OPINION BY Judge COVEY.
MarkWest Liberty Midstream & Resources, LLC (MarkWest) and Range Resources — Appalachia, LLC (Range Resources) appeal from the Washington
MarkWest is a limited liability corporation that owns and operates midstream facilities which transport, compress and process oil, gas and other substances extracted from oil and gas wells. MarkWest operates gas compressor stations in Washington County, Pennsylvania.
On November 29, 2010, MarkWest applied to the Board for a special exception under Section 911.D.1 of the Township's UDO to construct and operate a natural gas compressor station roughly in the center 15 acres of the Property. The proposed facility would consist of up to 8 engines and surrounding sound structures, dehydration facilities, tanks, a vapor recovery unit, a flare and associated piping (Proposed Facility). The Property is adjacent to R-1 Low Density and R-2 Medium Density Residential Districts, but no residence would be closer than 1,000 feet from the Proposed Facility. Board hearings were held on January 17, January 31 and February 21, 2011.
On March 31, 2011, the Board denied MarkWest's special exception application on the basis that MarkWest failed to satisfy the UDO's requirements that the
"A special exception is a use that is expressly permitted by the zoning ordinance, absent a showing of a detrimental effect on the community." Morrell v. Zoning Hearing Bd. of the Borough of Shrewsbury, 17 A.3d 972, 975 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011); see also Freedom Healthcare Servs., Inc. v. Zoning Hearing Bd. of the City of New Castle, 983 A.2d 1286 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2009).
Greaton Props. v. Lower Merion Twp., 796 A.2d 1038, 1045-46 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002); see also Morrell.
MarkWest and Range Resources
MarkWest applied for a special exception under Section 911.D.1 of the UDO (Comparable Uses Which Are Not Specifically Listed). Pursuant to Section 404.B.1 of the UDO, the Board may approve a special exception for the Proposed Facility in the Township's I-1 Light Industrial District,
The narrative of MarkWest's special exception application specifies, in pertinent part:
R.R. at 199a (emphasis added).
Section 911.D.1.a of the UDO tasks the Board with first determining whether the impact of the Proposed Facility would be equal to or less than any use specifically listed in the I-1 Light Industrial District and, thereafter, assessing whether the Proposed Facility would be of the same general character as any use permitted by right or listed as a conditional use in that District.
In reviewing the Board's decision, we initially acknowledge:
Oxford Corp. v. Zoning Hearing Bd. of the Borough of Oxford, 34 A.3d 286, 295 n.9 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011) (citations omitted; emphasis added). Further,
Id. at 881.
Turchi v. Phila. Bd. of License & Inspection Review, 20 A.3d 586, 591 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011).
The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has made clear that "the authority of a zoning board to act arises exclusively from the ordinance and the enabling statute and the language of both demarcates [its] jurisdiction...." Norate Corp. v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment of Upper Moreland Twp., 417 Pa. 397, 207 A.2d 890, 893-94 (1965). Moreover,
Greth Dev. Grp., Inc. v. Zoning Hearing Bd. of Lower Heidelberg Twp., 918 A.2d 181,
The Board made 22 Conclusions of Law (Conclusions). The Board's first legal conclusion acknowledged that the UDO governs the requirements to be considered relative to MarkWest's special exception application. Board Conclusions 2 through 8 are direct quotes of specific ordinance provisions.
Board Conclusions 9 through 21 are discussed under the heading:
R.R. at 230a, 1152a.
The Board held in Conclusion 10: "MarkWest is a commercial enterprise which is in the business of providing services for the midstream treatment of natural gas for profit and[,] as such, is neither a public utility nor does it provide a service essential to the public as defined." Board Op. at 12. MarkWest admits it is a commercial enterprise and not a public utility.
Board Conclusion 11 reads, in pertinent part: "The proposed use by MarkWest is more comparable to cellular communication facilities which are expressly excluded from the definition." Board Op. at 12. The Board made no specific finding upon which to conclude that MarkWest's proposed use "is more comparable to cellular communication facilities." Board Op. at 12. The record is devoid of any evidence to substantiate this legal conclusion.
