass Works, the Third Circuit explained that "based on the grounds raised in the new trial motion and lack of any trial record or argument before [the appellate court] on the issue, ... prudence militates in favor of a remand so that the district court may consider [the motion]."62

Although the Second Circuit has not directly addressed the question of Rule 59 abandonment, I am not without its guidance. At least two Second Circuit cases suggest that had this Court's failure to conditionally decide the Rule 59 motions been addressed on appeal, the Second Circuit would have remanded them — as the First and Third Circuits have done — to be decided by this Court in the first instance.

The first of these cases is Grant v. Hazelett Strip-Casting Corporation, in which the trial court neglected to issue a conditional ruling when granting defendant's motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict.63 On appeal, the Second Circuit observed that "appellate courts often remand such cases to the trial court for reconsideration of the motion for a new trial."64 Nevertheless, the Second Circuit noted that such a "remand is not automatic" and thus elected, "under the circumstances of th[at] case," to itself deny the motion for a new trial that had not been decided.65 In so ruling, however, Grant acknowledged that the Seventh Circuit had found abandonment when a "motion for new trial ... i[s] not pursued following entry of judgment n.o.v."66 In other words, Grant implicitly rejected the concept of abandonment and endorsed the approach of "remand[ing] such cases" for a Rule 59 decision.67

More recently, in Conte v. County of Nassau, the Second Circuit addressed a related situation in which a trial court failed to conditionally rule but a party brought this failure to the Court's attention on appeal.68 The Second Circuit remanded the case so that the Rule 59 motion could be decided by the trial court.69 Such precedent indicates that if this Court rules on defendants' Rule 59 motions at this stage, doing so will be consistent with the Second Circuit's practice and will not extend this litigation beyond what would have been required had these motions been argued on appeal.70

Further, although the Rule 59 motions were not litigated on appeal, the Second Circuit was on notice that these motions had never been decided (and nonetheless declined to address them or otherwise direct this Court as to their resolution on remand). As such, I must conclude that had the Second Circuit intended to deem defendants' Rule 59 motions abandoned, it would have done so. Specifically, this Court's May 12, 2011 Decision — which was included in the appellate record — expressly declined to rule on the Rule 59 motions.71 Additionally, defendants' Opposition Brief on Appeal explained, with respect to the post-trial proceedings below, that: "[a]lternatively, defendants [had] moved for a new trial or remittitur of the damages award."72

The text of Rule 50 also militates against finding abandonment. It is well-settled that courts are to "`give the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure their plain meaning.'"73 Although Rule 50 requires trial courts to "conditionally rule on any motion for a new trial by determining whether a new trial should be granted if the judgment is later vacated or reversed," it is silent as to litigants' obligations in the event that the trial court fails to make a conditional ruling.74 By contrast, other provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure expressly provide for waiver based on certain conduct by the parties.75 Accordingly, it is against the plain meaning of Rule 50 to interpret Rule 50(c)(1) as including an implied waiver.

Given the state of the law, it follows that there would be a fundamental unfairness in deeming defendants' Rule 59 motions abandoned. Defendants, litigating within the Second Circuit, cannot be expected to have anticipated being held to a rule regarding abandonment that the Second Circuit had not adopted. Further, the Second Circuit does not have a blanket rule requiring parties to seek reconsideration of erroneous trial court rulings. Nor does the Second Circuit require appellees (as defendants were, having prevailed on their Rule 50(b) motion) to brief issues not raised by the appellant or file cross-appeals. And although Newton certainly has a significant interest in the resolution of this litigation, he too failed to avail himself of earlier opportunities to alert the trial and/or appellate courts to the Rule 50(c)(1) oversight. For these reasons, this Court will not shift the burden of its error in not conditionally ruling onto defendants.

2. The Mandate Rule

Alternatively, Newton argues that the mandate rule — which governs the trial court's "duty to follow the appellate court's ruling on ... issues" resolved on appeal — precludes this Court from deciding defendants' Rule 59 motions on remand.76 This argument fails, however, as these open motions were neither expressly nor impliedly resolved by the Second Circuit.77

There is no question that the Rule 59 motions were not expressly resolved on appeal: as explained, the Second Circuit did not discuss them in either the Opinion or Mandate vacating this Court's May 12, 2011 Decision. Nor can it be said that these rulings address, even impliedly, any limitations on this Court's authority to adjudicate pending issues upon remand.78 In fact, the Mandate remands this case with instructions to reinstate the Fourteenth Amendment jury verdict and reconsider Newton's First Amendment Claim — indicating that the Second Circuit contemplated further post-remand proceedings, not simply an automatic entry of judgment. As such, the mandate rule — while certainly applicable to those issues in this case that were resolved on appeal — does not relieve this Court of its obligation to rule on the Rule 59 motions that remain pending.

