SYLVIA H. RAMBO, United States District Judge.
This First Amendment case comes before the court on remand from the Court
As set forth in this court's prior opinion in Reilly I, the relevant factual background is as follows:
Reilly I at 624-25 (footnote and citations to the record omitted).
Plaintiffs filed their complaint on March 24, 2016, alleging, inter alia, that the "buffer zones" created by the Ordinance made it impossible for them to counsel patients and distribute pamphlets in opposition to abortion at certain health care facilities within the City limits. (Doc. 1, ¶¶ 40-41, 50, 56.) Plaintiffs argue that the Ordinance violates their First Amendment rights to free speech, exercise of religion, and assembly, as well as their Fourteenth Amendment rights to equal protection and due process. On March 25, 2016, Plaintiffs filed the instant motion seeking to preliminarily enjoin enforcement of the Ordinance due to the irreparable harm it causes to
On remand, this court held an evidentiary hearing on Plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction on October 31, 2017, and November 1, 2017. Prior to the hearing, Defendants submitted documentary evidence including declarations from City officials, Planned Parenthood employees, and Plaintiffs, including Rosalie Gross, maps of the areas around the clinic, evidence of the City's financial hardship, video taken around the Planned Parenthood clinic, audio from the committee hearing at which the Ordinance was discussed, and drafts and supporting documentation regarding the Ordinance. Defendants submitted exhibits that included a declaration from Harrisburg police officers, the text of City ordinances, a draft version of the Ordinance, and memoranda and correspondence between City officials and Planned Parenthood employees. At the hearing, Defendants called Councilman Brad Koplinski ("Koplinski"), City Solicitor Neil Grover ("Grover"), City Engineer Wayne Martin ("Martin"), Officer Chad Sunday ("Sunday"), a City Financial Coordinator, Gerald Cross ("Cross"), and Planned Parenthood employees Andrew Guth ("Guth"), Lindsey Mauldin ("Mauldin"), and Sari Stevens ("Stevens"). Plaintiffs testified on their own behalf at the hearing, but did not present additional witnesses. The record is now closed, and the parties have submitted supplemental briefs in support of and in opposition to Plaintiffs' motion. Accordingly, the matter is now ripe for disposition.
The First Amendment right to freedom of speech is fundamental, yet not without limit. Our Supreme Court has repeatedly held that such limits exist. See, e.g., Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444, 89 S.Ct. 1827, 23 L.Ed.2d 430 (1969) (acknowledging distinction between protected speech and "incitement to imminent lawless action"); Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, 93 S.Ct. 2607, 37 L.Ed.2d 419 (1973) (distinguishing "obscenity" from protected speech); Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 94 S.Ct. 2997, 41 L.Ed.2d 789 (1974) (explaining that maliciously false and defamatory speech is not entitled to protection); Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343, 123 S.Ct. 1536, 155 L.Ed.2d 535 (2003) (plurality opinion) (holding that even cross burning can qualify as protected speech if it is not done with an "intent to intimidate"). Perhaps most poignantly illustrated in Virginia v. Black, the content of even vile and hateful speech is entitled to protection; however, the First Amendment does not require the government to allow such speech to be delivered in a violent and assaultive manner. This complex question, simply put, is whether an ordinance passed by a local government entirely restrains a particular message or merely places reasonable limitations on how that message may be delivered. Upon thorough examination, this court finds that the Ordinance constitutes the latter.
The four factors that a court must consider in determining whether a petitioner is entitled to a preliminary injunction remain unchanged:
Reilly II at 176 (quoting Del. River Port Auth. v. Transam. Trailer Transport, Inc., 501 F.2d 917, 919-20 (3d Cir. 1974)). The Third Circuit, however, did clarify the allocation of the burdens borne by the respective parties:
Reilly II at 179-80 (footnotes and alterations omitted) (quoting Ashcroft v. ACLU, 542 U.S. 656, 666, 124 S.Ct. 2783, 159 L.Ed.2d 690 (2004)). This court previously erred by placing the burden with Plaintiffs to prove all four prerequisites to a preliminary injunction. Under the standard set forth by the Third Circuit, the Plaintiffs, as the moving party, bear the initial burden of demonstrating that they are more likely than not to suffer irreparable harm without a preliminary injunction and have a likelihood of success on the merits. In considering whether Plaintiffs are likely to prevail, Defendants bear the burden to prove "the ultimate question of constitutionality" and must demonstrate that the proposed less-restrictive alternatives are less effective than the Ordinance. To that end, this court shall consider whether Defendants have met their burden, while remaining mindful that preliminary injunctive relief remains an "extraordinary
As discussed in this court's prior decision, an ordinance is subject to strict scrutiny if it is a content-based restriction on speech. Reed v. Town of Gilbert, Ariz., ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 2218, 2227, 192 L.Ed.2d 236 (2015). An ordinance restricting speech is content based and subject to strict scrutiny if it: (1) "define[s] speech by particular subject matter;" (2) "define[s] regulated speech by its function or purpose;" (3) cannot be justified "without reference to the content of the regulated speech;" or (4) was "adopted by the government `because of disagreement with the message [the speech] conveys.'" Id. Under strict scrutiny, the challenged law is "presumptively unconstitutional and may be justified only if the government proves that [it is] narrowly tailored to serve compelling state interests," and the content-based restriction must be "the least restrictive or least intrusive means of serving the government's interests." Bruni v. City of Pittsburgh, 824 F.3d 353, 363 (3d Cir. 2016) (citing Reed, 135 S.Ct. at 2226).