Moreover, Section 2 of Township Ordinance 2-2010, enacted March 22, 2010,
The Board in concluding that a natural gas compressor station was comparable to "cellular communication facilities" when the UDO expressly defines that term highlights the Board's unreasonable interpretation and application of the ordinance. The UDO defines "communications facility" as "[a]ny communications antenna or communications tower . . . which is operated by any . . . corporation. . . ." R.R. at 1133a. "Communications antenna" is defined as "[a]ny structure designed for transmitting or receiving radio, television, or telephone communications[.]" R.R. at 1133a. The UDO also specifically defines "communications tower" as "[a]ny structure... designed to support multiple communications antennae ... and one or more of the following mounts for antennae: rotatable platform, fixed platform, multipoint side arm and pipe mounts for microwave dishes." R.R. at 1133a. "In reading the plain language of a statute, `[w]ords and phrases shall be construed according to rules of grammar and according to their common and approved usage.' 1 Pa.C.S. § 1903(a)." Tri-County Landfill, Inc. v. Pine Twp. Zoning Hearing Bd., 83 A.3d 488, 509 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014). "Further, `[w]hile it is true that zoning ordinances are to be liberally construed to allow the broadest possible use of land, it is also true that zoning ordinances are to be construed in accordance with the plain and ordinary meaning of their words.' Zappala Grp., Inc. v. Zoning Hearing Bd. of Town of McCandless, 810 A.2d 708, 710 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002)." Id. at 510. The plain readings of the UDO definitions of "natural gas compression station" and "communication facility" are in no manner even remotely similar.
In addition, there is no record evidence from which one could possibly conclude that the two distinct operations with completely different purposes are somehow "comparable." Given the absence of a specific finding upon which to conclude that MarkWest's proposed use of the Property "is more comparable to [a] cellular communication facilit[y]," and the Board's unreasonable interpretation and application of the UDO, we hold that Conclusion 11 is without basis in fact or law.
The Board ruled in Conclusion 12:
Further, the Board's legal standard in Conclusion 12 that the proposed use must be of the "same character" is simply wrong. Board Op. at 12. Section 911.-D.1.a of the UDO is clear that the proposed use is to be of the "same general character." We must refer to the plain meaning of the term "general." Zappala Grp., Inc. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed. 2004) defines "general" as "concerned or dealing with universal rather than particular aspects[;] ... relating to, determined by, or concerned with main elements rather than limited details." Id. at 520. Thus, the UDO does not require the Proposed Facility to have the "same character," but rather a similarity to other uses permitted by right in the Township. MarkWest's counsel declared to the Board that MarkWest is not an essential service, but is comparable to an essential service. R.R. at 99a-101a. Accordingly, the Board erred as a matter of law by imposing a requirement not contained in the UDO, as well as a higher standard that the facilities must be the "same." The additional requirement and higher standard contained in Conclusion 12 must fail.
Board Conclusion 13 provides:
Board Op. at 12. In Conclusion 14 the Board stated: "The definition of Essential Service under the UDO is not ambiguous and applies to uses that are necessary for the health, safety and welfare of the general community."
First, the UDO's definition of "essential service" does not require that a comparable entity must be a "public utility" as the Board ruled in Conclusion 10. Rather, the UDO defines "essential service" to include gas facilities that are
R.R. at 1148a (emphasis added). Thus, even if an essential service must be provided by a public utility, the UDO does not limit public utilities to those that are publicly owned.
Second, contrary to the Board's interpretation as stated in Conclusion 13, the Grant Court did not hold that "[w]here an ordinance provides a definition of an `Essential Service' that excludes commercial businesses, a special exception cannot be granted to a commercial business that proposes a use of the
In Polay v. Board of Supervisors of West Vincent Township, 752 A.2d 434 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2000), this Court noted:
Id. at 436 n.4. Correspondingly, in the instant case, the issue is not whether MarkWest's proposed use is an essential service, but rather whether MarkWest's proposed use is of the same general character as any essential service. Accordingly, MarkWest's commercial nature does not preclude it from providing an "essential service" as that term is defined in the UDO. Therefore, the remainder of Board Conclusion 10 discussed above and Conclusion 13 were in error and cannot stand.
