12 T.C. 977">*977 These proceedings have been consolidated. The respondent has determined deficiencies in income tax against the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. and its affiliated companies for the calendar years 1941 to 1944, both inclusive, as follows: 12 T.C. 977">*978

The years 1939, 1940, 1945, and 1946 are also involved, by reason of the application of the net operating loss carry-over and carry-back provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. The years 1932-1940 are collaterally involved in that the proper year of accrual of petitioner's New Jersey state taxes, and interest thereon, becomes material in determining the proper deductions for the taxable years.

The cases were submitted upon the testimony of witnesses, certain exhibits, and a stipulation of facts.

Many issues were settled by the parties, as set forth in paragraphs 1 to 14, inclusive, of the stipulation 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*171 of facts. It is also agreed with respect to the net operating losses, if any, allowable in any of the years 1939 to 1946, inclusive, "that the application thereof and the computation of the net operating loss deductions, if any, may be submitted under Rule 50."

Petitioner concedes the issue represented by assignment of error (b) in the amended petition for the year 1941, relating to abandonment of certain parcels of real property at Caven Point, New Jersey, and at other locations in the State of New Jersey. In view of this consideration, it becomes unnecessary to consider paragraphs 170 to 193, inclusive, of the stipulation of facts, and Exhibits 55 to 70, inclusive, attached thereto, petitioner's Exhibit 80, and respondent's Exhibit A, and pages 168 to 221 of the transcript.

The various issues settled, conceded, or agreed to, as described above, leave for our consideration the following questions:

(1) What is the proper year of accrual and deduction of petitioner's 1932 to 1940 New Jersey state taxes?

(2) What is the proper year of accrual and deduction of interest on petitioner's New Jersey state taxes for the years 1932 to 1940?

(3) What is the proper year of accrual of income from 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*172 the Black Tom award received by petitioner from payments under the Settlement of War Claims Act?

If it is determined that the petitioner is entitled to the claimed deductions for taxes for the years 1939, 1940, and 1941, then it concedes that the deductions of $ 1,770,520.71 for 1939 and $ 1,813,037.71 for the 1940 New Jersey state taxes, allowed by respondent in the notice of deficiency for 1941 in the calculation of the net operating 12 T.C. 977">*979 loss deduction for that year, are to be reduced to the sums of $ 1,100,000 and $ 1,269,634.83, respectively.

If it is determined that petitioner is entitled to the claimed deductions in 1939 for interest, in respect to contested amounts of 1932, 1933, and 1936 taxes, and to the claimed deduction in 1944 for interest in respect to contested amounts of the 1934 to 1940 taxes, then the petitioner concedes that the interest deduction for 1940 is to be $ 301,201.64 instead of $ 553,579.62, as determined by respondent.

The questions, as stated above, raised by the pleadings, relate to determination of the income tax liability of the petitioner for the years 1941, 1942, 1943, and 1944. However, these questions have a long background of litigation over taxes 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*173 of the State of New Jersey upon the properties of railroad companies located in that state, including the petitioner. The controversy with the State of New Jersey began in the year 1932. The controversy came to an end in 1941, when litigation reached its end at the door of the Supreme Court of the United States. The stipulation of the parties, the exhibits, and the testimony relate to the problem back to the year 1932. Therefore, although only the years 1941 to 1944, both inclusive, are before us for purposes of decisions, our consideration involves years outside of the taxable years.

The dispute between the parties to these proceedings relates only to the years 1939, 1940, 1941, and 1944, as will be apparent hereinafter.

The parties are in accord as to the correct accruals for the years 1942 and 1943. So, the years in dispute are only 1939, 1940, 1941, and 1944.

FINDINGS OF FACT.

Issues I and II.

Certain facts have been stipulated. The facts as stipulated are so found and made part of the findings of fact by this reference. The exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference.

The petitioner and its affiliated companies filed consolidated returns for the taxable years involved 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*174 with the collector of internal revenue for the second district of New York.

The Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. and its affiliated companies keep their books of account and render their Federal income tax returns upon the accrual basis and on the basis of calendar years.

For each of the years 1932 to 1946, both inclusive, the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. (sometimes hereinafter referred to as Lehigh), as the parent and principal corporation, filed consolidated income tax returns for itself and its affiliated corporations. For the years 1939 and 12 T.C. 977">*980 1940 the time for making assessments of income and excess profits taxes has severally been extended to June 30, 1948, by appropriate instruments.

In each of the years 1932 to 1938, both inclusive, the consolidated income tax returns filed by petitioner reported losses in the amounts set out below, and no change therein has been made by the respondent:

Petitioner filed with the collector of internal revenue, Customs House, New York, claims for refund of taxes for the years 1941 to 1944, inclusive, copies of which are attached to the stipulation 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*175 of facts and incorporated herein by reference.

Facts Relative to the Issues Pertaining to New Jersey Tax and Interest.

Petitioner Lehigh and other interstate railroads, collectively herein called the New Jersey railroads, owned and operated during the years 1932 to 1940 lines within the State of New Jersey, and owned and operated extensive yards and terminals in that state. During the taxable years, this property was assessed for valuation under the Railroad Tax Act of New Jersey, which provided for a tax based on the "true value" of railroad property within the state as ascertained by the officials of the State of New Jersey.

The scheme of the New Jersey taxing statute provided for the valuation and assessment of railroad or canal property subject to taxation within the state by the state tax commissioner, the tax to be computed upon the entire assessed value of such property, including the franchise, at the "average rate of taxation." Every company subject to the tax was required to file a return on or before March 1 of each year to the state tax commissioner of statements or schedules showing its property as it existed on the first day of January preceding.

The statute provided for 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*176 hearings on the valuation and assessments before the state tax commissioner. It also provided for the filing of a complaint by any party in interest, specifying the grounds of complaint and the relief sought.

The statute further provided for a review by the Board of Tax Appeals of New Jersey of the final determination of the state tax commissioner and for a review of the decision of the Board of Tax Appeals of New Jersey upon certiorari by the Supreme Court of New Jersey, conditioned upon payment to the state treasurer of "the 12 T.C. 977">*981 amount of the taxes then not in substantial controversy," such amount to be determined by the parties, or, if unable to agree, by the court.

The statute further provided that any taxes remaining unpaid on December 1 following the levying thereof would be considered in default, and such taxes, or the unpaid portion thereof, would bear interest at the rate of 1 per cent for each month until paid, notwithstanding the prosecution of a writ of certiorari or other remedy. Unpaid taxes became a lien on June 1 and were payable on or before December 1 of that year.

The taxing statute prescribed no method of valuation of railroad property for tax purposes, and the choice 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*177 of the method of valuation, of how values should be determined, of what exceptions should be made, and of what standards of values should be adopted, was left to the judgment and discretion of the assessor. In this respect, the law which was passed in 1884 has never been changed.

Between the dates of December 1, 1932, and June 15, 1945, both inclusive, Lehigh paid to the State of New Jersey, in the aggregate, the following sums in satisfaction of liabilities for New Jersey state taxes and interest thereon for the years 1932 to 1940, inclusive: For tax liability, $ 16,434,764.41; and for interest liability, $ 6,197,172.41. The total of $ 16,434,764.41 includes relatively insignificant and uncontested amounts assessed against the property of the Bay Shore Connecting Railroad Co., a New Jersey corporation, owned in equal shares by Lehigh and the Central Railroad Co. of New Jersey.

Lehigh (and the other New Jersey railroads) contested the legality of a portion of the railroad tax levies imposed by the State of New Jersey for the years 1932 to 1940, inclusive. In each of the years when the tax was levied payments were made on or before the due dates of the amounts not in substantial controversy, 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*178 and the liability for the balance of the taxes levied was contested. The following schedule shows in each year the amount levied by the State of New Jersey, the payments made before the due date as shown by Lehigh's books, and the unpaid balance which was contested:

12 T.C. 977">*982 In each year the amount of taxes levied by the State of New Jersey against Lehigh contained a certain amount which was charged to others on Lehigh's books. The following schedule shows the amount of the taxes levied which was charged to others, the amount of such taxes charged on the books as Lehigh's taxes, and the amount of such taxes deducted by Lehigh in its income tax returns for that year:

1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*179 The deductions claimed by the petitioner in its income tax returns for the years 1939 to 1943 with respect to its 1932 to 1940 New Jersey state taxes, the amounts it now claims deductible, and the amounts allowed by the respondent as deductible, which amounts he still contends to be proper, were as follows:

For the years 1932 to 1938, both inclusive, the losses reported by petitioner in its consolidated income tax returns for the respective years were in excess of the amounts claimed herein by petitioner to be properly deductible in those years in respect of its New Jersey state tax liabilities.

The litigation between the railroads and the state began with the tax imposed for the year 1932, and it was thereafter extended so as to embrace the years 1932 to 1940, both inclusive. Eventually, this controversy assumed huge proportions.

