54 T.C. 315">*316 Respondent has determined a deficiency in Federal estate tax in the amount of $ 51,498.91.

The sole remaining issue for decision is whether the Estate of Phyllis W. McGillicuddy is entitled to a charitable deduction for the value of the remainder interest of a trust. It is respondent's contention that the value of the remainder1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*211 interest was not presently ascertainable at the date of death of decedent and therefore not severable from the noncharitable interest. Several minor adjustments that were made by respondent in his statutory notice of deficiency have not been contested.

Additional expenses of administration have been incurred since the filing of the Federal estate tax return herein and certain additional expenses and fees will be incurred up to the time of completion of administration. The parties have stipulated that these expenses and fees are to be submitted and proved in connection with computations under Rule 50. In addition, the parties have stipulated that the estate, on April 5, 1965, paid $ 4,649.29 in Canadian dollars to the Canadian Department of National Revenue and that the allowable credit as the result of this payment may be computed under Rule 50.

FINDINGS OF FACT

Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. The stipulation and exhibits attached thereto are incorporated herein by this reference.

Phyllis W. McGillicuddy (Phyllis, or decedent) died testate, a domiciliary of Massachusetts on January 30, 1963. Decedent was survived by her husband John T. McGillicuddy (John) 1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*212 who was born in November 1901, and who is executor of her estate. They were married in 1932. John resided at Centerville, Mass., at the time of filing of the petition herein. On December 16, 1960, decedent executed her last will, which read in part:

SECOND: The remainder of my property I dispose of as follows:

1. If my said husband, JOHN T. McGILLICUDDY, survives me, I give to him that fractional share of said remainder which shall be needed to obtain 54 T.C. 315">*317 the maximum marital deduction allowable in determining the federal estate tax on my estate, after taking into account all other items included in my estate for federal estate tax purposes which pass under this will or otherwise and are qualified for said marital deduction. Final determinations in the federal estate tax proceedings shall control computation of the foregoing share, and only assets qualified for the marital deduction shall be allotted thereto.

2. The balance of the remainder of my estate, or all of said remainder if my said husband does not survive me, subject to the payment of my just debts, funeral expenses, expenses of administration and all other proper charges against my estate, and taxes, penalties and1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*213 interest payable pursuant to Article FIFTH hereof, I give to such person or persons as shall be trustees under an Agreement of Trust executed this day prior to the execution of this instrument, by and between me as donor and EDWARD P. BROWN of Boston, Massachusetts and FRANCIS S. KING of New York, New York as trustees, to be administered and disposed of upon the trusts set forth in said instrument. I direct that the property of the trusts hereby created be administered insofar as possible as a part of the property held by the said trustees under said instrument and that except as otherwise required by law or by the provisions of said instrument, said trustee or trustees shall not be required to be appointed trustees hereunder, or file any bond or file any inventory or periodic account in any court.

On the same date that decedent executed her last will, December 16, 1960, she also executed an agreement of trust, which, as pertinent herein, read in part:

AGREEMENT OF TRUST

* * * *

FIRST: This trust shall be known as THE PHYLLIS W. McGILLICUDDY CHARITABLE TRUST.

* * * *

FOURTH: On the donor's death, should the donor's husband, JOHN T. McGILLICUDDY, survive her, the trustees shall pay1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*214 to him from the time of the donor's death and during his life the net income of said trust at least quarterly and, in addition, shall pay to him or in their discretion apply for his benefit from time to time such amounts or the whole of the principal of said trusts as the trustees in their sole discretion deem necessary for his maintenance or support.