The Board's Conclusion 15 reads: "The Proposed Facility would have a greater impact in an adverse way upon the environment than an Essential Service and is not of the same character as those uses permitted by right in the I-1 District under Section 9[1]1.B. of the UDO." Board Op. at 13. MarkWest's environmental manager Robert E. McHal e, P.G. (McHale) described that MarkWest will take gas in at the Proposed Facility, compress it and then send it to Houston where it must undergo additional processing before its distribution to customers' homes. R.R. at 59a-60a. The Board made no finding upon which to conclude that "[t]he Proposed Facility would have a greater impact in an adverse way upon the environment than an Essential Service." Board Op. at 13. Nor did the Board make any finding that the Proposed Facility "is not of the same character as those uses permitted by right in the I-1 District." Board Op. at
Board Conclusion 16 provides: "The Proposed Facility would cause certain carcinogenic materials and other hazards to be expelled into the air, creating a greater hazard than the emissions from the manufacturing uses permitted by right in the I-1 District." Board Op. at 13. The Board made no comparison of the Proposed Facility to permitted manufacturing uses. Moreover, the Board specifically found that MarkWest will obtain minor air permits from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) and minor source pollution permits from the Commonwealth (Findings of Fact (FOF) 22-23, 74); that it will use state-of-the-art combustion engines which generate emissions substantially lower than the DEP minor emissions permit allows (FOF 73-74); that flares will burn the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (FOF 27) and vapor recovery units (VRUs) will capture 98% of emissions (FOF 20); that based upon its pollutant levels MarkWest need not submit a toxic release inventory to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (FOF 21); and, that MarkWest produced documentation that a similar compressor station was deemed by the DEP unlikely to trigger air-related health issues (FOF 76). Because Conclusion 16 is contrary to the Board's own factual findings and those findings are based on substantial evidence, it must also fail.
Board Conclusion 17 states:
Board Op. at 13. The requirement that MarkWest was legally obligated to produce expert testimony, reports or studies about its proposed operation and that it was mandated to compare its proposed use to the Township's other permitted uses is not supported by the UDO or case law. The UDO
The Board relied upon this Court's decision in Edgmont Township v. Springton Lake Montessori School, Inc., 154 Pa. Cmwlth. 76, 622 A.2d 418 (1993) to support its Conclusion. However, while Edgmont Township illustrates that a special exception applicant must show at the hearing that it meets the ordinance's requirements (and cannot cure an insufficiency with a promise of future compliance), it does not support the Board's holding that MarkWest was required by the UDO to produce expert reports and comparative documentation. Certainly, MarkWest has the initial burden of demonstrating compliance with the specific objective requirements for a special exception which here are set forth in Sections 404.B.1 and 911 of the UDO. Greaton Props. Nevertheless, without a specific mandate in the UDO, MarkWest was not on notice to supply any additional evidence. Thus, there is no authority for the Board's mandate or legal
Board Conclusion 18 reads:
Board Op. at 13. Although the Board determined that because MarkWest did not produce "noise or sound studies," it failed to meet the UDO requirements concerning excessive noise, the Board cited no UDO provision to support its mandate. In fact, the UDO contains no such requirement. Moreover, the Board's findings conflict with Conclusion 18. The Board specifically found that the Proposed Facility will have a noise level no greater than 60dbA at its property line which MarkWest will achieve by maintaining setbacks, creating sound-deadening structures, and using silencers on vent fans. FOF 14, 77 and 78. The Board also acknowledged that neighbors of and visitors to another MarkWest compressor station site have found the noise level acceptable. FOF 78. Because Board Conclusion 18 is not supported in law or fact, it cannot stand.
Board Conclusion 19 provides:
Board Op. at 13. This Conclusion is premised solely on MarkWest's failure to furnish "empirical data or expert report with regard to odor." Board Op. at 13. Like Conclusion 18, the Board cited no authority for this Conclusion, and the UDO imposes no such requirement. Conclusion 19 also conflicts with the Board's specific findings that odors from the Proposed Facility would be contained through the use of VRUs. FOF 20, 77. Therefore, this legal conclusion fails.
Board Conclusion 20 states:
Board Op. at 13-14. Again, Board Conclusion 20 is premised on the required production of "studies or expert reports." In addition to the Board citing no authority for this Conclusion and the UDO not requiring studies or expert reports, for the reasons this Court discussed in regard to Board Conclusions 17-19, this Conclusion is contrary to the Board's factual findings and is without legal basis. Moreover, the Board erred by imposing an additional legal standard upon MarkWest by requiring MarkWest to "rebut" its own evidence.