Lehigh challenged the legality of the tax, mainly on two grounds: (1) That the valuation was arrived at 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*180 by illegal and economically unsound methods and did not take into consideration the factors of 12 T.C. 977">*983 earnings, the prices of securities, and the restricted use of the railroads, and, therefore, was so arbitrary as to deny rights under the due process clause of the constitution, imposing an undue burden on interstate commerce; (2) that railroad property was valued at full value and nonrailroad property in the state was valued at less than full value, thus denying equal protection of the laws. In resolving the controversy, the courts held, as to the first ground, that the methods of valuation employed by New Jersey were subject to criticism and should be revised, but had not been shown to be so erroneous as to constitute a denial of due process, and, as to the second ground, that there had been a failure to prove a clear case of intentional and systematic discrimination.

The litigation as to the determination of the tax liability had three phases: The first covering the years 1932 and 1933, which was finally resolved by denial by the United States Supreme Court on April 17, 1939, of Lehigh's petition for rehearing, Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. v. Martin, 306 U.S. 669">306 U.S. 669; the second covering 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*181 the years 1934 to 1936, which was finally resolved by denial by the United States Supreme Court on April 28, 1941, of Lehigh's petition for certiorari, Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. v. Martin, 313 U.S. 568">313 U.S. 568; and the third covering the years 1937 to 1940, which was finally resolved on August 4, 1941, by Lehigh's discontinuance of its appeals for those years then pending before the Board of Tax Appeals of New Jersey.

With respect to the year 1932, Lehigh appealed the assessment against it to the Board of Tax Appeals of New Jersey, which, after granting certain minor deductions, dismissed the appeal. Thereupon, Lehigh filed a bill of complaint with the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey to enjoin the collection of the taxes. The District Court granted the injunction, conditioned upon the payment to the state for 1932 tax a total sum of $ 975,536.52. This amount included the amount of $ 2,304.67 assessed against Bay Shore Connecting Railroad Co. This suit was subsequently dismissed upon motion of the Attorney General of New Jersey. Lehigh thereupon appealed from the order of dismissal to the Circuit Court of Appeals, which entered an order that vacated the decree 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*182 of the District Court and reinstated the bill of complaint, with directions to proceed in due course.

With respect to the year 1933, Lehigh appealed from the assessment of the state tax commissioner to the Board of Tax Appeals of New Jersey and paid a portion of the 1933 taxes "not in substantial controversy" in the amount of $ 671,973.88. The board entered a judgment affirming the assessment of the state tax commissioner. Thereafter, 12 T.C. 977">*984 in 1934, Lehigh filed a petition to the Supreme Court of New Jersey for a writ of certiorari to review the determination of the state board. On December 19, 1934, the court entered a rule dismissing the writ of certiorari. Thereafter, in 1935, petitioner filed a bill of complaint in equity in the United States District Court to enjoin the collection of the taxes for 1933.

In 1935 the years 1932 and 1933 were consolidated and the consolidated causes were brought on for hearing before the District Court, which, after consideration, dismissed the bills of complaint, whereupon Lehigh, on March 12, 1937, appealed to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. On the same date, the District Court entered an order continuing the outstanding temporary 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*183 injunctions against collection of the 1932 and 1933 taxes, conditioned, however, on the payment on or before March 25, 1937, of not less than 50 per cent of the taxes levied against Lehigh's property for those years. Fifty per cent of the taxes levied for 1932 had already been paid, and, on March 23, 1937, Lehigh paid the sum of $ 185,176.98 on account of the 1933 taxes, thus bringing the aggregate payments for that year to the sum of $ 857,150.86.

In 1938 the Circuit Court of Appeals entered an order affirming the decree of the District Court. Lehigh then filed a petition in the United States Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari to review the order of the Circuit Court of Appeals, which was denied on March 13, 1939. A petition for rehearing was also denied by the Supreme Court, by order entered April 17, 1939.

On October 20, 1939, the state filed in the Supreme Court of New Jersey notices of a motion for an order directing the entry of judgment in favor of the state for the unpaid parts of the 1932 and 1933 taxes, with statutory interest thereon, and the expenses of the proceeding, and asked that execution issue on the judgment. On November 2, 1939, the Attorney General of New 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*184 Jersey agreed to continue his motions for judgment from time to time, conditioned on Lehigh paying, forthwith, the sum of $ 450,000 for 1932 taxes and $ 450,000 for 1933 taxes, and thereafter the sum of $ 50,000 a month for 1932 and $ 50,000 a month for 1933. Payments were thereafter made according to this agreement, totaling $ 889,250.95 for 1932 taxes and $ 857,150.86 for 1933 taxes. These sums, when added to the payments theretofore made, equaled the total assessments levied for the respective years.

The following statement shows the amount of taxes levied by the state of New Jersey against petitioner for the years 1932 and 1933, and the payments made thereon, according to Lehigh's books: 12 T.C. 977">*985

1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*185 In the years 1934, 1935, and 1936 Lehigh denied liability for the tax levied and paid the amount not in controversy, after unsuccessful appeals to the Board of Tax Appeals of New Jersey in each year. Thereafter, separate suits for each year were brought in the United States District Court to enjoin the collection of the taxes. The injunctions granted were conditioned as to the 1934 and 1935 cases on the payment, on or before February 1, 1937, of not less than 60 per cent of the taxes assessed for those years. In conformance with the court order petitioner paid, on January 25, 1937, the sum of $ 487,866.04 on account of the 1934 taxes and $ 500,614.82 on account of the 1935 taxes, which payments, taken in connection with prior payments, constituted 60 per cent of the taxes levied for those years. On December 4, 1939, Lehigh paid the further sum of $ 120,708.15 on account of the 1936 taxes, which payment brought the total payments on account of taxes for that year up to 60 per cent of the amount levied.

On or about January 25, 1940, an agreement was made with the Attorney General of New Jersey that Lehigh should pay $ 100,000 a month until 70 per cent of the 1934 to 1936 assessments 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*186 had been satisfied, such payments, however, not to begin until the completion of the monthly payments of $ 100,000 applicable to the 1932 and 1933 12 T.C. 977">*986 cases, which payments were, on account of the 1932 and 1933 cases, completed on August 3, 1940. Thereafter, petitioner made further payments on account of the 1934 and 1936 taxes in amounts sufficient to bring the aggregate payments for each of said years up to 70 per cent of the taxes levied for those years.

No further payments were made on account of 1934 to 1936 taxes (except for minor payments in connection with sales of land) until after passage by the New Jersey Legislature of the Tax Settlement Act on July 22, 1941.

The consolidated cases were tried in the District Court from April 20, 1937, to January 25, 1938, and on November 1, 1939, the District Court filed an opinion granting injunctions to restrain the collection of the 1934 to 1936 taxes until such time as the taxing authorities of New Jersey should revalue Lehigh's property in accordance with the views expressed in that opinion. In its opinion, the court stated that the board's failure to give weight to the earnings of the railroads and "its continued persistence in basing 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*187 its assessments upon the principles herein condemned has extended beyond the field of casual disregard of duty and now manifests itself as a permanent abuse of rights which should no longer be continued." In its findings and conclusions of law the court stated: "I conclude as a matter of law that the assessments involved herein are arbitrary, capricious, basically unsound, and so grossly excessive as to amount to constructive fraud." The injunctions restraining the collection of the tax were conditioned on Lehigh bringing its payments on account of such taxes to 70 per cent of the amount levied.

Upon appeal by the State of New Jersey of the judgment of the District Court to the Circuit Court of Appeals of the Third Circuit, that court, on November 27, 1940, reversed the judgments of the District Court and remanded the cases with directions to dismiss the 1934 and 1936 actions. Thereafter, Lehigh filed petitions in the Circuit Court for rehearing, which were denied. A petition for writ of certiorari was then filed in the United States Supreme Court to review the order of reversal of the Circuit Court. On April 28, 1941, the Supreme Court entered an order denying the petition for writ 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*188 of certiorari.

The following statement shows the amount of taxes levied by the State of New Jersey against Lehigh for the years 1934 to 1936, and the payments made thereon, according to Lehigh's books: 12 T.C. 977">*987

With respect to the years 1937 and 1938, Lehigh appealed each year to the Board of Tax Appeals of New Jersey and paid the sum of $ 1,100,000 on account of the 1937 taxes on December 1, 1937, and the amount of $ 1,100,000 on account of the 1938 taxes on December 1, 1938, such sums being approximately 60 per cent of the amount assessed, which was the percentage of payment imposed by the District Court as a condition to granting injunctive relief in the 1934 and 1935 cases. On May 13, 1941, the Board of Tax Appeals of New Jersey affirmed the assessments of the tax commissioner as to these years and dismissed the appeals.

With respect to the years 1939 and 1940, Lehigh appealed the assessments of the state tax commissioner to the Board of Tax Appeals of New Jersey. On December 1, 1939, Lehigh paid the sum of $ 1,100,000 12 T.C. 977">*988 on account of the 1939 taxes and on December 1, 1940, paid the sum of $ 1,268,343.14 on account of the 1940 taxes, which amounts constituted 70 per cent thereof, less $ 1,118.44 representing one-half the tax assessed against Bay Shore Connecting Railroad. These appeals of Lehigh 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*190 were discontinued on August 4, 1941, following the enactment of the Tax Settlement Act on July 22, 1941. The following statement shows the amount of taxes levied by New Jersey for the respective years 1937, 1938, 1939, and 1940, and the payments made thereon, according to Lehigh's books:

12 T.C. 977">*989 In November 1933 the Attorney General of New Jersey recommended to the Governor a general revision of the then present law taxing railroads. There were messages from the Governor to the Legislature in 1933, 1934, 1936, and 1941 relative to a revision of the taxing statute and settlement of litigation. There were reports by various committees from 1934 to 1941. In 1939 a bill was introduced which provided for the payment of 75 per cent of the assessments in full satisfaction, but it failed to pass. The Tax Settlement Act, enacted in 1941, canceled prior interest liabilities at the rate of 1 per cent a month and authorized the payment of unpaid 1932 to 1940 taxes over a period of from 2 to 20 years, with interest at 3 per cent from December 1, 1940, on unpaid balances.