FIFTH: Upon the death of the donor's husband, JOHN T. McGILLICUDDY, or upon the donor's death if her said husband does not survive her, the trust property and the principal and undistributed income as then constituted, together with any property then or thereafter accruing thereto under the will of the donor, the donor's husband or from any other source, shall be retained by the trustees upon the following trusts:

1. The entire net income of the trust, after deduction of all expenses, shall be distributed at least annually in the following manner:

a. It is the donor's wish that the trustees consider scholarship grants, upon such terms as they see fit, for students attending HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS and WORCESTER ACADEMY. The donor also wishes consideration1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*215 to be given to the NEW ENGLAND BAPTIST HOSPITAL, THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL, THE CAPE 54 T.C. 315">*318 COD HOSPITAL, THE CAPE COD LIBRARY, THE CANCER FUND and THE HEART FUND.

b. Any remaining net income shall be distributed at least annually at such times and in such amounts as the trustees deem reasonable to such charitable organizations, as hereinafter defined, as shall be in accord with the wishes of the donor and the donor's said husband, as shown by any memoranda which the trustees may receive or which may be found among the possessions of the donor or the donor's husband, or in default of, or in addition to such memoranda to such charitable organizations as the trustees shall determine. The charitable organizations listed in sub-section a. above and any other charitable organization named in any memoranda or any other manner are listed and specifically intended for the guidance of the trustees and shall not be binding upon the trustees, should they in their sole discretion determine otherwise, and the trustees shall in no event be held accountable in their selection of the beneficiaries of this trust.

2. The definition of charitable organizations shall be those organizations to which1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*216 the gifts of income or principal shall qualify as tax-free under the tax laws relating to income, estate, inheritance or gifts, of the United States of America, The Commonwealth of Massachusetts or any other state having jurisdiction of this trust.

3. If the trustees in office at any given time determine that the purposes of this trust are not capable of being carried out or that it is no longer feasible to continue this trust, they may terminate said trust and distribute the principal thereof in such proportions and for such estates and interests and upon such terms, conditions and trusts, to such of the charitable organizations which have theretofore received income as the trustees in their sole discretion shall determine, or to any other charitable trusts or foundations, the purposes of which, in the sole determination of the trustees, are similar to those of this trust.

* * * *

SEVENTH: In extension and not in limitation of the powers given them by law or other provisions of this instrument, the trustees hereunnder shall have the following powers with respect to the trusts and trusts property, and may exercise the same in their discretion, without order or license of court:

1. 1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*217 To retain any kind or amount of securities or other property, real or personal, whether or not the same shall be or become unproductive, for such period as they deem proper, and to invest and reinvest in stocks, shares and obligations of corporations, unincorporated associations, trusts on investment companies, securities of any governmental authority or agency or instrumentality thereof, or in common trust funds without notice to any beneficiary, or in any other kind of personal or real property, and, for reasonable periods, to hold cash uninvested, notwithstanding that any or all of the property retained or acquired is of a character or amount which, except for this express authority, would not be considered proper for a trust;

* * * *

9. To receive from any source additions to any trust hereunder;

10. To pay as income the whole of the interest, dividends, rent or similar receipts from property, whether wasting or not and although bought or taken at a value above par, but, if they see fit, when property is bought or taken at a value above par, they may retain a portion of the income to offset such loss to the principal; to treat as income or principal or to apportion between them1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*218 stock dividends, extra dividends, rights to take stock or securities, and proceeds from the sale of real estate, although such real estate may have been wholly or 54 T.C. 315">*319 partly unproductive; to charge to income or principal or to apportion between them any expense of making and changing investments, brokers' commission, agents' compensation, attorneys' fees, depreciation charges and trustees' compensation; and generally to determine all questions as between income and principal and to credit or charge to income or principal or to apportion between them any receipt or gain and any charge, disbursement or loss as is deemed advisable in the circumstancess of each case as it arises, notwithstanding any statute or rule of law for distinguishing income from principal or any determination of the courts;

* * * *

ELEVENTH: The provisions of this instrument shall be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

John had been president or National Casket Co. (hereinafter sometimes referred to as National) for approximately 3 years prior to his wife's death, at which time his annual compensation was about $ 39,500. Previously, he had been the vice president1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*219 of National for approximately 20 years. At the time of trial John was chairman of the board of National.