Board Conclusion 21 reads: "MarkWest's application did not meet the requirements established in Part 16 [of the UDO], Liquid and Solid Waste Disposal in that neither the application nor the testimony documented the effect of the Proposed Facility on the groundwater in the Township" Board Op. at 14. This Conclusion is without support. Section 1608 of the UDO prohibits discharge of any materials that could contaminate the sewer system, streams or the ground, except in accordance with DEP standards. R.R. at 1397a. The Board made no finding on this topic and, in fact, capriciously disregarded the undisputed record evidence that MarkWest expressly committed to "absolutely" comply with the UDO Part 16 requirements (R.R. at 93a-94a); that it will comply with soil and water regulations (R.R. at 82a); that it will implement soil protection controls and provide secondary containment even though it is not required (R.R. at 82a); that condensate from compression is considered residential (rather than environmental) waste which will be removed and disposed of in Ohio by licensed haulers (R.R. at 394a); that its operations are not continuously monitored by the EPA or DEP because it has not been necessary (R.R. at 975a-976a); and, that if or when the EPA changes its standards, MarkWest will meet the new standards (R.R. at 455a). Accordingly, Conclusion 21 must fail.
The Board's final Conclusion 22 is set forth under a section entitled
MarkWest
Board Op. at 14 (emphasis added).
The Board erred by denying MarkWest's special exception application on the basis that MarkWest failed to make community impact comparisons between the Proposed Facility's operation and that of other uses permitted in the I-1 Light Industrial District. As discussed above, the UDO does not charge MarkWest or other applicant with that burden of proof. The Board further erred by mandating evidence of property values when the UDO has no requirement that the applicant prove the "impact on real estate values" or present "evidence of a study detailing the impact of a similar facility on property values." Board Op. at 13. Moreover, the UDO contains no requirement that MarkWest or other applicant produce such studies, or that real estate values must be considered by the Board when evaluating special exception applications in the Township's I-1 Light Industrial District. See Sections 404, 910, 911 of the UDO; R.R. at 1180a-1181a, 1285a-1286a. Further, MarkWest representative, Christopher Rimkus (Rimkus) stated: "[W]hat we're putting in there will make no greater difference to your property value than anything else that you put in there would." R.R. at 876a. Rimkus also testified that property values could rise with gas and mineral estates. R.R. at 156a-158a, 429a.
It is undisputed that although MarkWest did not supply comparative reports relative to the Township's other permitted uses, MarkWest indeed provided specific evidence about its proposed use and the Board made express findings about the Proposed Facility's impact. Nothing in the UDO mandated MarkWest to produce expert testimony, empirical data, studies or reports for its operations
In light of the Board's Conclusions being contrary to the evidence and the law, we will review the Board's findings and the record evidence to determine if MarkWest satisfied the objective requirements of the UDO for receiving a special exception. Section 303 of the UDO states that "[t]he Board shall have all the powers and duties prescribed by the Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning Code [(MPC)
Section 404.B.1.a of the UDO requires that "[s]uch use shall comply with the Land Use Plan Goals and Objectives contained in the Comprehensive Plan of the Township and the statement of intent for the district in which it is to be located.
MarkWest personnel testified that in selecting a site for the Proposed Facility in the Township it took into account logistics, engineering and hydraulic issues, proximity to wells and the Houston processing plant, ease of access, size and buffer distances from residents, and other favorable environmental factors, and it plans to install a fence and landscaping as a sound and visual buffer. FOF 54, 64, 80; R.R. at 61a, 83a-84a, 969a-980a. MarkWest produced evidence that the Property afforded the most available remote space in the Township and is located 1,000 feet from any structure in an area anticipated for light industrial use. FOF 9, 65, 66; R.R. at 970a-971a, 979a-980a, 986a.
MarkWest also presented significant testimony relative to the safety features it will employ at the Proposed Facility, including an 8-foot fence with barbed wire, locked gates with emergency shut-down buttons, "fire eyes" that will halt the operation if sparks are detected; interfaces will be established with local fire departments, first responders and PA One Call; and, gas flow and pressure are monitored. FOF 67-68; R.R. at 85a-92a, 121a, 916a. Accordingly, MarkWest demonstrated and the Board's findings are supported by substantial evidence that the Proposed Facility shall comply with the Comprehensive Plan's Land Use Plan Goals and Objectives regarding encouragement of industrial development, promotion of stable industry, appropriateness of location, sufficiency of space, protection of residents, avoidance of industry congestion, strengthening of the economic base and protection of local tax revenues, in accordance with Section 404.B.1.a of the UDO.
Section 404.B.1.b of the UDO provides: "If a commercial, industrial, or special development district, such use shall comply with the performance standards specified in Part 16 of this Chapter [setting forth the Township's environmental performance standards]."