On August 4, 1941, Lehigh, in compliance with the terms of the Settlement Act, filed with the state comptroller a waiver of any rights to contest any assessment of New Jersey property taxes levied prior to December 1, 1941, and an undertaking to pay such taxes in accordance with the terms of the Settlement Act. At the same time consents 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*192 to the discontinuance of pending tax appeals were filed. On the same date Lehigh tendered to the state treasurer a certified check for its first installment under the provisions of the Settlement Act of $ 844,917.60 on account of tax and $ 88,238.48 on account of interest, computed at the rate of 3 per cent from December 1, 1940, on the aggregate tax balance of $ 4,650,514.36 due on that date, less minor adjustments on the intervening payments. This check was not cashed until July 14, 1944. It covered the balance of 1934 taxes in the amount of $ 531,051.97, leaving $ 313,865.63 to apply on account of the balance of the 1935 tax.

Prior to March 6, 1940, receipts issued by the state treasurer for payments made by Lehigh read "On account of tax." Effective with the receipt covering Lehigh's payment of $ 50,000 on March 6, 1940, in respect of the 1933 tax, the state treasurer, at the direction of the attorney general, changed the form of the receipt to read "On account of principal and interest of tax." All subsequent receipts were in that form, except the receipt for the payment of $ 1,268,343.14 in respect of the 1940 tax, which was made on December 1, 1940, and read "On account of 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*193 tax."

As in the case of taxes, the controversy as to the determination of the interest liability likewise had three phases: (1) The enactment on July 22, 1941, of the so-called New Jersey Railroad Tax Settlement Act, which canceled all 12 per cent interest liabilities, substituting therefor an interest liability at the rate of 3 per cent a year from 12 T.C. 977">*990 December 1, 1940, on the unpaid balance of 1932 to 1940 New Jersey taxes; (2) the invalidation of the Settlement Act by the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals on June 22,1944, Wilentz v. Hendrickson, 135 N. J. Eq. 244; and (3) the decision of the New Jersey Supreme Court on June 11, 1945, resolving the demands of the state for additional interest liabilities and the entry of judgment of discontinuance pursuant thereto on July 2, 1945, State v. Erie R. R., 23 N. J. Misc. 203. On December 1, 1942, and on December 1, 1943, Lehigh tendered and delivered to the state treasurer the second and third installment payments of $ 701,667.51 and $ 1,013,812.13 on account of principal and interest under the Tax Settlement Act. On December 1, 1941, Lehigh had delivered a check for $ 33,055.95 on account of interest under that act.

In 1943 the Court 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*194 of Chancery of New Jersey held the Tax Settlement Acts to be unconstitutional. This decree was affirmed by the Court of Errors and Appeals, New Jersey's court of last resort, on June 22, 1944. Following the decision of the Court of Errors and Appeals, Lehigh, on July 14, 1944, paid the state $ 1,789,182.72. This payment, together with the prior payments on account of tax, constituted an aggregate payment of $ 16,434,764.41, the total principal amount of taxes assessed against Lehigh for the years 1932 to 1940.

On July 19, 1944, Lehigh paid the State of New Jersey $ 3,880,831.86, which was intended to constitute payment in full on account of interest liability for the years 1932 to 1940. This payment, taken with prior payments on account of interest, constituted a total interest payment of $ 4,137,441.11, as follows:

The amount of $ 4,137,441.11 was computed by applying all prior payments (except payments of interest under Tax Settlement Acts) to the reduction of principal, and by calculating interest on unpaid balances of principal at the rate of 12 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*195 per cent per annum from the respective annual due dates to July 22, 1941, (date of enactment of the original Settlement Act) and at the rate of 3 per cent per annum from that date to July 19, 1944.

On October 19, 1944, the State of New Jersey brought an action at law in the New Jersey courts, claiming additional interest in the amount of $ 3,172,464.83. State of New Jersey v. Erie R. R., 23 N. J. Misc. 203.

12 T.C. 977">*991 The state's claim was based on three grounds: (1) That the correct rate of interest from July 22, 1941, (the date of the Settlement Act) was 1 per cent a month instead of 3 per cent per annum, as computed by Lehigh; (2) that the installment payments which had been tendered under the terms of the Settlement Act did not operate to shut off interest; and (3) that, in the calculation of the interest liability, prior payments on account of tax (subsequent to original due dates) should be applied first to discharge the interest liability, thereby leaving a larger amount of principal unpaid which would continue to bear interest.

Thereafter, on December 20, 1944, Lehigh, in order to shut off interest, and in anticipation of a possible unfavorable decision, paid an additional $ 1,275,000.

On 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*196 June 11, 1945, the Supreme Court of New Jersey handed down a decision in State of New Jersey v. Erie R. R., supra, sustaining the state on issues (1) and (2), but rejecting the contention of both the state and the railroad as to issue (3). As to that issue, the court determined that the prior payments should be apportioned between principal and interest under a formula described in the opinion.

Thereafter, on June 15, 1945, Lehigh paid an additional $ 1,000,000, which it estimated to be its additional interest liabilities under the decision of the court. This amount was subsequently found to be excessive, and on July 2, 1945, the state refunded to Lehigh, as an overpayment, the sum of $ 214,440.74, and on October 8, 1945, it refunded to Lehigh an additional $ 827.96, thus making a net payment by Lehigh in 1945 for interest indebtedness of $ 784,731.30.

The parties have agreed that the Settlement Act is to be given a temporary validity in the years 1941, 1942, and 1943, and, consequently, are in accord as to the correct interest accrual for those years at the rate of 3 per cent per annum specified in the Settlement Act.

On January 1, 1939, the state commissioner assessed Lehigh's class 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*197 2 property in Jersey City at $ 14,149,513, and thereafter, on complaint of Lehigh, such valuation was reduced June 1, 1939, by the sum of $ 1,177,533. Jersey City appealed to the state board, which, on May 26, 1942, canceled the reduction in assessed value. Lehigh petitioned the Supreme Court of New Jersey for a writ of certiorari, which was allowed. Thereafter, on November 13, 1944, after briefs had been filed, Lehigh consented to an order dismissing the writ.

On November 29, 1944, Lehigh paid $ 72,407.64, representing $ 56,969.03 in satisfaction of the tax assessed by reason of the action of the state board, plus interest of $ 15,438.61.

In the calendar years 1932 to 1946, inclusive, Lehigh deducted in its income tax returns, in respect to the items of $ 16,434,764.41 taxes and $ 6,197,172.41 interest, the following amounts: 12 T.C. 977">*992

For the years 1939 to 1946, the respondent has allowed, in respect to taxes and interest, the following deductions, and no other:

In respect of the item of $ 6,197,172.41, there was also allowed on account of charges to "others" $ 69.53 in 1941, $ 109.03 in 1942, $ 85.54 in 1943, $ 1,984.72 in 1944, and $ 1,333.95 in 1945.

The New Jersey tax items which were unpaid and in controversy on January 1, 1939, were as follows:

Lehigh's liability for the items relative to 1932 and 1933 taxes, aggregating $ 1,746,401.81, became fixed and certain on April 17, 1939, when the United 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*199 States Supreme Court denied Lehigh's petition for rehearing in the consolidated 1932 and 1933 New Jersey tax litigation. ( Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. v. Martin, 306 U.S. 669">306 U.S. 669).

12 T.C. 977">*993 The New Jersey tax items which were unpaid and in controversy on January 1, 1940, were as follows:

Lehigh's liability for $ 461,229.83 accrued during 1940, when it made payments aggregating that sum in order to conform, except for minor items, with the restraining order of the United States District Court of January 25, 1940, requiring it to bring its payments on account of 1934-1936 taxes up to 70 per cent of the amount originally imposed.

The New Jersey tax items which were unpaid and in controversy on January 1, 1941, were as follows:

Lehigh's liability for the 1934-1936 items, aggregating $ 1,726,103.91, became fixed and certain on April 28, 1941, when the United States Supreme Court denied Lehigh's petition for certiorari in the 1934-1936 New 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*200 Jersey tax litigation. Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. v. Martin, 313 U.S. 568">313 U.S. 568.

Lehigh's liability for the 1937-1940 items, aggregating $ 2,823,790.12, became fixed and certain on August 4, 1941, when Lehigh discontinued its appeals as to those years.

OPINION.

The first question presented stems from the respondent's disallowance of certain deductions from income of taxes imposed by the State of New Jersey, claimed by petitioner in the taxable years, and concerns the years in which such taxes, and the interest on the unpaid portion thereof, may be properly accrued.