Conversely, "[a] regulation that serves purposes unrelated to the content of expression" is content neutral and subject to intermediate scrutiny, "even if it has an incidental effect on some speakers or messages but not others." Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 791, 109 S.Ct. 2746, 105 L.Ed.2d 661 (1989) (citation omitted). Intermediate scrutiny requires that the challenged law be "narrowly tailored to serve a significant governmental interest." Madsen v. Women's Health Ctr., Inc., 512 U.S. 753, 764, 114 S.Ct. 2516, 129 L.Ed.2d 593 (1994). Under intermediate scrutiny, the restriction on speech need not be the least restrictive means available, but must "leave open ample alternative channels for communication." Ward, 491 U.S. at 791, 109 S.Ct. 2746 (citation omitted).
Defendants argue that this Court should decline to reexamine its prior holding in Reilly I on the issue of content neutrality because the Third Circuit did not reverse on that issue and the law of the case doctrine precludes review of our prior decision without extraordinary circumstances. (Doc. 101, pp. 9-11) (citing Habecker v. Clark Equip., 942 F.2d 210, 218 (3d Cir. 1991).) We will briefly consider, however, whether any evidence elicited during the preliminary injunction hearing would alter our prior analysis and consider Plaintiffs' arguments to the extent they rely on such evidence. Plaintiffs argue on remand that the Ordinance is not content neutral based on several admissions made
In support of their first argument, Plaintiffs cite to several cases holding that a law or regulation is not content neutral if it was enacted due to "undesirable effects that arise from the `direct impact of speech on its audience' or `listeners' reactions to speech.'" McCullen v. Coakley, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 2518, 2531, 189 L.Ed.2d 502 (2014) (citing Boos v. Barry, 485 U.S. 312, 321, 108 S.Ct. 1157, 99 L.Ed.2d 333 (1988)). Defendants, however, fail to distinguish between the "undesirable effects" referenced in McCullen v. Coakley and legitimate restrictions on certain acts that are indirectly associated with particular speech. In Boos v. Barry, the Supreme Court examined a Washington D.C. ordinance prohibiting signage offensive to foreign governments from being placed near embassies. The Court held that the regulation was content-based because it was enacted to protect the dignity of foreign officials rather than regulate harmful secondary effects caused by such signage. Boos, 485 U.S. at 320-321, 108 S.Ct. 1157. Justice O'Connor explained the distinction between a regulation based on content and a regulation dealing with "secondary effects" caused by a particular type of establishment:
Id.
Here, the City did not seek to ban speech regarding abortion because it "offended the dignity" of those seeking to patronize the clinics. The City sought to limit the areas in which any and all protesters
Plaintiffs additionally rely on Christian Knights of Ku Klux Klan Invisible Empire, Inc. v. D.C., 972 F.2d 365 (D.C. Cir. 1992) for the proposition that unintentional incitement to violence is not a content-neutral reason for limiting the time, place, and manner Plaintiffs may demonstrate. The holding in Invisible Empire, however, was based on the Ku Klux Klan's request to peacefully march in a parade along with numerous other groups. The D.C. Circuit held that the audience's theoretical hostile acts in response to passive speech was insufficient to demonstrate a content neutral reason for the regulation. Id. at 374; see also Startzell v. City of Philadelphia, No. 05-cv-5287, 2007 WL 172400, *9 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 18, 2007), aff'd sub nom. Startzell v. City of Philadelphia, 533 F.3d 183 (3d Cir. 2008) (distinguishing a "heckler's veto" from reasonable time, place, and manner restrictions). Conversely, here, the content of the speech is irrelevant; it is the time, place, and alleged encroachment into the personal space of clinic patrons that the City found objectionable, not the mere message.