B. Rule 59 Motions79

Having determined that defendants' Rule 59 motions can be decided on remand, I address their merits.

1. Rule 59(a) Motion for a New Trial

Defendants' Rule 59(a) motion argued three bases for the grant of a new trial: (1) that the jury verdict was seriously erroneous because Newton failed to establish liability on either the Section 1983 or IIED claims; (2) that certain evidentiary rulings, outlined below, prejudiced defendants and constituted an abuse of discretion; and (3) that the jury charge was erroneous and not harmless error.80

The first and third of these arguments were rejected by the Second Circuit, thereby precluding their re-litigation on this motion.81 As to defendants' first argument, the issue of defendants' Section 1983 liability was resolved in Newton's favor on appeal82 (and the IIED verdict is no longer at issue as Newton did not appeal this Court's decision to set it aside). Likewise, as to defendants' third argument, the Second Circuit ruled that the "challenged jury instructions were not wrong."83

This leaves only defendants' second argument for a new trial, regarding the admission or exclusion of certain evidence at trial. Defendants' Rule 59(a) motion objects to three evidentiary rulings:

Because the latter two of these rulings relate to defendants' Section 1983 liability, an issue that has been resolved by the Second Circuit,85 they cannot be revisited on remand.86

By contrast, the first challenged ruling — which prevented the jury from knowing that the E.G. Conviction involved attempted rape of a minor — is reviewable at this stage because it concerns the amount of damages, an issue that the Second Circuit did not address. Defendants argue that this evidence was improperly excluded because Newton's damages testimony — during which he stated that his sex offender status made him a target while in prison — should have allowed defendants to introduce the underlying facts of the E.G. Conviction for impeachment purposes. Specifically, defendants contend that they should have been permitted to demonstrate that Newton's fears of inmate reprisal as a sex offender were not solely related to the wrongful V.J. Conviction.

To warrant a new trial, however, this evidentiary exclusion must have been "a clear abuse of discretion and ... so clearly prejudicial to the outcome of the trial that [the court is] convinced [that] ... a seriously erroneous result or ... miscarriage of justice" occurred.87 It cannot be said that the ruling here resulted in any such injustice.

Rather, the exclusion was necessary and appropriately tailored so as to prevent substantial prejudice at trial. The nature of the E.G. Conviction is not only highly inflammatory but also was not probative of Newton's truthfulness.88 Further, given the similarity between the E.G. and V.J. Convictions, introducing the underlying facts of the E.G. Conviction also posed a risk of jury confusion.89 Significantly, this Court admitted other details at trial which alerted the jury to the gravity of the E.G. Conviction (including that the conviction involved a Class C felony, was not overturned, and required Newton to serve a ten-year sentence). In fact, during the damages phase of trial, defense counsel used most of his cross-examination of Newton to emphasize the existence of the prior E.G. Conviction.90,91 For these reasons, defendants' Rule 59(a) motion for a new trial is denied.

2. Rule 59(e) Motion for Remittitur

Defendants' alternative Rule 59(e) motion sought a reduction of the jury's eighteen million dollar Section 1983 award on the basis that "the award [wa]s so high as to shock the judicial conscience and constitute a denial of justice."92 On this issue, Newton responds that the amount of his Section 1983 award is not excessive but instead within the reasonable range of outcomes in similar suits.

As an initial matter, I note that the parties have articulated the applicable standard of review: this Court must evaluate whether Newton's Section 1983 award "shock[s] the judicial conscience" given that there is "no particular discernable error" that "caused the jury to include in the verdict a quantifiable amount that should be stricken."93 To make this determination, the Court must consider whether Newton's award falls within the reasonable range of awards from comparable cases.94

a. Timing of Comparable Cases

As a preliminary matter, the current procedural posture of this case — which calls for a decision on defendants' Rule 59(e) motion more than five years after its filing — presents an apparently uncharted hurdle: in comparing the challenged jury award with similar cases, can the Court's evaluation incorporate awards that post-date the original Rule 59(e) briefs?

Although no case law addresses this precise question, other areas of the law offer guidance on this point and lead me to conclude that post-briefing cases should be considered in deciding this motion. The "shocks the conscience" standard finds parallels in well-established concepts such as the Eighth Amendment's "evolving standards of decency"95 and appellate courts' de novo review of lower court decisions — concepts which call for evaluation based on contemporary judicial standards.

Further, the very concept of remittitur — which requires the plaintiff to accept either a reduced award or the gamble of a new trial — necessarily asks the plaintiff to weigh the reduced award against the amount that he believes a new (i.e., present-day) jury would award. It is also telling that courts do often consider cases from a wide temporal band in assessing comparable verdicts.96 Therefore, I conclude that I must consider all comparable recoveries — including those from more recent cases — in order to determine whether Newton's award "shocks [my] judicial conscience" today.97,98

b. Evaluation of Award

I turn now to the question of whether Newton's Section 1983 award does, in fact, shock the judicial conscience. Comparing other relevant awards with the particular facts of this case, I conclude that it does. This decision is not issued lightly. It is reached, as Rule 59(e) requires, based on a rigorous factual examination of the authorities.