Section 404.B.1.c of the UDO requires: "Such use shall have no greater impact on the environment or adjacent properties than those uses permitted by right in the district in which the use is to be located." R.R. at 232a, 1180a. McHale assured the Board that MarkWest will be able to meet this requirement that the Proposed Facility not have a greater impact on the environment or adjacent properties than any use permitted by right, due to its compliance with the UDO's noise, emissions, odor and liquid and solid waste disposal requirements. R.R. at 94a, 96a. Rimkus also testified:
R.R. at 875a. In response to adjacent resident concerns about danger the Proposed Facility could pose, Rimkus said:
R.R. at 973a-974a. The mandate of this subsection is more specifically laid out in Section 911.D.1 which details the particular elements to be considered. As that analysis applies equally here and requires a more indepth review of the facts, this subsection will be considered in conjunction with Section 911.D.1 later in this opinion.
Finally, Section 404.B.1.d of the UDO states: "Such use shall involve processes and produce equivalent to the processes and products listed in the permitted uses by right for the district in which the use is to be located." R.R. at 233a, 1181a. The Board concluded that "the primary purpose of the Proposed Facility is the collection and transmission of natural gas ... which would be an essential service as defined by the UDO." Board Op. at 12. An essential service is a permitted use by right. As discussed above, the Board ruled that the Proposed Facility was not an essential service because "the collection and transmission of natural gas [does not
The Board's findings also support that MarkWest produced evidence relative to each item the Board must specifically consider when deciding special exceptions in the Township's I-1 Light Industrial District pursuant to Section 911.D.1 of the UDO.
R.R. at 239a-240a, 1287a (emphasis added).
The first UDO Section 911.D.1.a characteristic the Board must examine is "[t]he number of employees." Board Conclusion 5; R.R. at 239a, 1287a. It is undisputed that once construction is completed, one MarkWest employee will make rounds at the Proposed Facility at least once during every 12-hour shift and that, occasionally, mechanics will be dispatched to the Property to work on the equipment. FOF 69; R.R. at 81a, 377a, 422a, 460a, 890a. The Board's finding was supported by substantial record evidence regarding the number of MarkWest employees at the Proposed Facility. Logic dictates that one employee and occasional mechanics to work on the equipment is an equal or lesser impact on the environment and adjacent properties than any use permitted by right in the I-1 Light Industrial District. See supra note 8 herein.
The next UDO Section 911.D.1.a characteristic the Board must consider is "[t]he floor area of the building or gross area of the lot devoted to the proposed use." Board Conclusion 5; R.R. at 239a, 1287a. The Board made express findings on MarkWest's evidence that the Proposed Facility will consist of the natural gas compressor station, supporting equipment and a driveway providing direct access from Route 980 and, with the exception of the underground gas transmission lines, the compressor station will consist of a 500 feet by 800 feet pad located roughly in a 15-acre center portion of the 71.5-acre Property fully enclosed by a fence with a secure gate. FOF 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 65; R.R. at 65a, 67a, 69a, 104a-105a, 108a, 144a, 198a, 343a, 372a-374a, 388a, 397a, 943a-944a, 951a. Moreover, the Board does not dispute that the Proposed Facility complies with the UDO's area and bulk regulations (Section 911.E and F; R.R. at 240a-241a, 1288a) relating to lot size, setbacks and building height, and building and impervious surface coverage. See supra note 9. In light of these findings which are based on substantial evidence, and the Board's conclusion that the Proposed Facility would be the same as an essential
The next UDO Section 911.D.1.a characteristic the Board must review is "[t]he type of products, materials, equipment and/or processes involved in the proposed use." Board Conclusion 5; R.R. at 239a, 1287a. As we discussed relative to Section 404.B.1.d of the UDO above, the Board concluded that "the primary purpose of the Proposed Facility is the collection and transmission of natural gas...." which would be an essential service as defined by the UDO. Board Op. at 12. Thus, it must be concluded that the Proposed Facility has an equal or lesser impact on the environment and adjacent properties than any use permitted by right in the I-1 Light Industrial District.
The next UDO Section 911.D.1.a characteristic the Board must examine is "[t]he magnitude of walk-in trade." Board Conclusion 5; R.R. at 239a, 1287a. It is undisputed that MarkWest will have no walk-in trade. As the Board found, subcontracted haulers will enter the Property approximately once or twice a week to remove the condensate (i.e., residual waste). FOF 69; R.R. at 394a, 417a, 971a. Because there is no walk-in trade, it must be concluded that the Proposed Facility has an equal or lesser impact on the environment and adjacent properties than any use permitted by right in the I-1 Light Industrial District.