Plaintiffs next cite a statement made by Neil Grover, Defendants' corporate designee and city solicitor, regarding the enforcement of the Ordinance with respect to congregating. Grover testified that "[i]f two people were talking about anything of substance, I think the answer is, they're congregating." (Hearing Transcript ("Tr."), p. 355.) Plaintiffs argue that this statement indicates that the Ordinance would require police officers to determine the content of the speech before enforcing it. This argument is patently without merit. Assuming, arguendo, that Grover's method of interpretation is binding on the City for future enforcement, no inquiry into the content is required to determine if a conversation is substantive. Grover's comments were used to illustrate that the Ordinance did not prohibit two individuals
Finally, Plaintiffs argue that Counsel for Defendants admitted at argument before the Third Circuit that the enforcement of the Ordinance would depend on the content of the speech. Counsel responded to a line of questioning from Circuit Judge Jordan wherein Judge Jordan asked whether panhandling or leafletting for a business would be considered "demonstrating" under the Ordinance. Counsel posited that panhandling and leaflet distribution may not be covered, but distribution of anti-abortion pamphlets would be prohibited. Plaintiffs cite no Third Circuit precedent for their argument that a legal theory posited by counsel at an appellate argument is binding on the court. The cases from other circuits cited by Plaintiffs relate to attorneys conceding particular arguments or claims at oral arguments. Kohler v. Inter-Tel Techs., 244 F.3d 1167, 1170 n.3 (9th Cir. 2001); McCaskill v. SCI Mgmt. Corp., 298 F.3d 677, 680 (7th Cir. 2002). The Third Circuit, however, has held that "[t]o be binding, admissions must be unequivocal. Similarly, they must be statements of fact that require evidentiary proof, not statements of legal theories." In re Teleglobe Commc'ns Corp., 493 F.3d 345, 377 (3d Cir. 2007), as amended (Oct. 12, 2007) (citing Glick v. White Motor Co., 458 F.2d 1287, 1291 (3d Cir. 1972)). Furthermore, the Supreme Court has cautioned courts against placing great weight on comments made by counsel in the face of appellate questioning: "We are loathe to attach conclusive weight to the relatively spontaneous responses of counsel to equally spontaneous questioning from the Court during oral argument." Moose Lodge v. Irvis, 407 U.S. 163, 170, 92 S.Ct. 1965, 32 L.Ed.2d 627 (1972). Accordingly, this court declines to view counsel's spontaneous remark during appellate argument as a conclusive admission that the Ordinance is content based.
Finding no merit to Plaintiffs' new arguments that the Ordinance is content based, the court reaffirms is prior holding that the Ordinance is content neutral and can be justified "without reference to the content of the regulated speech." Reed, 135 S.Ct. at 2227. Accordingly, the court will review the Ordinance under an intermediate scrutiny analysis.
To determine whether Plaintiffs are entitled to a preliminary injunction,
Irrefutably, the Ordinance places some burden on Plaintiffs' right to free speech, but to determine whether the ordinance is narrowly tailored to achieve the City's legitimate interests, the court must define the extent of the burden upon Plaintiffs' rights. Plaintiffs first argue that the Ordinance places a substantial burden on their First Amendment right to free speech. Defendants counter that any burden faced by Plaintiffs is minimal and more than justified by the City's legitimate interests. Plaintiffs do not argue that they are unable to be seen and heard by clinic patients from outside the buffer zone. Instead, Plaintiffs suggest that the First Amendment includes a right to intimate conversation and to "be so close you can reach out and hug [clinic patients]." (Doc. 88, p. 31 of 100.) There is no such right to make physical contact with unconsenting strangers couched in the First Amendment, but, despite the substantial evidence that Plaintiffs and other protesters are more likely to offer patients virulent invective than a warm embrace, the Supreme Court in McCullen has held that individuals such as Plaintiffs are entitled to have their speech heard in an effective manner. McCullen, 134 S.Ct. at 2537 ("If all that the women can see and hear are vociferous opponents of abortion, then the buffer zones have effectively stifled petitioners' message."). Specifically, McCullen held that an anti-abortion protester has a protected First Amendment right to engage other members of the public in a conversational tone without resort to signs, shouting, or voice amplification. McCullen, 134 S.Ct. at 2527. Although decided prior to McCullen, the Third Circuit in Brown v. City of Pittsburgh, 586 F.3d 263, 276 (3d Cir. 2009), presciently modified a similar Pittsburgh ordinance consistent with this concept.
In Brown, the city of Pittsburgh had enacted an ordinance that consisted of a two-pronged "buffer" and "bubble" zone.