To orient this discussion, however, it is useful to recite the relevant facts of Newton's Section 1983 award. Newton was convicted in May 1985 on two independent sexual assault felonies (the V.J. and E.G. Convictions), for which he was sentenced to consecutive, indeterminate prison terms. The V.J. Conviction carried a sentence of thirteen and one-third to forty years, rendering Newton eligible for parole approximately thirteen years into his incarceration for that offense. Only the V.J. Conviction was overturned, approximately twenty-two years into Newton's incarceration. Accordingly, Newton stipulated at trial that he served ten years for the lawful E.G. conviction and twelve years for his wrongful V.J. Conviction. In this action for recovery as to the wrongful V.J. Conviction, Newton's Section 1983 claim was based on the City's "inadequate... system to account for ... evidence, not on the destruction of evidence."99 At trial, Newton served as the sole witness on damages, and he sought compensation only for his pain and suffering during his twelve years of wrongful incarceration.

I now review a number of comparable cases. Limone v. United States — a 2007 case which awarded one million dollars per year of incarceration to four exonerees sentenced to life imprisonment or death for murder — offers significant guidance as to the excessiveness of Newton's award of $1.5 million per year.100 Newton's incarceration, while indisputably painful, is distinguishable from that of the Limone plaintiffs in several critical respects.

First, the Limone plaintiffs served markedly more extreme sentences than Newton. Thus, in arriving at its award, Limone recognized that death and life imprisonment are among the harshest and most emotionally trying sentences that one can receive — observing, "[d]eath row is death row" and that "life imprisonment is life imprisonment — not a term of years."101 By contrast, Newton's indeterminate sentence allowed for the possibility of parole as early as thirteen and one-third years into his sentence.

Second, although (like Newton) the Limone plaintiffs served part of their incarcerations for independent convictions that were not overturned, their wrongful convictions severely intensified the conditions of their imprisonment.102 In Limone, the plaintiffs' lawful convictions (for gambling and interstate transport of stolen goods) were dramatically less serious than the convictions that were overturned (murder).103 Thus, the Limone court reasoned, the plaintiffs' wrongful convictions subjected them to "far harsher conditions" and "dramatically change[d] the picture" of their incarcerations.104 For Newton, however, his lawful E.G. Conviction — for attempted rape, a Class C felony — was substantially similar to his wrongful conviction and therefore unlikely to have had such a dramatic impact on the nature of his incarceration.

Third, the wrongful convictions in Limone were the result of shockingly egregious governmental action: "intentional misconduct, subornation of perjury, conspiracy, [and] the framing of innocent men"105 — a level of misconduct not present in this case, which was based on defendants' poorly-administered evidence management system.106 Further, Limone's award of one million dollars per year is particularly instructive because it was rendered in a bench trial and thus, was grounded in the court's survey of comparable verdicts.107

Verdicts in other comparable cases have centered around one million dollars or less per year of wrongful incarceration — providing further evidence as to the excessiveness of the jury award in this case. For example, in Restivo v. Nassau County, the plaintiffs — whose rape convictions similarly were overturned by DNA evidence — were awarded eighteen millions dollars in 2014 for eighteen years of wrongful incarceration (or approximately $920,000 per year in 2010 dollars).108 In Waters v. Town of Ayer, the plaintiff was awarded $10,729,000 for approximately eighteen-and-a-half years' incarceration (which amounts to approximately $600,000 per year in 2010 dollars).109 This award, unlike Newton's, included compensation for physical illnesses and injuries resulting from the wrongful incarceration.110 A survey of other similar cases provides further indication that an award of one million dollars per year of incarceration constitutes the upper boundary for a reasonable award under the circumstances presented by this case.111

On remand, Newton offers several cases for the proposition that $1.5 million per year nevertheless is reasonable compensation for the circumstances of his case.112 However, all of these cases are factually distinguishable — most of which on the basis that they included aggravating factors not present for Newton.

