Supreme Court of United States.
*220 Mr. Harry McCall, with whom Mr. George Denegre, Mr. Victor Leovy, Mr. Henry H. Chaffe, Mr. Jas. Hy. Bruns, Mr. E.L. Gladney, Jr., Mr. A.A. McLaughlin and Mr. Sidney F. Andrews were on the brief, for petitioner.
Mr. Richard B. Montgomery, for respondent, submitted.
*221 MR. JUSTICE HOLMES delivered the opinion of the Court.
On March 3, 1923, the Director General of Railroads sued the respondent Coal Company in a City Court of New Orleans, for damages done by it to a railroad wharf on January 9, 1920, while the wharf was under federal control. The Coal Company pleaded the prescription of one year under the statutes of Louisiana. Civil Code, Art. 3536. This defence was upheld by the City Court and by the Court of Appeal and a review was denied by the Supreme Court on the ground that the ruling below *222 was correct. A writ of certiorari was granted by this Court.
In Dupont De Nemours & Co. v. Davis, 264 U.S. 456, it was held that the Director General was not barred by the statutes of the United States in an action on behalf of the United States in its governmental capacity to recover upon a liability arising out of his control. The familiar rule was repeated that the United States should not be held to have waived any sovereign right or privilege unless it was plainly so provided. The reasoning of that case excludes the notion that there was any intentional waiver by the United States of its sovereign right to collect its claims, irrespective of any statute, "as soon as practicable." The provisions of ยง 10 of the Federal Control Act of March 21, 1918, c. 25, 40 Stat. 451, 456, subjecting carriers "to all laws and liabilities as common carriers, whether arising under State or Federal laws or at common law, except" &c., rightly was said by the counsel for the petitioner to do no more than subject operations of the carriers to existing laws, not to adopt from the States their several limitations to suits that this Government might bring, while the United States applied no limitations of its own. The distinction in the statute between carriers and the Government is pointed out in the above cited case. Also it is established that a state statute of limitations cannot bar the United States, at least when a suit is brought in the United States courts. United States v. Thompson, 98 U.S. 486. United States v. Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Ry. Co., 118 U.S. 120. Chesapeake & Delaware Canal Co. v. United States, 250 U.S. 123, 125. The only question that requires a further word is whether the Courts below were right in thinking that the lex fori imposed a different rule if the United States saw fit to sue in a state court.
Perhaps it was not quite fully remembered that the laws of the United States are a part of the lex fori of a *223 State. But however that may be, it has been decided by a series of cases that when the courts of a State are given general jurisdiction over a certain class of controversies the power of the State over its own courts cannot be used to exclude a party from what otherwise is a constitutional right. International Textbook Co. v. Pigg, 217 U.S. 91, 111. Kenney v. Supreme Lodge of the World, 252 U.S. 411, 415. Missouri ex rel. Burnes National Bank v. Duncan, ante, 17. If the section of the Louisiana Code after the limitation that it expresses went on to say that the United States is forbidden to sue in the courts of the State upon such claims over a year old, although but for this limitation it might, the exception could not be maintained. But we hardly believe that if the matter were baldly presented the Code would be construed in that way. The ruling below was based upon the belief, since shown to be mistaken, that the United States had waived its immunity from the state laws.
Judgment reversed.