National is the largest company in its industry. It had a formal pension plan (not subject to alienation) under which John's estimated annual benefits upon retirement were in excess of $ 11,000, and in addition it provided accident and health insurance for John's benefit.

It is stipulated that the resources available to the life tenant of the trust (John) are adequate to provide for his support and maintenance for life without regard to the availability of corpus of said trust, but that the income from the trust is not sufficient, in and of itself, to support him in his accustomed manner if his other resources are disregarded.

As of the date of decedent's death, the corpus of the trust of which John was the life tenant, had a total value for Federal estate tax purposes of $ 298,432.34.

On April 30, 1964, the Federal estate tax return for the Estate of Phyllis W. McGillicuddy was filed with the district director of internal revenue for the district of Massachusetts.

In his notice of deficiency to petitioner, respondent --

determined that the value of the charitable beneficial1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*220 interest was not presently ascertainable at the date of death of the decedent and hence not severable from the noncharitable interest within the meaning of Section 20.2055-2(a) of the Estate Tax Regulations. The amount of $ 183,768.67 which you have taken as a charitable deduction is, therefore disallowed.

OPINION

Respondent determined that the value of the charitable remainder of the Phyllis W. McGillicuddy Charitable Trust was not ascertainable at the date of decedent's death and therefore disallowed a charitable deduction to her estate.

54 T.C. 315">*320 In computing the value of the taxable estate, section 2055¹ provides for a deduction from the gross estate for the value of bequests, legacies, devises, or transfers exclusively for charitable purposes. The regulations under section 2055 provide further that when a trust is created for both a charitable and a private purpose no deduction for the value of the charitable interest shall be allowed unless that "interest is presently ascertainable, and hence severable from the noncharitable interest." Sec. 20.2055-2, Estate Tax Regs.; see Merchants Banks v. Commissioner, 320 U.S. 256">320 U.S. 256 (1943). Accordingly, 1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*221 when the remainder interest of an estate is transferred in trust, as in the present case, and left for charitable purposes following an intervening life estate, a charitable deduction is allowed to the estate in computing its taxable estate only if the value of the interest passing to the charity is presently ascertainable at the date of death of the decedent. See Henslee v. Union Planters Bank, 335 U.S. 595">335 U.S. 595 (1949).

Respondent's position is threefold:

(1) That under the terms of the trust the trustees may invest in shares of regulated investment companies and distribute capital gains to the life tenant. Thus, respondent contends that the said trustees may divert corpus from, and therefore prevent ascertainment of the value of the charitable remainder in accordance with established rules. ²

1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*222 54 T.C. 315">*321 (2) That under the terms of trust the trustees are also authorized to invest in real or personal property, "whether or not the same shall be or become unproductive" and the trustees are further authorized --

to determine all questions as between income and principal and to credit or charge to income or principal or to apportion between them any receipt or gain and any charge, disbursement or loss as is deemed advisable in the circumstances of each case as it arises, notwithstanding any statute or rule of law for distinguishing income from principal or any determination of the courts;

and thus could, under these provisions, properly make distributions to the life tenant which would be contra to conventional rules but which would not be an abuse of discretion under the terms of the governing instrument.

(3) That since the parties have stipulated that the trust income alone is not sufficient to support the life tenant in his accustomed manner if his other resources are disregarded, respondent concludes that, under the terms of the trust, the trustees may disregard the life tenant's other resources in providing for his maintenance and support, and invade principal.

Respondent1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*223 argues in conclusion that the remainder interest is unascertainable under any one of the above three provisions, and that the combined effect of all three makes it clear that the charitable deduction cannot be allowed.

As is often the case, in questions dealing with property rights, we look to the law of the jurisdiction involved. See, e.g., Estate of Florence H. Lawler, 52 T.C. 268">52 T.C. 268 (1969).