The Supreme Court in McCullen held that counsellors have a right not only to speak in public fora, but to have their speech heard in an effective manner. Plaintiffs rightly point out that in McCullen "petitioners [were] effectively excluded from a 56-foot-wide expanse of the public sidewalk in front of the [Boston] clinic" and that exclusion placed "serious burdens" on the petitioners' ability to engage in sidewalk counselling. See McCullen, 134 S.Ct. at 2527. Plaintiffs mischaracterize the Supreme Court's holding in McCullen to the extent they suggest that McCullen stands for the proposition that a 35 foot buffer zone is unconstitutional simply because of the area it covers. Instead, the Supreme Court engaged in a much more nuanced examination. For instance, the Court noted the paucity of evidence supporting the statewide need for such a buffer. The Massachusetts law applied to an entire Commonwealth without a particular examination of the needs of individual communities. McCullen, 134 S.Ct. at 2539 ("For a problem shown to arise only once a week in one city at one clinic, creating 35-foot buffer zones at every clinic across the Commonwealth is hardly a narrowly tailored solution."). Moreover, the Massachusetts law was far broader in its prohibitions than the City's: it did not merely limit certain types of public demonstration, but instead prohibited simply standing on the sidewalk outside of a clinic. The Ordinance is much more limited in its purview: it prohibits only knowingly congregating, patrolling, picketing or demonstrating. A single individual handing out fliers does not appear to fit within the actions prohibited by the Ordinance. Individuals run afoul of the Ordinance only when they
Although the physical size of the buffer zone is only one factor to be considered in determining the limits imposed by the Ordinance, it is the factor that has garnered the most attention from the parties in this case. Plaintiffs repeat throughout their briefs that the Ordinance creates an effective 70-foot barrier around the clinic because of the combination of the 20-foot buffer zones. Specifically, the buffer zones extend from either edge of the driveway and the outermost part of the clinic doorway.
Defendants demonstrate that the buffer zones remove relatively little space that was previously available to Plaintiffs. The sidewalk comprising the northernmost expanse of the buffer zone includes approximately 15 feet of a neighbor's driveway, which Plaintiffs were previously prohibited from blocking. (Tr., p. 131-132, 136; Pls. Ex. 9, p. 4.) Thus, only five feet of sidewalk between the edge of the clinic driveway and the neighbor's driveway has been restricted. (Id. at 132.) Notably, Defendants presented evidence that the City had previously considered a somewhat larger buffer zone, but reduced the expanse to give Plaintiffs a four-foot wide area to protest directly in front of the clinic entrance, but out of the way of patients walking in and out of the clinic. (Id. at 49-51, 131-132; Doc. 59-7, p. 51; Defs. Ex. 20; Pls. Ex. 9, p. 4.) Approximately one-third of the southernmost portion of the buffer zone includes private property owned by Planned Parenthood from which Plaintiffs were already restricted. (Tr. at 143-144; Pls. Ex. 9, p.4.) Plaintiffs curiously complain that the four-foot area directly in front of the clinic is useless for counselling, yet seem to argue that the five-foot area between the Planned Parenthood driveway and the
To reiterate, the evidence presented by both parties demonstrates that the Ordinance effectively restricts Plaintiffs and other protesters from performing certain acts of "counselling" on 15-20 feet of sidewalk that was previously available to them. In essence, this constitutes a minor physical restriction on a profound right. It is unclear from prior precedent whether any appreciable physical restriction on Free Speech is "substantial" under the analysis clarified by McCullen. Accordingly, although the limitation is slight in many respects, the court concludes that it is substantial enough to shift the burden to the City to show that it tried less-restrictive alternatives that failed or seriously considered other available alternatives.
Because Plaintiffs have met their burden to show that the buffer zones place a substantial limit on their free speech rights, the City now bears the burden to show that it considered less-restrictive alternatives or that less-restrictive alternatives were tried and failed. Reilly II at 180. At the evidentiary hearing, Defendants presented evidence of the difficulty enforcing other laws that would have prevented the acts complained of by the City, the City's financial difficulty increasing its police force, and the documentary evidence considered by the City council. The City also introduced audio of the hearing and related testimony from Planned Parenthood employees. The City argued that this evidence, taken together, demonstrates that alternative methods had failed and that the City considered numerous alternatives, but was constrained by its dire financial limitations from moving forward with other methods of enforcement. Plaintiffs argue that the City failed to affirmatively consider alternative, less-restrictive, methods of achieving its legitimate governmental interest. In support of this argument, Plaintiffs refer to the brevity of the hearing at which the Ordinance was enacted and the surfeit of alternative laws that would achieve the same goal of preventing protesters from interfering with clinic patients.