The last UDO Section 911.D.1.a characteristic the Board must look at is "[t]he traffic and environmental impacts and the ability of the proposed use to comply with the Environmental Standards contained in Part 16 of this Chapter." Board Conclusion 5; R.R. at 239a, 1287a. The Board specifically found that MarkWest's primary route of travel to the Proposed Facility will be through a single-lane tunnel (FOF 51), licensed haulers will remove water/condensate from the Proposed Facility one to two times weekly (FOF 53, 69), daily traffic will consist of an employee in a pick-up truck monitoring the facility (FOF 69), and access to the site will not require using Township roads (FOF 70-71). The Board's findings relied on pertaining to this criteria are supported by substantial evidence which undisputedly reveal that the volume of traffic is nominal at most and insignificant at best. MarkWest's compliance with the UDO's environmental standards was previously discussed. Accordingly, the Proposed Facility has an equal or lesser impact on the environment and adjacent properties than any use permitted by right in the I-1 Light Industrial District.
The Board and Township residents have been on notice for at least 13 years that an essential service and/or the following businesses are permitted by right at the Property: an assembly/packaging/distributions facility; an automotive repair garage; a contractor's yard; a research facility/laboratory; a manufacturer of goods (including furniture, medical equipment, musical instruments, scientific instruments, baked goods/confections, cosmetics, dairy products, drugs, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, toiletries); a manufacturer who process materials (including bone, concrete products, cellophane, canvas, hair, horn, leather, paper and paper board, plastic, precious or semi-precious metals or stones, marble, metals, shell, straw, textiles, wood, yarn, or paint); a printing service; and, a wholesale trade. For the reasons discussed above, it is clear from the Board's findings concerning the UDO Section 911.-D.1.a criteria that the Proposed Facility has an equal or lesser impact on the environment and adjacent properties than
Section 911.D.1.b of the UDO states: "The proposed use shall comply with all applicable area and bulk regulations of the zoning district in which it is located." Board Conclusion; R.R. at 239a, 1287a. Here, McHale testified, and neither the Township nor the Board disputed, that MarkWest meets all applicable area and bulk regulations for an I-1 Light Industrial District. R.R. at 96a.
Section 911.D.1.c of the UDO requires: "The proposed use shall comply with any applicable express standards and criteria specified in this Chapter for the most nearly comparable conditional use or use by special exception specifically listed in the zoning district in which it is proposed." Board Conclusion 5; R.R. at 240a, 1288a. As previously discussed, the Board concluded that the proposed use would be an essential service. The UDO contains no additional express standards or criteria that an essential service must satisfy. Accordingly, this requirement has been met.
Finally, Section 911.D.1.d of the UDO provides: "The proposed use shall be consistent with the Statement of Intent for the zoning district in which it is proposed and shall be consistent with the Land Use Plan Goals and Objectives of the Comprehensive Plan." Board Conclusion 5; R.R. at 240a, 1288a. "Where a particular use is permitted in a zone by special exception, it is presumed ... that such use comports with the intent of the zoning ordinance." Brickstone, 789 A.2d at 340. As we have stated, MarkWest demonstrated and the Board's findings are supported by substantial evidence that the Proposed Facility shall comply with the Comprehensive Plan's Land Use Plan Goals and Objectives regarding encouragement of industrial development, promotion of stable industry, appropriateness of location, sufficiency of space, protection of residents, avoidance of industry congestion, strengthening of the economic base and protection of local tax revenues. Moreover, MarkWest has fulfilled each standard and criteria specified for a special exception and therefore is entitled to the presumption that the use comports with the intent of the zoning ordinance. Therefore, Section 911.D.1.d of the UDO has been satisfied. In light of MarkWest having complied with each criteria of Section 911.D.1, it has also met Section 404.B.1.c.
Section 908(9) of the MPC states, in pertinent part:
53 P.S. § 10908(9). This Court has held that "[a] zoning board's opinion is sufficient if it provides an adequate explanation of its resolution of the factual questions involved, and sets forth its reasoning in such a way as to show its decision was reasoned and not arbitrary." Taliaferro v. Darby Twp. Zoning Hearing Bd., 873 A.2d 807, 816 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2005). Here, the Board's decision consisted of a single sentence denying MarkWest's special exception application.
Lando v. Springettsbury Twp. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 4 Pa. Cmwlth. 312, 286 A.2d 924, 927 (1972) (citations omitted).