In Tait v. Peck, 346 Mass. 521">346 Mass. 521, 194 N.E.2d 707 (1963), the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, on considering a December 1961 distribution, adopted the rule that distributions from capital gains by a regulated investment company, whether in cash, or shares, or an option to take or purchase new shares, were to be allocated to principal. The rationale for the rule adopted in Tait was "that the regulated investment company, from the standpoint of the trustee investing in its shares, [was] merely a conduit of its realized gains to the trust fund and that in the hands of the trustee, the gains should retain their character as principal." Accord, In re Estate of Brock, 420 Pa. 454">420 Pa. 454, 218 A.2d 281 (1966);1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*224 and see generally Note, "Charitable Remainders and the Federal Estate Tax Charitable Deduction," 40 Temp. L.Q. 102 (1966).

Respondent argues on brief that, regardless of the decision of 346 Mass. 521">Tait v. Peck, supra, the trustees under the authority granted in the governing instrument may in their discretion allocate capital gains to the life tenant. The keystone of respondent's argument on both this point and his second contention is the decision of Dumaine v. Dumaine, 301 Mass. 214">301 Mass. 214, 16 N.E.2d 625 (1938). In Dumaine the plaintiff, in his capacity as 54 T.C. 315">*322 sole trustee, sought instructions regarding his powers under the following clause (301 Mass. 214">301 Mass. at 215, 16 N.E. 2d at 626):

"The trustee under this instrument shall have full power and discretion to determine whether any money or other property received by him is principal or income without being answerable to any person for the manner in which he shall exercise that discretion."

The petition was amended so that additional instructions could be obtained as to whether1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*225 the plaintiff could in his discretion distribute the profit from the sale of certain shares of stock to himself as a life tenant.

The court in Dumaine (301 Mass. 214">301 Mass. at 224, 16 N.E. 2d at 630) held:

Upon consideration of the entire matter, we are of the opinion that the trustee under the clause in question has full power and discretion, after serious and responsible consideration, short of arbitrary or dishonest conduct or bad faith, or fraud, when he has to determine whether any money or other property received by him is principal or income, and that upon this record there is nothing disclosed to prevent him from distributing to himself, in his personal capacity, the profit derived during the year 1938 as the result of selling certain shares of stock, a part of the trust property, at a price "over and above cost."

As a result of the above holding and equivocal language in Dumaine itself a wake of uncertainty developed over the extent of a trustee's discretion and accountability. See State Street Trust Co. v. United States, 263 F.2d 635, 639 (majority opinion), 640-642 (dissenting opinion) (1959); Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Co. v. Stone, 348 Mass. 345">348 Mass. 345, 348 Mass. 345">351, fn. 8, 203 N.E.2d 547, 552 (1965).1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*226

Finally, almost three decades after Dumaine, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts in Old Colony Trust Co. v. Silliman, 352 Mass. 6">352 Mass. 6, 223 N.E.2d 504 (1967), reexamined Dumaine and restricted its purported application. In Silliman, the will of the decedent set up a charitable trust with an intervening life estate. The executors and trustee sought instructions on the following power contained in the trust: "My said trustee may decide whether accretions to the trust property shall be treated as principal or income and whether expenses shall be charged to principal or income."

Speaking for the court, Justice Whittemore stated ( Old Colony Trust Co. v. Silliman, supra at 9-10, 223 N.E. 2d at 507-508):