Plaintiffs argue that the Defendants bear the burden of producing a "meaningful record" that the City "closely examined and ruled out for good reason" less-restrictive alternatives to the Ordinance. (Doc. 88, p. 56 (citing Bruni, 824 F.3d at 369-370 (3d Cir. 2016)).) Plaintiffs interpret this requirement to mean that, in the course of a council hearing, the City legislators must introduce evidence to support the problem they seek to rectify and address exhaustively the potential options for solving the
Moreover, Plaintiffs argue that the City was required to systematically analyze the available alternatives during the single hearing put on the record. The City clearly received input from its citizens and had available police reports of calls made by Planned Parenthood and testimony that protesters were impeding access to the clinic and threatening and intimidating patients. Bruni and McCullen did not specifically require that the local government produce all available evidence and consider alternatives at a single, recorded hearing before taking action. Instead, they require only that "substantially less-restrictive alternatives were tried and failed, or that the alternatives were closely examined and ruled out." Bruni, 824 F.3d at 370 (citing McCullen, 134 S.Ct. at 2540). Considering the evidence submitted by the City, the court concludes that Defendants have met their burden of showing that the City's less-restrictive alternatives were ineffectual and that the City gave due consideration to available options before enacting the Ordinance.
The City has introduced evidence of the specific consideration given to the Ordinance before its passage. The audio recording of the hearing at which the Ordinance was discussed includes approximately 18 minutes of discussion regarding the Ordinance, which amounts to 12 pages of transcripted text. (Defs. Ex. 26.) The hearing itself includes testimony by a Planned Parenthood employee, Guth, and a neighborhood resident, Yost, both describing the harm caused in the neighborhood surrounding the clinic. Specifically, Guth read into the record a statement by Heather Shumaker, Director of Public Affairs for Planned Parenthood, which described that protesters: (1) would follow patients from the sidewalk to the clinic door, screaming at them, insulting them, and calling them murderers; (2) would take pictures of patients and employees and write down license plate numbers, to insinuate threats of future harm or harassment; (3) would trespass onto clinic property to bang on windows or take photos inside the clinic; (4) would wait around either side of the clinic driveway until a car attempted to enter the driveway, then slowly walk across it in an attempt to impede and deter cars from entering the clinic parking lot. (See Pls. Ex. 20.) Yost testified that the protesters generally disturbed neighborhood residents with loud yelling and blocking the sidewalk on a regular basis. Yost further testified that she had participated in "counter-protests" around the clinic. At
A draft version of the Ordinance was originally supplied by Planned Parenthood to Councilman Koplinski to address problems seen at the clinic parallel to problems addressed at other clinics throughout the country. (Doc. 59-4, pp. 7-9.) After the draft was given to Koplinski, it was submitted to the City's Law Bureau for review. (Id.) As a matter of course, the Bureau would review the constitutionality of any ordinance before it was presented to the full council for review. (Id.) Although we give no deference to the determination of the constitutionality by the Bureau, it is relevant for purposes of determining whether the City gave due consideration to alternatives that the City's Law Bureau reviewed the statute. After review by the Law Bureau, the proposed ordinance was read at a "reading meeting" of the City council. (Doc. 59-5, pp. 46-47.) This meeting was considered a mere formality at which the text of the draft was read aloud at a public meeting. (Id.) After the reading meeting, the bill was submitted to a committee of the council for consideration. (Id. at 47.) Between the initial reading and the committee consideration, the draft was modified in two substantive respects. First, driveways were included in the areas covered by the buffer zones. (Tr., p. 49.) Second, the Planned Parenthood draft included a buffer zone of 24 feet as opposed to 20 feet. (Id.) The committee considered 15-foot buffer zones and larger zones up to 30 feet. (Doc. 59-5, p. 49.) The 20-foot buffer was considered to be the "middle ground where it was a safe enough space for people to feel comfortable to be able to gain access to and from the clinic and also where individuals could speak at a reasonable voice ... to be able to get their points across." (Id.) Thus, the City has presented evidence that the distance was not arbitrarily chosen, but was specifically considered the most appropriate distance to adequately protect the employees and patients of the local clinics.
Plaintiffs have failed to show a feasible, less-restrictive alternative was available to the City. See Reilly II at 179-80; see also Traditionalist Am. Knights of the Ku Klux Klan v. City of Desloge, Mo., 775 F.3d 969, 978 (8th Cir. 2014) (concluding that the district court abused its discretion in granting a preliminary injunction against enforcement of an ordinance prohibiting distribution of leaflets along roadways) ("In contrast to McCullen, the record here does not show an obvious, less burdensome alternative that the city [] should have selected."). Plaintiffs suggest three distinct less-restrictive alternative methods of achieving their goals: (1) existing state, federal, and local laws; (2) targeted injunctions against specific violators; and (3) crafting a less-restrictive ordinance.