There is no question here as to the total amount of the state taxes assessed, the amounts paid before the due date, the amount of the unpaid portion, the dates and amounts of subsequent payments, or the amounts currently deducted by petitioner in its income tax returns; nor is there any question as to the total amount of interest paid thereon, the main controversy being when the taxes and the interest on the unpaid portion thereof are accruable and deductible by petitioner in its income tax returns.

It is the position of the respondent that the liability of the petitioner 12 T.C. 977">*994 to pay the tax assessed by the State of New Jersey was incurred 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*201 in the year for which the tax was imposed, and that the interest on the delinquent taxes accrued ratably over the years from the time the taxes were due.

It is the petitioner's contention that the litigation between it and the State of New Jersey was instituted to determine not only the amount of the tax, but its liability to pay the contested balance. It argues that the unpaid balance of the tax imposed in each taxable year was accruable only as and when paid, or upon the termination of the litigation between it and the state, either by a final decision of the courts or by the discontinuance of the appeals. It further argues that interest on the unpaid balance of the tax imposed became accruable when the liability for the unpaid taxes was determined.

If it is determined that petitioner is not entitled to a deduction in 1939 of the amount claimed for interest in respect to contested amounts for 1932, 1933, and 1936 taxes, then petitioner contends, in the alternative, that it is entitled to interest deductions in 1939, 1940, and 1941 of $ 666,738.62, $ 553,579.62, and $ 129,531.55, respectively, which, although in accordance with the respondent's contentions, have been allowed only 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*202 to the extent of $ 10,561.47 for 1940 and $ 19,125.13 for 1941.

The respective contentions of the parties as to the correct years for the accrual of the New Jersey tax and interest items and the amounts thereof are set forth in the margin. ^{11949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*203}

12 T.C. 977">*995 Section 23 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code permits the deduction from gross income of taxes "paid or accrued within the taxable year." Sections 41, 42, and 43 of the code make provisions for tax accounting on the accrual basis, where the taxpayer keeps his books on that basis, provided his method clearly reflects his income in any taxable year.

It is well settled that in order to reflect income in any taxable year a taxpayer may deduct from gross income a liability which in fact accrues in that year. United States v. Anderson, 269 U.S. 422">269 U.S. 422; 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*204 American National Co. v. United States, 274 U.S. 99">274 U.S. 99; Aluminum Castings Co. v. Routzahn, 282 U.S. 92">282 U.S. 92; Continental Tie & Lumber Co. v. United States, 286 U.S. 290">286 U.S. 290.

It has long been held that, where a taxpayer keeps its accounts on the accrual basis, a liability for taxes accrues for income tax purposes and is deductible from gross income, as any other expense, when all the events have occurred which fix the amount of the tax and determine the taxpayer's liability to pay it. 269 U.S. 422">United States v. Anderson, supra.An accrual may be proper, if there is legal liability, even though the amount is not definitely fixed, if all the events have occurred by which the amount may be determined with reasonable exactitude. 286 U.S. 290">Continental Tie & Lumber Co. v. United States, supra; but where the amount of the tax, if there is legal liability, is contested by the taxpayer and depends in a substantial measure on the occurrence of future events, an accrual is improper. Lucas v. American Code Co., 280 U.S. 445">280 U.S. 445; Security Flour Mills Co. v. Commissioner, 321 U.S. 281">321 U.S. 281. A liability does not accrue so long as it remains contingent. Brown v. Helvering, 291 U.S. 193">291 U.S. 193; Dixie Pine Products Co. v. Commissioner, 320 U.S. 516">320 U.S. 516.

During 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*205 the years 1932-1940, the State of New Jersey assessed in each year taxes on the petitioner's property located in that state. The petitioner paid in each of the years, before the due date, a portion of the taxes assessed for which it admitted liability, and contested in the courts the amount unpaid on the ground that the asserted levies were illegal because discriminatory and based on value arrived at by methods which did not reflect the true value of the property taxed within the intendment of the taxing statute.

During the progress of the litigation, the petitioner paid additional amounts to the State of New Jersey in conformity with restraining orders of the United States District Court, requiring it to bring its payments on account of taxes up to a prescribed percentum of the tax originally imposed for the respective years. (At first the requirement was 50 per cent, this was later increased to 60 per cent, and finally to 70 per cent, of the tax originally assessed.) Thereafter the amounts which were unpaid remained in controversy.

12 T.C. 977">*996 It is the petitioner's theory that liability for the amounts of the taxes which it paid during litigation accrued as a matter of law in the years when 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*206 paid, and that liability for the amounts remaining unpaid and contested in the courts accrued in the years when the litigation was terminated, either by final action of the United States Supreme Court or by discontinuance of the appeals.

The respondent argues that all of the events upon which the tax was predicated had occurred in the year the tax was imposed by state law, and the amount of the tax liability was then fixed and ascertainable as to the end of the taxable period. He urges that the litigation instituted by the petitioner did not serve to postpone the accrual of the unpaid taxes, because it related only to the amount of the tax and did not question the validity of the taxing act or deny liability for taxes on its New Jersey property. Under his theory, in order to properly reflect income of the taxpayer, the taxes must be charged against the income earned during each taxable period as properly attributable to the process of earning income during such period, although the amount thereof was in dispute and contingent upon the outcome of the contest.

Respondent cites, in support of his position, 269 U.S. 422">United States v. Anderson, supra;274 U.S. 99">American National Co. v. United States, supra;286 U.S. 290"> Continental Tie & Lumber Co. v. United States, supra, 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*207 and related cases. The facts of the case before us are materially different from the cited cases, and this case does not fall within the principle governing those decisions. In the Anderson case, all the events had occurred in 1916 which fixed the liability for the munitions tax at a fixed rate on the business done in that year. There was no contest as to the amount of the tax or the taxpayer's liability to pay it. The only question was when it was deductible from gross income. The tax was due and payable in 1917, and the taxpayer was contending that under the statute "only taxes actually paid during the year were deductible in determining net income for the year," and that "a tax does not accrue until it is due and payable." In 274 U.S. 99">American National Co., supra, the taxpayer kept its books on an accrual basis. The bonus contracts provided definitely for the payment of a fixed amount. The Supreme Court held that under the doctrine of the Anderson case the amount of the bonus contracts was deductible as an expense incurred within the year, "although it did not accrue in that year in the sense of becoming then due and payable." 286 U.S. 290">Continental Tie & Lumber Co., supra, involved the question 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*208 of whether an award to a railroad for an operating deficit during the period of Federal control was taxable as income in 1920, 12 T.C. 977">*997 when the Transportation Act authorizing the payment was passed, or in 1923, when the amount was determined and paid. The act prescribed the method of calculating the amount from data which was in existence prior to its passage. The Court held that the right to the award was fixed by the passage of the Transportation Act and "what remained was mere administrative procedure to ascertain the amount to be paid." There was no contest as to either the amount of the award or the liability of the United States to pay it.

The cases relied on by the respondent recognized the rule that, where there is legal liability to pay a tax, all the events must have occurred to fix the amount of the tax or determine it with reasonable exactitude before the tax may be accrued. Income tax laws do not profess to embody perfect economic theory. They deal in actual things, not merely things contemplated as more or less sure to occur in the future. An expense may be accrued upon all the facts and circumstances upon which payment will eventuate. But if a material fact in the expenditure 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*209 is uncertain or contingent upon some event which will take place in the future, then the accrual of the expense is not proper until the happening of the future event, because the material fact can not be definitely determined until that time. The cases agree that, if the liability of a taxpayer to make the expenditure has been fixed and is not contested, the amount of the expenditure may be accrued. But if the liability to make the expenditure is contested, and the result of the contest has not been determined, then an accrual of the expenditure is not proper until such determination. Cf. 280 U.S. 445">Lucas v. American Code Co., supra;320 U.S. 516">Dixie Pine Products Co. v. Commissioner, supra;321 U.S. 281">Security Flour Mills Co. v. Commissioner, supra;Koppers Coal Co., 6 T.C. 1209; Brighton Mills, Inc., 7 T.C. 819; William Justin Petit, 8 T.C. 228; Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. v. Magruder (U. S. Dist. Ct., Dist. Md., Apr. 1, 1948).

The respondent argues that there is a difference between contesting the amount of an expenditure and the liability to make it. He says that, in the case of a tax, all the facts upon which the tax is based are known when the tax is imposed and that, if a taxpayer contests the 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*210 amount of the tax imposed, such a contest does not go to his liability to pay the tax (imposed), and, therefore, the tax imposed may be accrued, regardless of the contest.

We think this rule which the respondent seeks to lay down is too narrow and not within the rationale of the cases on which he relies, nor is it in conformity with the most recent administrative rulings 12 T.C. 977">*998 of the Treasury Department. ^{21949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*211 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*212} When a taxpayer disputes the amount of the tax imposed, he very definitely disputes his liability to pay such amount. As a practical matter, it is, therefore, impossible to differentiate between a denial of liability to pay the tax and a denial of liability to pay the amount assessed, although liability for some amount may be admitted and may not be contested. The rule in the Anderson case requires that in order to accrue an item all the events which fix the amount of the tax, and the liability to pay it, must have happened. The form of the rule, as more recently stated in 320 U.S. 516">Dixie Pine Products Co., supra, is as follows:

It has long been held that in order truly to reflect the income of a given year, all the events must occur in that year which fix the amount and the fact of the taxpayer's liability for items of indebtedness deducted though not paid; and this cannot be the case where the liability is contingent and is contested by the taxpayer.