Article II G1 is not a grant of "absolute" or "uncontrolled" discretion. The instrument does not in terms substitute the decision of the trustee for usual and understood rules applicable to fiduciaries. The intention of the instrument as a whole (see Dumaine v. Dumaine * * *) is that the entire principal of the trust go eventually to charity. This intent will1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*227 not be effectuated if the trustee can substitute for established rules its decision made in good faith as to what to do as between principal and income. The Dumaine decision * * * may heretofore have been thought to authorize such substitution where the trust provided that the trustee had "absolute and uncontrolled discretion" and was subject to no liability except for "his own dishonesty or gross negligence." We affirm the 54 T.C. 315">*323 statement in the Stone case (348 Mass. 345">348 Mass. 345, 348 Mass. 345">351, 203 N.E.2d 547) that even very broad discretionary powers are to be exercised in accordance with fiduciary standards and with reasonable regard for usual fiduciary principles. Such reasonable regard means that established rules will be applied. We are not concerned with the possible effect of Article II G1 as an exculpatory clause. That this may be one of the purposes of the article, with the effect of exempting the trustee from liability for error in applying such rules, does not make less certain the dispositive intent and effect of the will. An intention that deviation "from the principal-income law * * * [not be deemed] an abuse of discretion" 1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*228 (Proceedings of the American Bar Association, Section of Real Property, Probate and Trust Law, August 9-11, 1965, p. 190) does not, we think, necessarily show an intent that the trustee, in the proper administration of the trust, shall be free at his discretion to depart from the usual well understood rules. Compare Scott, Trusts (2d ed.) sec. 233.5. See Bogert, Trusts and Trustees, sec. 816.

We think the grant of power to "decide whether accretions" are to be treated as principal or income and how expenses are to be charged, apart from its possible exculpatory effect, is primarily an administrative power authorizing the trustee in instances of doubt to use its best informed judgment in good faith in the light of what the established rules suggest to the trustee is consistent therewith. This is a means of avoiding the expense of litigation. This power may not be used to shift beneficial interests. It does not authorize favoring either the charitable or the private beneficiaries. It is of equal advantage to each in conserving the assets of the trust. In our view such a power imports no more uncertainty in the ascertainment and calculations of the value of the charitable remainders1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*229 than does the contingency that the precise amount of administrative charges and of accretions over the years cannot be known in advance. The trustee and the executors, applying the known and established rules in respect of the allocations referred to in Article II G1, are under a duty to compute present values of charitable remainders exactly as they would under a trust that does not include an express statement of the power in the trustee to determine the allocations. [Emphasis supplied.]

Also cf. Estate of Lillie MacMunn Stewart, 52 T.C. 830">52 T.C. 830 (1969).

We deem it proper to adopt and follow the rationale of Silliman, for in the instant case "the underlying substantive rule involved is based on State law and the State's highest court is the best authority on its own law." Commissioner v. Estate of Bosch, 387 U.S. 456">387 U.S. 456, 387 U.S. 456">465 (1967).

We believe that the intent of the trust instrument as a whole in the instant case was identical to that of the instrument in Silliman, viz, that the entire principal of the trust was to go to charity. Moreover, after a careful examination of the powers contained in subparagraph 101970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*230 of paragraph Seventh of the trust, we conclude that they were similar, if not narrower than the powers in Silliman. (We observe that in the instant case subparagraph 10 of paragraph Seventh empowers the trustee "to determine all questions as between income and principal." (Emphasis supplied.)) Furthermore, we believe that the meaning of the clause in the instant trust, "notwithstanding any statute or rule of law for distinguishing income from principal or any determination of the courts," is merely exculpatory, "authorizing the trustee in instances of doubt to use [his] best informed judgment in good 54 T.C. 315">*324 faith." Cf. Briggs v. Crowley, 352 Mass. 194">352 Mass. 194, 352 Mass. 194">200, 224 N.E.2d 417, 421 (1967). We base this decision, inter alia, on the statement by the court in Dumaine (301 Mass. 214">301 Mass. at 222, 16 N.E. 2d at 629) that the --

power, if uncontrollable, to determine whether any money or other property received by the trustee is principal or income, coupled with the power to pay over to the present life tenant so much of the net income as in his absolute and uncontrolled discretion he shall1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*231 determine, would give the trustee power to destroy the trust,

on the eleventh paragraph of the trust instrument itself wherein it states: "Eleventh: The provisions of this instrument shall be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts;" and on the decision in Silliman.