Plaintiffs cite five relevant laws and ordinances that they suggest would be less-restrictive alternatives to the Ordinance: (1) 18 Pa. Code 3503(b) (Defiant Trespass);
In order to effectively enforce these existing laws, the council reasoned that increased police presence would be necessary, but knew that it was without the financial resources to do so. The council was specifically informed of the City's inability to hire new police officers to increase patrol routes. The Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development ("DCED") issued several requirements for the City's receivership status in November 2011. (Defs. Ex. 6; Tr. 230.) Relevantly, no additional officers could be hired or expenditures of over $2,500 could be made without prior DCED approval. (Id.) This notice from DCED was addressed directly to the Council President. (Id.) The City has produced an abundance of evidence demonstrating the City's poor financial standing. (See Defs. Exs. 2, 3, 5, 6.)
(Tr., p. 26.)
(Tr., p. 34.)
Because of these financial limitations, the City argues that it is unable to afford additional police officers to patrol the area around Planned Parenthood on a regular basis. Cf. McCullen, 134 S.Ct. at 2540 ("[T]he police maintain a significant presence outside Massachusetts abortion clinics."). Plaintiffs do not appear to contest the City's financial status, but argue only that the City did not specifically make a formal determination that it could not afford police staffing at Planned Parenthood. The City has produced substantial evidence that it has experienced difficulty increasing its police force due to its inability to adequately fund its police operations. Cf. Turco v. City of Englewood, No. 15-cv-3008, 2017 WL 5479509, *5 (D.N.J. Nov. 14, 2017) ("[Englewood] fails to provide any reliable documentation or support for its assertion that ... the City did not have the resources to have a continuous [police] presence at the site."). Plaintiffs fail to contradict this assertion, but suggest that the City is required to perform an analysis to determine that it cannot afford new police officers. Such a requirement is completely without support either in logic or the law. A cash-strapped City that is aware of its need for frugality need not spend money it cannot afford to confirm what it already knows. Chamber of Commerce for Greater Philadelphia v. City of Philadelphia, 319 F.Supp.3d 773, 788 (E.D. Pa. 2018) ("To meet its burden of showing that a law `directly advances' a substantial interest, the City must establish that the harms it recites are real and that its restriction will in fact alleviate them to a material degree.") (emphasis added) (quoting Edenfield v. Fane, 507 U.S. 761, 770, 113 S.Ct. 1792, 123 L.Ed.2d 543 (1993)) (citing Turner Broad. Sys.,
Koplinski also testified that he had previously been counsel on a special task force within the Department of Justice that specifically litigated FACE claims. (Tr., pp. 61-62.) He noted the difficulty in bringing civil suits under FACE contrasted with the effectiveness of summary criminal offenses, and explained that the City would likely face difficulty funding protracted civil litigation in federal court. (Id. at 61-62; see also Doc. 59-5, pp. 130-131.) Beyond the City's consideration of the difficulties in enforcing FACE, it does not appear that the City has authority to bring a civil action under that statute. FACE gives a right to sue to any "person" aggrieved by certain prohibited acts and a person "lawfully exercising or seeking to exercise the First Amendment right of religious freedom at a place of religious worship." 18 U.S.C. 248(c)(1)(A). FACE also empowers the United States Attorney General and State Attorneys General as parens patriae to bring similar enforcement actions. 18 U.S.C. 248(c)(1)(A). Thus, it appears that, even if the City had desired to increase enforcement under FACE, it was without authority to do so.
It does not appear from the record that any consideration was given to seeking injunctions against individual protesters. Defendants only argument why they failed to do so is that it would be financially unfeasible to do so. The City offers no evidence of the cost to seek such injunctions or any reasons why they are beyond the typical expenses of the City's Legal Bureau. Thus, the court finds that Defendants did not consider personal injunctions against protesters. Regarding a less-restrictive buffer zone ordinance, the City did specifically consider a buffer zone of 15 feet, but after consultation with the City solicitor and clinic personnel, rejected that distance as failing to adequately cover the specific areas around the clinic. (Doc. 59-5. p. 49.)