Clearly, the rule requires that, in advance of accrual, all the events shall occur which fix both1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*213 the amount of the tax and the liability of the taxpayer to pay it.

In the present case the petitioner, after paying over to the state the portion of the tax imposed for which it admitted liability, strenuously contested its liability for the unpaid amount on the ground that it was illegally imposed through the device of overvaluation of its property by the state's taxing authorities. It should, however, be borne in mind that the data on the books of the petitioner in the year the tax was imposed extended only to the property concerned, and that the method used by the state in arriving at the value of that property was actually the thing contested by petitioner in the courts. 12 T.C. 977">*999 It is true that the method of valuation used by the state tax commissioner had been used by the state for many years prior to the imposition of the tax for any of the years here in question, but it is nevertheless true that what the state threw into the crucible to spell valuation determined the reaction ultimately identified as the amount of the tax, and while a contest as to the ingredients eventually becomes a contest as to the amount, we can not ignore the formula by saying that only the result was in litigation. 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*214 It was undoubtedly true that the petitioner was contesting the authority of the commissioner of taxes to arbitrarily determine values for tax purposes without taking into consideration economic elements entering into the value of railroad property. That there was considerable ground for petitioner's contention is evidenced by the decision of the United States District Court, Central Railroad Co. of New Jersey v. Martin, 30 Fed. Supp. 41 (Nov. 1, 1939), ³ in the 1934-1936 cases, which set aside the contested tax levies as based on assessments which were "arbitrary, capricious, basically unsound, and so grossly excessive as to amount to constructive fraud." It is further evidenced by the fact that the controversy was the subject of four special messages from the Governor of New Jersey to the Legislature and occasioned a revision of the New Jersey system of taxation.

The record shows that the litigation as to the amounts of the taxes 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*215 imposed for 1932-1933 which were unpaid and in controversy was terminated on April 17, 1939, when the United States Supreme Court denied Lehigh's petition for rehearing in those cases. The litigation as to the amounts of the 1934-1936 taxes, unpaid and in controversy, was terminated April 28, 1941, when the United States Supreme Court denied certiorari in those cases. Thereafter, on August 4, 1941, the petitioner discontinued its appeals in the 1937-1940 cases.

In our judgment, the unpaid amount of the taxes imposed in each of the years 1932-1940, which was contested in the courts, was so contingent and uncertain as to make accrual improper until the termination or discontinuance of the litigation. We hold, therefore, that the amounts of 1932-1933 taxes which were unpaid and in litigation on January 1, 1939, accrued in 1939; that the amounts of the 1934-1936, and the 1937-1940 taxes which were unpaid and in litigation on January 1, 1941, accrued in 1941. 280 U.S. 445">Lucas v. American Code Co., supra; 320 U.S. 516">Dixie Pine Products Co. v. Commissioner, supra; 321 U.S. 281">Security Flour Mills Co. v. Commissioner, supra.

We hold, further, that amounts of the unpaid and contested taxes which were paid from time to 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*216 time during the progress of the litigation 12 T.C. 977">*1000 accrued and were deductible from gross income in the respective years when paid.

The record shows that during each of the years 1932 to 1938 the petitioner deducted from gross income amounts of taxes levied for that year which were unpaid and the liability for which it was contesting in the courts (such deductions, however, did not result in a tax benefit to the petitioner in any of the years). A similar situation was presented in 320 U.S. 516">Dixie Pine Products Co. v. Commissioner, supra. The Court there said:

Here the taxpayer was strenuously contesting liability in the courts and at the same time deducting the amount of the tax on the theory that the state's exaction constituted a fixed and certain liability. This it could not do. It must, in the circumstances, await the event of a state court litigation and might claim a deduction only for the taxable year in which the liability for the tax was finally adjudicated.

See also 321 U.S. 281">Security Flour Mills Co. v. Commissioner, supra.Cf. Bank of Newberry, 1 T.C. 374; Stanard-Tilton Milling Co., 3 T.C. 1026; Greene Motors Co., 5 T.C. 314. On the authority of these cases, we hold that petitioner was not 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*217 entitled to deduct in any year amounts of taxes levied for that year which were unpaid where it was contesting its liability for them. Such amounts could be accrued and deducted only in the years the liability was determined.

The parties agree that the interest on the delinquent taxes should be accrued in the year when the liability for such taxes became fixed and the amount thereof was determined. We have held that the liability for the delinquent taxes accrued in the respective years when paid or when the litigation was terminated. The same rule applies to the interest in question. Burton-Sutton Oil Co., 3 T.C. 1187; Great Island Holding Corporation, 5 T.C. 150; Koppers Coal Co., supra.

A subsidiary issue includes petitioner's class 2 property in Jersey City. It was largely waterfront property outside the main stem of the railroad, which was taxed locally. The state tax commissioner had originally valued the property, on January 1, 1939, at the sum of $ 14,149.513. This valuation was contested by petitioner. The state tax commissioner reduced the valuation by the sum of $ 1,177,533. Petitioner appealed to the state board and Jersey City filed a cross-appeal, with the 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*218 result that the state board restored the original valuation. On September 22, 1942, the Supreme Court of New Jersey granted to petitioner a writ of certiorari to review the action of the state board. On November 13, 1944, after briefs had been filed, and while the action was pending, petitioner consented to dismiss the writ. On November 29, 1944, petitioner paid $ 72,407.64 representing $ 56,969.03 for tax and $ 15,438.61 for interest thereon. Of these amounts, respondent has allowed only $ 6,266.59, which sum he allowed in 1944 as interest allocable to that year on a prorated basis.

12 T.C. 977">*1001 While the facts on this issue are meager, we think the contest of the imposed valuation by petitioner was bona fide, and, on the basis of the rule laid down above, the entire payment of $ 72,407.64 accrued in 1944, when petitioner consented to the dismissal of the writ of certiorari, and is deductible for that year. 320 U.S. 516">Dixie Pine Products Co. v. Commissioner, supra.

Issue III -- Accrual of Income From Mixed Claims Commission Awards.

FINDINGS OF FACT.

The mixed Claims Commission, United States and Germany, was established at some time after August 10, 1922, pursuant to the claims agreement with Germany, 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*219 which was signed on August 10, 1922, by the United States and Germany. ⁴ The agreement of August 10, 1922, with the Government of Germany was made for the purpose of establishing a mixed commission to determine the amount to be paid by Germany in satisfaction of Germany's financial obligations under the Treaty of Berlin, which was signed by Germany and the United States on August 25, 1921. The Treaty of Berlin secured to the United States and its nationals rights specified in a resolution of the Congress of the United States of July 2, 1921, including rights under the Treaty of Versailles.

Under the agreement of August 10, 1922, with Germany, the Mixed Claims Commission was to consist of two commissioners, one appointed by the United States, and the other appointed by Germany; and the two governments could, by agreement, select an umpire to decide upon any cases concerning which the commissioners might disagree, or upon any points of difference that might arise in the course of their proceedings; and the decisions of the Commission and those of the umpire (in case there should be any), were to be accepted as final and binding upon 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*220 the two governments. Also, the agreement provided that the Commission was to pass upon, inter alia, claims of American citizens arising since July 31, 1914, in respect of damage to their property. Under the agreement arguments were to be presented to the Commission by agents and counsel designated by the two governments.

On March 10, 1928, the Congress of the United States enacted an act which made provision for the payment of awards of the Mixed Claims Commission, United States and Germany, by creating in the Treasury a German special deposit account into which funds could be deposited and from which funds could be disbursed in payment of awards, among other things. This act is the Settlement of War Claims Act of 1928. The act prescribed the procedure to be followed in the 12 T.C. 977">*1002 payment of awards to nationals of the United States whose claims had been presented to the Mixed Claims Commission as claims of the United States, made by the United States in behalf of its nationals. Under this statute three steps were a prerequisite to the disbursement of funds by the Secretary of the Treasury from the German special deposit account in payments of awards, as follows: (1) The Secretary of 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*221 State had to certify to the Secretary of the Treasury an award of the Mixed Claims Commission; (2) the Secretary of the Treasury was authorized and directed to make payments of the principal amount of each award so certified, plus interest, pursuant to a prescribed method; and (3) the claimant was required to make application for payment within two years after the date his award was certified by the Secretary of State to the Secretary of the Treasury.

Under the Settlement of War Claims Act of 1928, the decisions of the Secretary of the Treasury regarding payments from the German special deposit account were to be final and conclusive, and not subject to review by any other officer of the United States; and the Secretary of the Treasury, in his annual report to the Congress, was to include a detailed statement of all expenditures made in carrying out the provisions of the act. The act provided, further, that there should be deducted from the amount of each payment an amount equal to one-half of 1 per cent thereof as reimbursement to the United States for its expenses in presenting and obtaining an award.