Accordingly, we find and hold that the trustee's powers to invest in regulated investment companies and of allocation, did not under the law of Massachusetts grant such powers so as to render the value of the remainder interest unascertainable. In addition, we find and hold for the same reasons that the beneficial interests in the instant case could not be shifted by the powers granted in paragraph Seventh of the trust so as to render the value of the remainder interest unascertainable. 352 Mass. 6">Old Coloney Trust Co. v. Siliman, supra; 352 Mass. 194">Briggs v. Crowley, supra.

Respondent's third and final contention is that even though the parties have stipulated that the other resources available to the life tenant are adequate for this support and maintenance, yet the trustees under paragraph Fourth of the trust may disregard his other resources1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*232 in exercising their discretion as to whether or not payments out of principal are necessary for his "maintenance or support." Respondent argues that as a result the corpus will be subject to invasions, thus making the value of the remainder interest unascertainable. ³

At the outset petitioner on brief contends that respondent's third contention is not properly before the court. Petitioner asserts that the pertinent portion of the deficiency notice (reproduced in our findings) failed to raise this issue. We disagree.

We observe that the purpose of a deficiency notice is to provide a formal notification that a deficiency in taxes has been determined. Manuel D. Mayerson, 47 T.C. 340">47 T.C. 340, 47 T.C. 340">349 (1966). In this1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*233 vein the object is to prevent surprise and an inadequate notice. Cf. William B. Swope, 51 T.C. 442">51 T.C. 442, 51 T.C. 442">452 (1968).

The deficiency notice in the instant case is not entirely definitive in outlining why the value of the remainder interest was unascertainable, but it does state that this is so "within the meaning of [regulations] 54 T.C. 315">*325 Section 20.2055-2(a)." This regulation provides that if a trust serves both a charitable and a private purpose, a deduction is allowable only insofar as the charitable interest is presently ascertainable. This is sufficiently broad, and entirely adequate to include the argument which respondent now makes. Even if this were not so, it is possible for respondent to advance one theory in his deficiency notice, yet not be restricted to such theory in his defense of a petition to this Court, there being no surprise. Standard Oil Co., 43 B.T.A. 973">43 B.T.A. 973, 43 B.T.A. 973">998 (1941), affd. 129 F.2d 363 (C.A. 7, 1942). Moreover, at trial petitioner testified and put exhibits into evidence on this precise issue. Obviously petitioner was well aware of the scope of respondent's deficiency 1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*234 notice and we hold that the burden of proof remains on petitioner.

The question posed is purely one of interpretation of the trust in order to determine the intent of the settlor when she provided that the trustees should pay the net income to John during his life and in addition should pay to him, or for his benefit, amounts of principal "as the trustees in their sole discretion determined necessary for his maintenance or support."

Was it the intent of Phyllis that the trustees should or should not consider John's own resources in determining whether or not invasions of principal were necessary for his maintenance or support?

The language of the trust itself ("in the light of the circumstances attending its execution") is, of course, the most important element in the determination of the settlor's intent. Jewett v. Brown, 319 Mass. 243">319 Mass. 243, 65 N.E.2d 307 (1946), and cases cited therein. We find that the highest court of Massachusetts has spoken clearly on the interpretation of provisions such as the one which now concerns us.

Holyoke National Bank v. Wilson, 214 N.E.2d 42, 45-46 (Mass. 1966), stated1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*235 the rule as follows:

Whether or not a beneficiary's separate resources are to be considered is a question of interpretation. * * * Thus, in certain instances, we have held that amounts for the support of a beneficiary were properly determined without reference to the beneficiary's separate property. * * * [Citing cases]. But where there is language manifesting a contrary intention, the usual case being where a trustee's discretion to pay is qualified by such words as "[when] in need" or "if necessary," we have reached the opposite result. * * * [Citing cases]. For a good discussion of this distinction, see Hoops v. Stephan, 131 Conn. 138">131 Conn. 138, 38 A.2d 588.