There also appears to be evidence that the City stopped enforcing the buffer zones in the wake of McCullen, although it is unclear who or if any individual informed police that McCullen rendered the buffer zone inoperable. (See Pls. Exs. 44, 47.) On August 22, 2015, Planned Parenthood employees experienced a large scale protest that included an estimated 100 anti-abortion protesters as well as approximately 15 counter-protesters. (Pls. Ex. 44.) The employees believed, and were apparently informed by police, that the buffer zones were unenforceable. (Id.) After this large protest, Neil Grover, the City solicitor, issued a directive to the police bureau stating that the buffer zone was still enforceable. (Pls. Ex. 47.) There is no record of further large scale protests after that date. Plaintiffs argue that it is unreasonable to infer that the McCullen decision, which was issued on June 26, 2014, could have been causally related to the protest 14 months later. Although by no means definitive, it is conceivable that the two are directly linked. The McCullen decision did not wholesale invalidate all buffer zones around clinics, nor did it invalidate buffer zones of a particular size or scope. In fact, no decision has yet invalidated the Ordinance. It is not unreasonable to conclude that McCullen was misconstrued by officers who stopped enforcing the Ordinance over time. This process may have been gradual as there is no evidence of any formal directive or instruction to that effect. It may have similarly taken months for protesters to discover that the Ordinance was de facto unenforceable, and more months yet to organize a protest of
The record is clear that the City had undertaken some examination of alternatives to the Ordinance. The crucial question is whether it gave enough consideration to such alternatives. The council was aware that hiring additional police to patrol the clinic was financially unworkable and that enforcement of existing ordinances was an ill-fitting solution without constant or at least consistent police presence at the clinic. The City actually did consider both more and less physically restrictive buffer zones, and chose the distance that, in its judgment, was the fulcrum between protecting its citizens and protecting free speech rights. The City did not consider individual injunctions against offenders; although if police are unable to cite individuals for violations of certain laws, it is unclear what the legal basis for such an injunction would be. The City also did not formally petition the Commonwealth Attorney General or the United States Attorney General to enforce FACE at the clinics. Taking this evidence together, the court relies on the Third Circuit's instruction in Bruni that the City need not "demonstrate that it has used the least-restrictive alternative, nor ... that the City demonstrate it has tried or considered every less burdensome alternative to its Ordinance." Bruni, 824 F.3d at 370 (citing Ward, 491 U.S. at 800, 109 S.Ct. 2746) (emphasis in original) ("intermediate scrutiny affords some deference to a municipality's judgment in adopting a content-neutral restriction on speech."). Thus, the court concludes that the City has carried its burden to demonstrate that less-restrictive alternatives were tried and failed or that alternatives were closely examined and ruled out.
Although Plaintiffs have demonstrated that the Ordinance substantially burdens their First Amendment rights, Defendants have met their burden to show that the Ordinance was narrowly tailored to achieve a legitimate governmental interest because the City considered less-restrictive alternatives, ruled them out as less effective, and demonstrated that other less-restrictive methods had been tried and failed. Accordingly, the court holds that Plaintiffs have failed to show that they have a likelihood of success on the merits. Nonetheless, the court will now consider the remaining factors in the preliminary injunction analysis.
The analysis for determining whether Plaintiffs would suffer irreparable harm is comparatively straightforward. "It is hornbook law that the `irreparable harm requirement is met if a plaintiff demonstrates a significant risk that he or she will experience harm that cannot adequately be compensated after the fact by monetary damages ... this is not an easy burden.'" Fulton v. City of Philadelphia, 320 F.Supp.3d 661, 701 (E.D. Pa. 2018) (quoting Adams v. Freedom Forge Corp., 204 F.3d 475, 484-85 (3d Cir. 2000)). However, the loss of First Amendment freedoms, for even a de minimis period of time, unquestionably constitutes irreparable injury. Elrod v. Burns, 427 U.S. 347, 373-74, 96 S.Ct. 2673, 49 L.Ed.2d 547 (1976) (plurality opinion) (citing N. Y. Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713, 91 S.Ct. 2140, 29 L.Ed.2d 822 (1971)). Thus, if the Ordinance constitutes harm to Plaintiffs' First
Having concluded that Plaintiffs have failed to satisfy both of the gateway factors necessary for a grant of preliminary injunctive relief, the court need not strictly analyze the remaining factors; however, the court shall briefly address the remaining factors. The remaining factors to be weighed in determining if a plaintiff is entitled to preliminary injunctive relief are (1) the possibility of harm to other interested persons from the grant or denial of the injunction, and (2) the public interest. Reilly II at 176 (citing Transam. Trailer Transport, Inc., 501 F.2d at 919-20.).