Ford v. Zoning Hearing Bd. of Caernarvon Twp., 151 Pa.Cmwlth. 323, 616 A.2d 1089, 1093 (1992). We similarly hold here that MarkWest's evidence and its proposed plan as well as the Board's findings support a conclusion that the Board and the trial court erred by not granting MarkWest's special exception application and, therefore, remand to the Board to make findings is not necessary.
Based upon the foregoing, MarkWest clearly produced evidence, and the Board's findings and Conclusion 12 support the conclusion that every factor the UDO requires the Board to consider when reviewing special exception applications in the Township's I-1 Light Industrial District has been satisfied. Because the Board determined that MarkWest did not meet its initial burden of proof, the burden never technically shifted to the objectors to show that the proposed use would have a detrimental effect on the public health, safety and welfare. Greaton Props. However, numerous objectors expressed their concerns regarding emissions, noise, odor, light, traffic, property values and safety. Notwithstanding, the law is clear that objectors to a special exception application "cannot meet their burden by merely speculating as to possible harm, but instead must show a
The Board did not make any finding or reach a conclusion that the objectors demonstrated to "a high degree of probability that [the Proposed Facility] will substantially affect the health and safety of the community." Rural Area Concerned Citizens, Inc., 646 A.2d at 722. Nor would the record support such a finding or conclusion. Rather, the Board made numerous findings about the steps MarkWest will take to make its potential impact on the community as minor as possible, and specifically acknowledged: "The Proposed Facility will employ a myriad of safety features." FOF 67-68. This Court has similarly held:
Appeal of Mignatti Constr. Co., Inc., 3 Pa. Cmwlth. 242, 281 A.2d 355, 364 (1971) (emphasis added).
Except for the Board's quotation of various UDO provisions, that the UDO governs the requirements to be considered, that the essential service definition is not ambiguous and applies to certain uses, and that the proposed use is an essential service, the Board's Conclusions are contrary to the facts and the law. In reviewing the Board's findings and the record evidence as a whole, and applying the UDO's terms as written and construing them so as to afford MarkWest the broadest possible use and enjoyment of the Property, we hold that MarkWest's special exception application should have been granted. See Greth Dev. Grp., Inc.; see also Tink-Wig Mountain Lake Forest Prop. Owners Ass'n.
Accordingly, the trial court's order is reversed, and this matter is remanded to the trial court to immediately remand to the Board with the direction to grant MarkWest's special exception application within 45 days of the Board's receipt of the trial court's remand order. Should the Board determine within this 45-day period and within the confines of the UDO's objective standards and criteria that any terms or conditions are needed to attach to the special exception application in order to ensure compliance with the UDO, it shall specify the applicable UDO provision and explain why the term or condition is necessary.
MarkWest and Range Resources next contend that the Township's UDO, as interpreted and applied by the Board, is unlawfully exclusionary of natural gas compressor stations since the net effect of the Board's interpretation of the UDO is that the ordinance unlawfully excludes natural gas compressor stations as a use anywhere in the Township.
"[A] zoning ordinance which totally excludes a particular business from an entire municipality must bear a more substantial relationship to the public health, safety, morals and general welfare than an ordinance which merely confines that business to a certain area in the municipality." Twp. of Exeter v. Zoning Hearing Bd. of Exeter Twp., 599 Pa. 568, 962 A.2d 653, 660 (2009) (Exeter) (quoting Exton Quarries, Inc. v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment of W. Whiteland Twp., 425 Pa. 43, 228 A.2d 169, 179 (1967)).
Exeter, 962 A.2d at 659 (citations omitted). "Moreover, a municipality may divide the municipal area into districts and prohibit or regulate activities ... in areas whose character is not consistent with that use." Id. at 660.
Natural gas compressor stations are not prohibited everywhere within the Township as conditional uses or uses by right. Section 2 of Township Ordinance 2-2010 expressly authorizes natural gas compressor stations that operate as midstream facilities, as long as they are consistent with the Township's UDO which allows them by special exception.
Section 911.D.1 of the UDO permits the Board to grant a special exception for the Proposed Facility under "Comparable Uses Which Are Not Specifically Listed" in I-1 Light Industrial Districts, if it finds, inter alia, that: (1) the Proposed Facility is of the same general character as, and would have an equal or lesser impact than, any of the Township's permitted conditional uses or uses by right; (2) the Proposed Facility meets the Township's area and bulk requirements; (3) the Proposed Facility complies with the express standards and criteria specified for the most nearly comparable I-1 Light Industrial District use; and, (4) the Proposed Facility is consistent with the intent set forth in Section 911.A of the UDO. The Board did not rule that a natural gas compressor station is excluded from the I-1 Light Industrial District. Rather, it concluded, although wrongly, that based upon the evidence presented, MarkWest did not meet these burdens.