The discussion of the distinction of Hoops v. Stephan is very clearly put. It reads (38 A.2d 588, 591-592):

The primary question in this class of cases always is, Does the will constitute an absolute gift of support and maintenance which it makes a charge upon the income from the estate and upon principal? If, so, then the private income of the beneficiary cannot be considered. If, however, the gift is of income coupled with a provision1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*236 that the principal may be invaded in case of need, the private income of the beneficiary must be considered in determining whether such need exists.

54 T.C. 315">*326 In the instant case the provision of paragraph Fourth of the trust is not that income and principal if necessary be expended for John's maintenance or support but is an absolute direction that all of the net income go to John during his life and "in addition" that invasions of principal may be made as determined necessary by the trustees for John's maintenance or support. Thus the language is squarely within the distinction as drawn in Hoops and must be interpreted as directing invasions of corpus on consideration of John's need and necessity in the light of his own resources as is indicated in Holyoke. Massachusetts cases holding that the determination of the need or the necessity of the life tenant is to be made without consideration having been given to his separate property or resources are cases in which income from the fund as well as the fund itself is charged for the necessary support or maintenance. See, e.g., Crocker v. Crocker, 11 Pick. 252">11 Pick. 252; Hills v. Putnam, 152 Mass. 123">152 Mass. 123, 25 N.E. 40">25 N.E. 40;1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*237 Burnett v. Williams, 323 Mass. 517">323 Mass. 517, 83 N.E.2d 6.

Our conclusion that Phyllis intended for her trustees to consider John's own resources when exercising their discretion as to invasions of principal is strengthened by other factors. They had been married and had lived together for about 30 years. John had been and was a highly successful businessman having been president of National Casket Co. for approximately 3 years prior to his wife's death, and vice president of that company for 20 years before that. National is the largest company in its industry and John's annual compensation, and his estimated benefits upon retirement of over $ 11,000 per annum are set out in our findings.

It is only reasonable to assume that Phyllis knew the approximate extent of John's estate, of his earnings, and potential future earnings and income when she created this trust, and knew that in all probability no part of the corpus of the trust would ever be necessary for his support or maintenance. This is especially true when it is considered that in addition to John's separate resources there would be added the income from her trust (of almost $ 300,000). 1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*238 With this knowledge she designated her trust as "The Phyllis McGillicuddy Charitable Trust," which in itself is a strong indication of her intent.

Examination of such material circumstances of the parties at the time of the execution of the trust, and pertinent facts within their knowledge, are valuable aids in construing intent as manifested by the words used in the instrument itself. 319 Mass. 243">Jewett v. Brown, supra;Spalding v. Morse, 76 N.E.2d 137, 139 (Mass. 1947), and cases cited therein.

A further circumstance supporting our conclusion is that Phyllis' will and trust are obviously drawn to take full legal advantage of the marital deduction and other tax-saving plans. In State Tax Commission 54 T.C. 315">*327 v. Loring, 215 N.E.2d 751 (Mass. 1966), a similar circumstance was considered and the court said at page 754:

The accomplishment of identifiable tax objectives of this character frequently may be an aid to the interpretation of trust instruments (see e.g. New England Trust Co. v. Faxon, 343 Mass. 273">343 Mass. 273, 343 Mass. 273">276, n. 3, 178 N.E.2d 488),1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 209">*239 and, so far as may be reasonably consistent with the language of the instrument and applicable legal principles, we should give effect to the intention, thus disclosed, of the party or parties to the instrument.

We feel that the charitable remainder was just such an identifiable tax objective in the instant case and that it thus supports our interpretation of the trust under consideration.

It follows from all of the above that the charitable remainder interest was ascertainable, and hence deductible.

Decision will be entered under Rule 50