Under the present factual scenario, the final two factors are circumjacent. The harm to "others" is essentially the harm to the public at large asserted by the City. The City argues that the public good is furthered by preventing the exact harm that led to the enactment of the Ordinance. Noise and obstruction of the public sidewalk would be abated, and violent or aggressive protesters would be less likely to intimidate or harass patients or prevent patients from entering the clinic. This would also be the harm to others if the injunction were not granted. It goes without saying, however, that a deprivation of a constitutional right is contrary to the public interest and the harm to others (e.g. neighborhood residents, Planned Parenthood employees, and clinic patients), although substantial, does not outweigh such a denial. See K.A. ex rel. Ayers v. Pocono Mountain Sch. Dist., 710 F.3d 99, 114 (3d Cir. 2013) ("[T]he enforcement of an unconstitutional law vindicates no public interest."). Because this court holds that the City has demonstrated that the Ordinance is narrowly tailored to satisfy constitutional scrutiny, Plaintiffs can point to no legitimate public interest or harm to others that would support their motion for a preliminary injunction.
Having held that Defendants have carried their burden to demonstrate the constitutionality of the Ordinance, and Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate irreparable harm, the court need not proceed with the full balancing of the Transamerican Trailer factors. See Reilly II at 179-80 (holding that the "likelihood of success on the merits" and "irreparable harm" factors are gateway factors in the preliminary injunction analysis). However, if this court were to undertake such a balancing test, it is clear that the final two factors, harm to others and public interest, would also weigh in favor of denying injunctive relief.
Defendants argue that the court should apply the doctrine of falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus to disregard Plaintiffs' testimony at the hearing. (Doc. 101 at 49) (citing Lambert v. Blackwell, 387 F.3d 210, 256 (3d Cir. 2004)). To do so, this court must conclude that Plaintiffs "deliberately testified falsely as to a material fact." Dressler v. Busch, 143 F.3d 778, 781 (3d Cir. 1998). Specifically, Defendants point to Plaintiffs' testimony that they saw a drop in the number of people they interacted with at Planned Parenthood in contrast to their testimony that they did not begin counselling at Planned Parenthood until late 2015, approximately three years after the buffer zone was enacted. (Compare Tr., pp. 262-263 ("I started going to Planned Parenthood in, I believe it was late 2015.") with Doc. 1, ¶ 61 ("Plaintiffs have regularly engaged in free speech on the public sidewalks and walkways outside of the Planned Parenthood and Hillcrest clinics for years and prior to adoption of the Ordinance did not observe any [confrontational] conduct.").) Defendants also note that Plaintiffs verified a complaint that stated "Plaintiffs seek to have quiet and personal one-on-one conversations with, and to offer assistance and information to, women" and "Plaintiffs do not desire to engage in loud confrontations or any kind of harassment," yet were aware that former-plaintiff Gross was engaging in aggressive behavior contrary to the peaceful "counselling" allegedly sought by Plaintiffs. (Compare Doc. 1, ¶¶ 62, 64 with Tr., p. 273 ("You would agree with me that Rosie Gross was generally not up at that clinic to seek quiet and personal one-on-one conversations with, and to offer assistance and information to, women considering abortions? Do you agree with that? [Plaintiff Biter:] Yes.") and Defs. Ex. 24 (Video of Rosalie Gross at Planned Parenthood).) Also despite offering assurances that they seek only peaceful counselling, Plaintiffs' brief suggests that they may intend to follow unconsenting women up to the clinic door. (See Doc. 88, p. 36 ("[P]assersby usually enter the buffer zone, and Plaintiffs are cut off from any further interaction... the buffer zone [is] a big impediment ... If the buffer zone were not there, Plaintiffs would continue to walk with and converse with willing patients over the 70 feet of public sidewalk leading to Planned Parenthood's door.") (record citations omitted).) Although Plaintiffs describe these women as "willing" it is unclear why a "willing" listener would be unable to simply stop outside the buffer zone to speak with Plaintiffs as opposed to being followed to the clinic doorstep. These contradictions cast doubt on the veracity of Plaintiffs' testimony, but have little bearing on the disposition of the case. The purpose of the Ordinance was not to bar Plaintiffs from peaceful counselling or distributing literature, nor does it. The scope of the Ordinance is limited both in the actions it proscribes and the physical boundaries it covers. As explained at length, above, Plaintiffs' ability to peacefully offer counselling, as they testified to desire, is not wholesale prohibited by the Ordinance. To the extent Plaintiffs testimony can be reconciled, it is possible that they engaged with fewer patients overall after Hillcrest closed. Because Plaintiffs stated that they did not counsel at Planned Parenthood prior to the Ordinance's enactment, they have little basis to argue that the Ordinance directly led to their alleged decrease in engagement. Thus, even taking Plaintiffs' testimony as true, the court's analysis would remain the same.
The Court again emphasizes the paramount importance of First Amendment