In addition, the Board's denial of a particular use in one type of zoning district does not mean that the use is not permitted in any other district. Section 912.A of the UDO sets forth the uses permitted in the Township's I-2 Heavy Industrial District, stating that the intent of that district is "to provide industrial locations for plants which require large operational areas and which are normally undesirable adjacent to residential and commercial uses. Heavy industrial uses may also have extensive open storage and service areas and may generate heavy industrial-type traffic, requiring easy access to major thoroughfares." R.R. at 1289a. Section 912.B and C of the UDO specify the conditional uses and uses by right permitted in the Township's I-2 Heavy Industrial District. R.R. at 1289a-1290a. As Section 911.D.1 of the UDO does for I-1 Light Industrial Districts, Section 912.D.1 of the UDO, sets forth the Township's special exceptions "Comparable Uses Which Are Not Specifically Listed" in I-2 Heavy Industrial District. R.R. at 1290a-1291a. Section 912.D.3 of the UDO makes the Township's intent clear of its desire to protect its residents from storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste, which is in addition to state and federal regulatory requirements. R.R. at 1291a. Like the trial court, under the circumstances, we refuse to interpret the Board's decision excluding the Proposed Facility from the I-1 Light Industrial District to mean that the UDO unlawfully excludes natural gas compressor stations as a use anywhere in the Township.
Lastly, MarkWest and Range Resources argue that the Board erred or abused its discretion by finding that the Township's UDO is not preempted by state law to the extent it precludes operations ancillary to oil and natural gas well development. According to the trial
Trial Ct. 1/21/13 Op. at 7-8.
In the trial court's July 31, 2013 Pa. R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, it expounded that MarkWest's preemption argument is premised upon its position that the UDO completely precludes the Proposed Facility and, since natural gas compressor stations are not excluded in all of the Township's zoning districts and, in fact, they are expressly permitted, MarkWest's preemption argument must fail. Trial Ct. 1925(a) Op. at 11-12. Moreover, on December 19, 2013, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in Robinson Township, inter alia, declared Act 13, Sections 3303 (providing that Act 13 preempts and supersedes local regulation of oil and gas operations regulated by environmental acts) and 3304 (requiring that local ordinances allow for reasonable development of oil and gas operations) unconstitutional. See Robinson Twp. v. Pennsylvania Pub. Util. Comm'n, ___ Pa. ___ 83 A.3d 901 (2013). Because the UDO does not exclude natural gas compressor stations, and Act 13's preemption language has been ruled by our Supreme Court to be unconstitutional, we hold that the trial court properly determined that the Board did not err or abuse its discretion by finding that the Township's UDO is not preempted by state law.
For all of the above reasons, the trial court's order is affirmed in part and reversed in part.
AND NOW, this 26th day of September, 2014, the portions of the Washington County Common Pleas Court's (trial court) January 21, 2013 order affirming the Cecil Township Zoning Hearing Board's (Board) conclusions that the Township's Unified Development Ordinance (UDO) does not unlawfully exclude natural gas compressor stations, and that the UDO is not preempted by state law are affirmed.
The portion of the trial court's order upholding the Board's denial of MarkWest Liberty Midstream & Resources, LLC's (MarkWest) special exception application is reversed. This matter is remanded to the trial court to immediately remand to the Board with the direction to grant MarkWest's special exception application within 45 days of the Board's receipt of the trial court's remand order. Should the Board determine within this 45-day period
If the Board fails to act or acts contrary to this Court's directives, any party may seek enforcement of this Order pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2591(b).
R.R. at 1457a.
The trial court filed its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion on July 31, 2013.
R.R. at 237a-238a, 1285a-1286a. UDO Section 911.A states that the specific intent of the I-1 Light Industrial District is, inter alia, "to allow lot-by-lot industrial development, [and] encourage planned industrial development... in which the area and bulk regulations permit increased flexibility in development of industrial tracts, thus assuring increase compatibility between similar uses" and "[t]o ensure location of uses that are free from offensive noise, vibration, smoke, odors, glare, hazards of fire or other objectionable effects...." R.R. at 238a, 1286a.
R.R. at 1396a.