The Settlement of War Claims Act of 1928, in creating the German special deposit 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*222 account, provided that the Secretary of the Treasury should deposit in this special account all sums invested or transferred by the Alien Property Custodian and all money received by the United States in connection with claims of the United States against Germany on account of the awards of the Mixed Claims Commission. ⁵

On July 29 and 30, 1916, explosions and fires occurred at petitioner's Jersey City terminal, the Black Tom Terminal. Millions of dollars worth of property, owned by others, was destroyed at the terminal, and hundreds of suits were filed and claims were made against petitioner for damages. As a result of the explosion and fires, and the lawsuits and claims, petitioner sustained losses in very large amounts. Petitioner believed that the explosions and fires were caused by sabotage on the part of the agents of the German Government, which was then at war. Claims of petitioner were filed by the United States Government, through its agent, with the Mixed Claims Commission, United States and Germany, for compensation for the losses sustained by petitioner as a result of the explosions and fires at the 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*223 Black Tom Terminal. The claim of petitioner was before the Mixed Claims Commission for at least nine years. The presentation of the claims to 12 T.C. 977">*1003 the Commission and its consideration thereof had a complicated history. First, there was trial before the Commission at The Hague in 1930, and upon this trial a unanimous decision was rendered by the Commission on October 16, 1930, in favor of Germany. Thereafter, the United States filed petitions for rehearings, which were denied. Then evidence was discovered upon the basis of which the United States contended that the Commission had been misled by fraud and collusion at the trial in The Hague, and the United States petitioned the Commission to reopen the hearings on the claims. At this point, the commissioners representing the two governments disagreed. The umpire of the Commission was The Honorable Owen J. Roberts. He ruled that the Commission could reopen the hearings to consider further evidence to be offered by the American agent and evidence which might be offered in reply on behalf of Germany, and further evidence was introduced, and the American and German commissioners reviewed the additional evidence. However, on March 1, 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*224 1939, the German commissioner withdrew from the Commission. At that time the Commission had taken the claims under advisement, and was engaged in the task of deciding the issues presented, and there was pending before the Commission a motion of the American agent to set aside the decision which the Commission had made in favor of Germany on October 16, 1930, and to grant a rehearing on the entire record.

The umpire of the Commission found that there was disagreement between the American and German commissioners, which made it his duty to act in the decision of the claims. He concluded that the Commission had been seriously misled to the conclusion which it had reached in 1930 because material fraud in the proofs presented by Germany had existed. These conclusions of the umpire were set forth in a decision rendered by him on June 15, 1939. Pursuant to his decision, the umpire executed an order on June 15, 1939, which provided, inter alia, as follows:

1. The decision of October 16, 1930, reached at Hamburg be, and the same is hereby, set aside, revoked and annulled.

2. The Commission finds, on the record as it now stands, that the liability of Germany in both the Black Tom and Kingsland 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*225 cases has been established.

3. It appearing from the communications, each dated June 10, 1939, one from the German Agent to the Commission, and the other from the German Embassy to the Secretary of State, that Germany does not intend to exercise her right to take further part in the proceedings of the Commission, and that on the findings made and opinions handed down this day by the Commission, and from what appears in the record, awards should now be rendered to the United States on behalf of claimants; the American Agent is directed to prepare and submit to the Commission for its approval awards in each of the pending sabotage claims. These awards will be considered at a further meeting of the Commission to be called on notice, and appropriate action thereon will then be taken.

12 T.C. 977">*1004 The American agent thereafter prepared and submitted to the Commission for its approval awards in the pending sabotage claims, which were given consideration. On October 30, 1939, the Mixed Claims Commission entered its award, under which it was adjudged and decreed as follows:

Adjudged and Decreed that under the Treaty of Berlin of August 25, 1921, and in accordance with its terms, the Government of Germany1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*226 is obligated to pay to the Government of the United States on behalf of Lehigh Valley Railroad Company the sum of Nine Million Nine Hundred Thousand three hundred twenty-two and 77/100 ($ 9,900,322.77) Dollars with interest at the rate of Five per cent (5%) per annum from January 5, 1920, to date of payment.

The award and decree of the Commission was signed by the umpire, The Honorable Owen J. Roberts, and Christopher B. Garnett, American commissioners, in the city of Washington, D. C.

On October 31, 1939, pursuant to the provisions of the Settlement of War Claims Act of 1928, the Secretary of State, The Honorable Cordell Hull, certified the award in favor of the United States on behalf of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. to the Secretary of the Treasury.

On November 8, 1939, pursuant to the provisions of the Settlement of War Claims Act, petitioner filed application for payment of the Mixed Claims award with the Secretary of the Treasury.

The parties to this proceeding have stipulated as follows:

165. When the award was made to Lehigh on October 30, 1939 and certified by the Secretary of State to the Secretary of the Treasury on October 31, 1939, there were funds in the German Special Deposit 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*227 Account equal to the amount of the first two of the three distributions above. The funds out of which the third distribution was made were not deposited in the German Special Deposit Account until 1941.

On and after November 8, 1939, petitioner was entitled to payments by the Secretary of the Treasury under the Settlement of War Claims Act of 1928 out of the German special deposit fund in the Treasury under the certification made by the Secretary of State on October 31, 1939, of the award made by the Mixed Claims Commission on October 30, 1939. At no time, on or after November 8, 1939, was any injunction or restraining order issued against the Secretary of the Treasury to enjoin or restrain him from making payment under the certification of the Secretary of State of the award, and at no time did the Secretary of the Treasury decide, pursuant to his authority under the Settlement of War Claims Act, section 8 (a), that all or a part of the principal amount of the award on behalf of Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. should not be paid.

On January 10, 1941, the Secretary of the Treasury paid petitioner, under the Mixed Claims Commission judgment of October 30, 1939, the gross amount of $ 9,818,595.75, 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*228 which was $ 34,387.32 less than 12 T.C. 977">*1005 $ 9,900,322.77, the principal amount of the award. On April 5, 1941, an additional gross amount was paid, $ 199,354.58. Deductions of one-half of 1 per cent were made by the Treasury from each payment for expenses of the United States. The gross and the net amount of these two payments were as follows:

The two payments of January 10 and April 5, 1941, covered the principal amount of the award of the Mixed Claims Commission to the United States on behalf of petitioner, plus payments on account of accrued interest on the award.

During the period October 31, 1939, until January 6, 1941, a proceeding was pending in the United States Federal courts which was instituted by the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation. This corporation was not in any way connected with the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co., and it was not a corporation which had made any claims against the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co., for any losses resulting from the disaster at the Black Tom Terminal. However, 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*229 it had sustained some losses of its own during the period of the First World War for which it had claims against Germany which were presented by the United States, on its behalf, to the Mixed Claims Commission, United States and Germany. The Mixed Claims Commission had made a decision in favor of the United States in the claims of the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation, and this award had been certified by the Secretary of State to the Secretary of the Treasury for payment by the Secretary of the Treasury out of the German special deposit fund, all of which was before the Commission made an award on the claims of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. on October 30, 1939. As soon as the award of October 30, 1939, was made on the claims of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co., the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation attempted to enjoin the Secretary of the Treasury from paying the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. award. On October 31, 1939, the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation filed an action in the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia against the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury to enjoin both the certification of the award and payment to 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*230 the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. Before there was service of summons or complaint against the Secretary of State he had certified the award covering the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. claims to the Secretary of the Treasury. In its complaint the 12 T.C. 977">*1006 Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation contended that the Mixed Claims Commission had no power to act on October 30, 1939, because of the withdrawal of the German commissioner, and that the award and decree of October 30, 1939, of the Mixed Claims Commission in favor of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. which was made by the Commission, consisting of the United States commissioner and the umpire, was null and void. The Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation contended, further, that it would not receive payment in full of its award if the award in behalf of Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. should be paid. The District Court of the United States dismissed the action with respect to the Secretary of State because he had already certified the Lehigh Valley Railroad award to the Secretary of the Treasury before service of the complaint upon him, so that the complaint as to him was moot; and held that the court had no power to act in the matter of which the 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*231 Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation complained, because the question of whether or not the Lehigh Valley Railroad claims were properly allowed by the Mixed Claims Commission was a question to be raised by the United States Government, and the United States District Court had no power to set aside the judgment of the Mixed Claims Commission. The United States District Court granted the motions of the Secretary of State and of the Secretary of the Treasury to dismiss the complaint and bill of intervention. The District Court's decision was rendered on January 6, 1940. ⁶

The above action brought by the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation was against Cordell Hull, Secretary of State, and Henry Morgenthau, Secretary of the Treasury, to enjoin them from paying to the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. and others awards made by the Mixed Claims Commission. The Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. was not a party against which the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation brought suit. However, after the filing of the suit the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. and others intervened and filed a bill of intervention and moved for a summary 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*232 judgment dismissing the complaint and bill of intervention, and counsel appeared for the intervener-defendant.

The Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation appealed from the action taken by the District Court to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. On June 3, 1940, the Court of Appeals affirmed the orders of the District Court. ⁷

On October 14, 1940, the United States Supreme Court granted a writ of certiorari, and allowed appeal of the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation from the decision of the Court of Appeals. On October 12 T.C. 977">*1007 6, 1941, the Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the Court of Appeals. ⁸

On January 7, 1941, petitioner Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. executed a release to the Secretary of the Treasury in which it released him and his officers and agents from any and all actions, causes of actions, suits, costs, claims, and demands whatsoever, in law and in equity which Lehigh Valley Railroad had or might have:

* * * by reason of any alleged delay in the payment to the undersigned on account of the Award heretofore 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*233 made in favor of the United States on its behalf by the Mixed Claims Commission -- United States and Germany -- and certified to the Secretary of the Treasury by the Secretary of State on October 31, 1939, occurring during the pendency of certain litigation instituted in the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia in a cause entitled Z & F Assets Realization Corporation, the plaintiffs * * * vs. Cordell Hull, Secretary of State, [et al], * * * and while said cause was pending in the said District Court and while it was later pending in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, and in the Supreme Court of the United States, and down to the date of the payment of the award.

The issue in this proceeding relates only to the payments made by the Secretary of the Treasury to petitioner on January 10 and April 5, 1941. The parties have stipulated that counsel fees, the "commissions" of the Government, and other expenses of petitioner incident to obtaining the award, which were allocable to the payments made on January 10 and April 5, 1941, amounted to $ 4,948,192.03; and that the net balance of the two payments in the amount of $ 5,117,098 constituted 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*234 income to petitioner. ⁹

The Secretary of the Treasury made another payment under the award to the petitioner on October 20, 1941, in the amount of $ 168,019.68. The net amount of this payment after the commission of the Government was $ 167,179.58. This payment represented interest on the principal amount of the award and is not in issue in this proceeding.

At the end of 1941 the Secretary of the Treasury had paid the gross sum of $ 10,233,309.71 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*235 to petitioner upon the Mixed Claims Commission award.

Petitioner did not report in its return for 1941 the payments made by the Secretary of the Treasury on January 10 and April 5, 1941. 12 T.C. 977">*1008 It reported, however, the third payment made by the Secretary of the Treasury on October 20, 1941.

In determining the deficiency in petitioner's income tax liability for the year 1941, the respondent added to petitioner's taxable income the sum of $ 5,117,098, and gave the following explanation:

It is held that you realized taxable income of $ 5,117,098 in the year 1941 by reason of an award made by the Mixed Claims Commission in connection with the Black Tom explosion case. Since no part of the aforesaid gain was included in taxable income on your return for such year, the full amount thereof has been added to the gross income in accordance with the provisions of section 22 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code.

OPINION.

Petitioner keeps its books and makes its returns under the accrual method of accounting. The losses from the Black Tom Terminal disaster in 1916 accrued in several years from 1920 to 1927, and deductions were allowed in those years. Petitioner had made claims to the Government of the United 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*236 States against the Government of Germany, alleging that the Black Tom disaster had been caused by sabotage agents of that Government, but Germany denied all liability. These claims, presented to the Mixed Claims Commission by the Government of the United States, gave rise to a dispute between the two Governments. The claims against Germany were legally the claims of the United States, made in behalf of its national, so that petitioner was a beneficiary of the claim. The disputed claim was adjudicated by an international commission. When the Commission entered its judgment and decree in favor of the United States on October 30, 1939, petitioner, the beneficiary, could turn to the provisions of the Settlement of War Claims Act of 1928, by which the Congress had provided for the payment and liquidation of awards of the Mixed Claims Commission. Certain conditions of payment of awards of that act were fulfilled in 1939: (1) Certification of the award by the Secretary of State, and (2) the filing of application for payment with the Secretary of the Treasury by petitioner. The award provided reparation to petioner for losses. Income would be realized by petitioner from payment of the 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*237 principal amount of the award because it had accrued and deducted its losses in earlier years.

The broad question is whether income accrued to petitioner in 1939 upon certification of the Mixed Claims Commission award by the Secretary of State on October 31, 1939. The question involves the litigation which the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation instituted in 1939. Determination of the general question requires consideration of several narrow and close questions which are set forth hereinafter.

12 T.C. 977">*1009 Certain preliminary matters require clarification, and are discussed first, as follows:

Although the award of the Commission was for a principal amount, $ 9,900,322.77, plus interest from January 5, 1920, to the date of payment, the pleadings in this proceeding limit the question to the accrual of income based upon the principal amount of $ 9,900,322.77 only.

Respondent does not dispute one phase of the general question of accrual, namely, whether there were funds in the special deposit account in the Treasury on October 31, 1939, to cover payment of the principal amount of the award. By his answer to petitioner's pleading on this point, respondent has admitted ¹⁰ that there were sufficient 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*238 funds on deposit to cover payment of the principal amount.

The parties have filed a stipulation, which has been set forth in the findings of fact, that on October 31, 1939, there were funds in the German special deposit account equal to the amount of the first two payments on the award (the payments on January 10 and April 5, 1941, in the total amount of $ 10,065,290.03).

This proceeding involves petitioner's income tax liability for the year 1941, but the year 1939 is also involved by reason of application of the provisions of section 122 (b) (2) of the Internal Revenue Code, which allows the carrying over of the excess of net operating loss of one year to the second succeeding year. The determination of the question either way affects the amount of petitioner s income tax for 1941. Also, the time for making assessments of income and profits taxes for the years 1939 and 1940 has been extended by the execution of the proper consents under section 276 (b) of the Internal Revenue Code. 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*239 ¹¹

Petitioner contends that income under the Mixed Claims Commission award of 1939 accrued in 1939, when the Secretary of State certified the award to the Secretary of the Treasury. Petitioner, in its contention, relies upon the provisions of the Settlement of War Claims Act of 1928. 45 Stat. L. 254 (1928). Part of section 2 of that act 12 T.C. 977">*1010 is set forth in the margin. ¹² Petitioner relies upon the following authorities: Continental Tie & Lumber Co. v. United States, 286 U.S. 290">286 U.S. 290; Spring City Foundry Co. v. Commissioner, 292 U.S. 182">292 U.S. 182; Jamaica Water Supply Co. v. Commissioner, 125 Fed. (2d) 512; Franklin County Distilling Co. v. Commissioner, 125 Fed. (2d) 800; 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*240 Automobile Insurance Co. of Hartford v. Commissioner, 72 Fed. (2d) 265; Dumari Textile Co., 47 B. T. A. 639; Estate of G. A. E. Kohler, 37 B. T. A. 1019.

Respondent has determined that no income accrued until 1941, when the Supreme Court entered its decision in the litigation instituted by the Z. & F. Assets Realization 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*241 Corporation. He has determined that income was realized in the amount of $ 5,117,098. There is no dispute as to the amount. The substance of respondent's contention is that the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation litigation introduced an element of contingency in the matter of petitioner's right to payments under the award which was not removed until 1941 and which prevented accrual of income in 1939.

We find no case in which the question of the accrual of income was decided where similar facts and situation were involved other than Automobile Ins. Co. of Hartford v. Commissioner, supra. The factors which are unique and special to this proceeding are as follows: (1) The claim of the petitioner was tried by an international commission from which there was no appeal. (2) Liquidation of the Commission's award, of which petitioner was a beneficiary, was governed by the provisions of an act of Congress enacted for the purpose of providing for payments of such awards, inter alia , and under this act there was no dispute between petitioner and either the Secretary of the Treasury or the Secretary of State. (3) The litigation which gives rise to the issue in this proceding was instituted 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*242 by a corporation which had no interest in the award of the Mixed Claims Commission of which petitioner was a beneficiary, so that the party instituting the litigation was an "outsider" to the issue which was before the Mixed Claims Commission and to the award which was certified, on October 31, 1939, by the Secretary of State; and its dispute was with the 12 T.C. 977">*1011 Secretary of State over the exercise of his authority and duty under the Settlement of War Claims Act.

Respondent does not make any serious contention that the general question whether income under the Mixed Claims Commission award accrued to petitioner in 1939 is not controlled by Automobile Ins. Co. of Hartford v. Commissioner, supra, in the absence of the special factor of the litigation of the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation which is involved in this case. We have cited that case with approval in many instances and we think it is applicable here.

The special question in this proceeding is whether the right of petitioner to receive payments under the award out of the German special deposit account in the United States Treasury was contingent in 1939 by virtue of the litigation instituted in that year by the Z. & F. Assets 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*243 Realization Corporation against the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury. The amount of the award was fixed in 1939. The facts, to which the parties are agreed, show that in 1939 petitioner had ground for a reasonable expectation that the principal amount of the award would be paid in due course. Thus, certain factors which ordinarily must be considered under the general question at issue do not require consideration. ^{131949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*244} These factors are favorable to petitioner's contention. However, the right to receive income must be established in a taxable year in order to accrue the income. In Spring City Foundry Co. v. Commissioner, 292 U.S. 182">292 U.S. 182, the test of the accrual of income was stated as follows:

"* * * Keeping accounts and making returns on the accrual basis, as distinguished from the cash basis, import that it is the right to receive and not the actual receipt that determines the inclusion of the amount in gross income. When the right to receive an amount becomes fixed, the right accrues.

The Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation contended in its suit, first, that the Mixed Claims Commission's award on the claims of Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. were null and void; and, second, that the Secretary of State should be restrained from certifying the award and the Secretary of the Treasury should be restrained from making payment.

The right of petitioner to reparations payments from the Government of Germany was established, in the first instance, by the decision 12 T.C. 977">*1012 of October 30, 1939, of the Mixed Claims Commission. Although the German commissioner was no longer a member of the Commission when the 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*245 decision was made, having withdrawn on March 1, 1939, and the decision was signed by the American commissioner and the umpire, the treaty under which the Commission was created provided that an umpire selected by the two Governments was authorized "to decide upon any cases concerning which the commissioners may disagree, or upon any points of difference that may arise in the course of their proceedings." (Art. II, Claims Agreement, Aug. 10, 1922, 42 Stat. 2201.) The treaty provided, further, in article VI, as follows: "The decisions of the commissioners and those of the umpire (in case there may be any) shall be accepted as final and binding upon the two Governments." The German Government, in spite of the provisions of the treaty, authorizing decision of a case by the umpire, protested to the Secretary of State against the decision of the umpire in the case of the Lehigh Valley Railroad claims, but the Secretary of State rejected the protest. See page 474 of the opinion of the Court of Appeals, 114 Fed. (2d) 464, and pages 484 and 486 of the opinion of the Supreme Court, 311 U.S. 470">311 U.S. 470. Thus, the Government of the United States during 1939 treated the procedure of the umpire as proper 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*246 and valid under the treaty and stood upon the terms of the treaty itself. Under the treaty, the Commission had power to determine the amount to be paid by Germany in satisfaction of its obligations. All of this was prior to certification of the award by the Secretary of State on October 31, 1939.

The Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation had no standing to challenge the validity of the Mixed Claims Commission award on the claims of Lehigh Valley Railroad, and of which the railroad company was a beneficiary. Any dispute over the validity of the Mixed Claims Commission's procedures and decree had to be, exclusively, a dispute between the Governments of the United States and Germany, and a private party, such as the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation, could not carry on a controversy of the German Government in a court of the United States for any purpose. The judiciary could not interfere in any dispute between the two governments. The law on this question was fully set forth by the Circuit Court of Appeals in Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation v. Hull, supra (footnote 7), which held that the proceeding before the court was not a justiciable case. The Supreme Court did not 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*247 find any error by the Circuit Court of Appeals in its reasoning, as far as it went, even though the Supreme Court based its decision upon another ground. On the question of whether the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation had standing to bring suit, the Supreme Court held that it did not, "Except for the situation created by the Settlement of War Claims Act of 12 T.C. 977">*1013 1928." (311 U.S. 485">311 U.S. 485.) The concurring justices would have affirmed the Court of Appeals on the ground upon which it had reached its decision, namely, "on the ground that the petitioners set up no justiciable controversy which the court had power to determine." They said (p. 490):

* * * The questions raised by the petitions involve relations between the United States and Germany, which we believe are constitutionally committed exclusively to the legislative and executive departments.

The Supreme Court, in the majority opinion, took the view that the litigation instituted by the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation presented a question under the Settlement of War Claims Act "with respect to the effect that should be given under the terms of the statute to the action of the Secretary of State in certifying the awards" (p. 486). 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*248 On the question of whether the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation had any standing to sue, the Supreme Court held that it was entitled to protect such interests as it had, as a holder of an award, in the German special deposit account in the Treasury under the act, but that it was bound by the terms of the act, and could not succeeed in a challenge of payments to others for which the act provided.

The Supreme Court found that the Secretary of State had given certification of the Mixed Claims Commission award on the railroad company's claims which was adequate in form and substance under the act. It then considered the nature of the certification under the act, and rejected the contention that the certification was a "mere ministerial act." It concluded that the Congress could:

* * * look to the Secretary of State for the exercise of his appropriate authority on behalf of the Executive and thus for his judgment upon the question whether the proceedings [before the Mixed Claims Commission] had been such as duly to qualify the awards for payment.

The court concluded, in substance, that the Secretary of State, in certifying the award of the Commission on the railroad company's claims, 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*249 had passed upon the validity of the award, with due consideration of the contention of Germany that the award was invalid, as the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation also was contending in its suit, and had determined that the award was valid.

As to the question whether the Secretary of the Treasury could make payment of the award upon the Secretary of State's certification, the Supreme Court held as follows (p. 489):

We are of the opinion that for the purpose of payment under the statute [Settlement of War Claims Act] the certificate of the Secretary of State must be deemed to be conclusive. We do not need to consider whether Congress could commit to the judiciary the determination of the validity of the challenged claims [those in behalf of Lehigh Valley Railroad Co.] * * *, for Congress12 T.C. 977">*1014 has not done so but has made payment out of the fund depend upon the Secretary's certificate. The question in this relation is simply one of the intent of Congress as disclosed by the Act. Congress has expressly directed payments to be made from the special account of the awards "so certified." The literal and natural import of this provision is that finality is to be accorded to the certificate 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*250 of the Secretary of State and we perceive no ground for limiting the terms of the Act by construction. [Italics added.]

It is clear from the Supreme Court's opinion in the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation case, that the right of petitioner under the Mixed Claims Commission award of October 30, 1939, was finally determined by the Secretary of State on October 31, 1939, by and upon his certification of the award as one which could be paid by the Secretary of the Treasury. The Supreme Court held that his certification was final and "conclusive" ¹⁴ upon the question of the validity of the award; that the Settlement of War Claims Act conferred upon the Secretary of State final power to determine the validity of the awards of the Mixed Claims Commission; that the certification by the Secretary of State was not subject to judicial review. See discussion of the Supreme Court's decision in 54 Harvard Law Review 877, and 9 George Washington Law Review 967. The Supreme Court accepted the ruling of the Secretary of State in the executive branch of the Government on a political matter as the rule of the case to be followed by the courts. See Ricaud v. American Metal Co., 264 U.S. 304">264 U.S. 304, 264 U.S. 304">309. 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*251 Upon this ground, the Supreme Court affirmed the District Court's summary judgment dismissing the complaint of the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation and the bill of intervention which had been filed by petitioner. The District Court had based its decision upon the same reasoning as the Supreme Court applied. ^{151949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*252}

The question we have to decide is whether the litigation which the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation instituted after the Secretary of State had certified the award, the suit having been filed on the same day, constituted a contingency upon which petitioner's right under the award depended, so as to postpone the fixing of petitioner's right until some time after 1939. Did the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation litigation prevent accrual of a right to receive payment of 12 T.C. 977">*1015 an award under the rule as expressed in Estate of G. A. Kohler, supra, that "income accrues when the amount of it and the right to it are fixed, provided the right is not contingent"?

Apart from the Z. & F. Assets Realization Corporation litigation, the right of petitioner to payment under a Mixed Claims Commission award was subject to one contingency under the Settlement of War Claims Act, namely, certification of the award by the Secretary of State. 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*253 But before the end of 1939 that contingency had been removed, and under the act petitioner's right to receive payment was no longer subject to the statutory condition of payment.

Prior to the enactment of the Settlement of War Claims Act of 1928, there was no procedure, statutory or executive, for determining the right of a national to receive payment of a Mixed Claims Commission award. An award was for the benefit of a national, but, strictly speaking, the beneficiary had no right under the award because it was made to the Government of the United States. It was necessary for the Congress to provide the means for the fixing of a right in the beneficiary to receive payment, and the Congress did so by statute. After enactment of the Settlement of War Claims Act, its provisions determined the rights of a national to payment under an award.

The question of accrual of income under a Mixed Claims Commission award must be determined by the provisions of the Settlement of War Claims Act. The question in this proceeding is, therefore, closely similar to that in other cases where accrual was determined by the provisions of a statute.

In Lichtenberger-Ferguson Co. v. Welch, 54 Fed. (2d) 570, 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*254 the right of a contractor to payments under a war supplies contract with the Government which was canceled by the Government after the Armistice in the First World War was determined by the provisions of the Act of March 2, 1919, an act to provide relief in cases of contracts connected with the prosecution of the war. 40 Stat. 1272 (Part 1). Under that act the Secretary of War was empowered to adjust or pay on a fair basis contracts entered into with the Government in connection with the war. The War Department allowed the contractor an award in adjustment of his canceled contract, which was given final approval on August 29, 1919, but was not paid until February 5, 1920, because of some delays occasioned by disbursing officers of the War Department. Under the act there involved the approval given to the award was final. The Circuit Court of Appeals held that the payment accrued when final approval was given and that "the taxpayer could not by any form of entry on its books change the item from its then accrued form." Upon further consideration of the question under remandment to the District Court, the court said in Lichtenberger-Ferguson Co. v. Welch, 14 Fed. Supp. 396:

12 T.C. 977">*1016 * * 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 169">*255 * the vital and essential event necessary to the "accrual" of the claims against the War Department did not occur in 1918 or in 1920, but happened in August, 1919, when, as shown by Plaintiff's Exhibit 13, the claim was definitely approved by authority of the Secretary of War.

* * * Judge James in the opinion succinctly stated that

Under the accrual system of accounting, where an item is definitely ascertained as to its amount, and acknowledged to be due, it has "accrued."