For example, Newton cites Jimenez v. City of Chicago, in which the jury awarded the plaintiff twenty-five million dollars for sixteen years' wrongful imprisonment (which amounts to slightly more than $1.5 million per year in 2013 dollars or the slightly lesser amount of $1.4 million per year in 2010 dollars).113 However, the wrongful incarceration addressed in Jimenez is markedly different from Newton's incarceration in at least two ways. First, the Jimenez plaintiff was tried and convicted as an adult at the age of fifteen, serving his entire sixteen years in adult prison.114 It cannot be ignored that a juvenile placed in adult prison is likely to experience particularly severe trauma. Second, no part of the Jimenez plaintiff's sentence was for a lawful conviction — and thus, the Jimenez plaintiff lacked any "lawful" time during which he might have acclimated to prison life.115

Likewise, the award in another case cited by Newton — Dominguez v. Hendley — is again distinguishable due to the plaintiff's youth and lack of criminal history at the time of his wrongful conviction.116 In Dominguez, the plaintiff was convicted of sexual assault at the age of fifteen but ultimately exonerated by DNA evidence.117 He served four years for this conviction — the majority of this period as a minor and with no prior criminal record — and was ultimately awarded nine million dollars in 2008 (or approximately $2.25 million per year of incarceration) in compensation.118

The award in Smith v. City of Oakland also is inapposite because it addressed an extremely short period of incarceration.119 In Smith, the plaintiff was subjected to a humiliating arrest and thereafter wrongfully convicted and incarcerated for four-and-a-half months.120 The jury originally awarded the plaintiff five million dollars for the emotional distress he had suffered. Subsequently, the district court reduced the jury's award from five to three million dollars.121 In doing so, the court observed that "[w]here the period of incarceration is shorter (e.g., less than one year), proportionately larger awards (measured by annualizing the award) have been rendered, presumably reflecting [the] observation that the injury from incarceration may be more intense towards the beginning."122,123

Further, Newton points to White v. McKinley,124 in which the plaintiff — falsely convicted of molesting his daughter — was awarded approximately $12.4 million in pain and suffering damages in 2010 for the five-and-a-half years he spent in prison (or approximately $2.5 million per year).125 In White, however, the damages evidence included, inter alia, the fact that the plaintiff had been physically abused while in prison.126 No such aggravating evidence was presented by Newton (but rather, Newton testified that he did not sustain any physical injuries while incarcerated).

Likewise, the 2009 verdict in Johnson v. Guevera — another case cited by Newton — does not offer a compelling comparison because it involved damages evidence that was not offered at Newton's trial.127 In Johnson, the plaintiff was awarded twenty-one million dollars in compensation for eleven-and-a-half years of incarceration (which amounts to approximately $1.82 million per year in 2009 dollars or $1.85 million per year in 2010 dollars).128 It appears, however, that expert testimony was offered regarding Johnson's ongoing mental health problems.129 Further, the Johnson verdict may have reflected the jury's valuation of the plaintiff's future, as well as past, harms — compensation that was categorically foreclosed for Newton because he sought only past pain and suffering for his years of wrongful incarceration.130

The Court recognizes that "[a]ssigning dollar amounts to pain and suffering is an inherently subjective determination."131 However, the Court also recognizes, as it must, that each case involves unique factual circumstances which bear on the reasonableness of the damages awarded. Accordingly, in comparing the facts of Newton's incarceration with those of other wrongful incarceration cases, it is apparent that the eighteen million dollar award in this case — which falls within the upper-tier of wrongful incarceration awards — was excessive in light of the evidence submitted to the jury.

As the Court's review of comparable cases has indicated, where juries have awarded more than one million dollars per year of incarceration, they have generally done so in cases involving aggravating circumstances and evidence not present in Newton's case. In particular, Newton's wrongful incarceration occurred while he was an adult, followed a decade of lawful incarceration for a similar felony, and was the result of "poor administration of [the City's] evidence management system," rather than egregious governmental misconduct.132 Further, at trial, Newton sought compensation only for his past pain and suffering, served as the sole witness on damages, and testified that he suffered no physical injury or abuse while in prison.

In sum, while the "shocks the judicial conscience" standard involves a review of verdicts (not settlements) from similar cases, the analysis cannot, at the end of the day, be based solely on mathematical calculations.133 Rather, the Court must consider other verdicts in the context of all circumstances in the case at issue — including a review of all of the evidence before the Court and jury during the trial — and then decide whether, in the exercise of her discretion, she believes that the jury award is excessive and should be reduced as a matter of fairness and justice to all of the parties in a litigation. This is a heavy responsibility, and one that is rarely exercised — but in my view, under the totality of circumstances, this verdict requires remittitur.

Thus, I find that the compensatory damages in this case should not have exceeded one million dollars per year of imprisonment. Wrongful convictions are a serious and intolerable aspect of the criminal justice system. However, in this instance, the principles of justice require a reduction of the damages that were awarded. For these reasons, defendants' Rule 59(e) motion is granted and Newton is order to accept either a reduced Section 1983 award in the amount of twelve million dollars, or a new trial on damages.134

VI. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, defendants' Rule 59(a) motion for a new trial is DENIED and defendants' Rule 59(e) motion for remittitur is GRANTED. The Court orders remittitur of Newton's Section 1983 award in excess of twelve million dollars.135 If Newton does not accept this reduced award within seven days from the date of this Opinion, a new trial will be ordered on the issue of damages.

SO ORDERED.