During its taxable year ended June 30, 1975, petitioner was entitled to deductions both for dividends received under
79 T.C. 810">*810 OPINION
Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioner's Federal income taxes for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1972, and June 30, 1975, in the amounts of $ 9,882 and $ 8,245, respectively.
79 T.C. 810">*811 This case was submitted fully stipulated pursuant to Rule 122. 11982 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 19">*20 The stipulation of facts and attached exhibits are incorporated herein by reference.
Respondent determined that petitioner is limited by section 246(b)(1) 2 to a lower
(1) The method that should be used in calculating whether or not petitioner experienced a net operating loss in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1975. In the event it is determined that there was no net operating loss in the 1975 year, then:
(2) The method that should be used in applying the limitations contained in sections 1982 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 19">*21 613A(d)(1) and 246(b)(1), both of which are stated as a percentage of taxable income, to the petitioner's income and deductions for the 1975 year.
Petitioner is Lastarmco, Inc., a Louisiana corporation whose principal place of business was Abbeville, La., at the time that it filed its petition herein.
Lastarmco bottles and markets soft drinks under franchise agreements with different national brands, as well as its own house brand. It also engages in investments. Petitioner timely filed U.S. corporation income tax returns for its fiscal years ended June 30, 1972, and June 30, 1975, with the Internal Revenue Service Center in Austin, Tex.
This dispute arises because, in its 1975 year, petitioner was entitled to deductions for both dividends received pursuant to
79 T.C. 810">*813 For the 1975 year, petitioner received dividends described in
For the 1975 year, petitioner was also entitled to an allowance for percentage depletion under section 613A(c) in the amount of $ 58,049, without taking into account the limitation contained in section 613A(d)(1). Petitioner claimed as a deduction the full $ 58,049 in its 1975 return. Also in the 1975 year, petitioner earned an investment tax credit under section 38 in the amount of $ 10,237. It is agreed by the parties that petitioner's 1982 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 19">*25 taxable income for the 1975 year without regard to the deductions for dividends received and percentage depletion is $ 470,980.
In computing whether it had taxable income for the 1975 year, petitioner first calculated the deduction for percentage depletion after taking into consideration the limitation of that deduction to 65 percent of petitioner's taxable income under section 613A(d)(1). "Taxable income" for this purpose was computed in accordance with section 613A(d)(1), but without applying the limitation contained in section 246(b)(1), nor by subtracting the dividends-received deduction. After first subtracting the percentage-depletion deduction of $ 58,049 from its 79 T.C. 810">*814 taxable income, petitioner then subtracted the full
After the beginning of this dispute, the Internal Revenue Service issued a Technical Advice Memorandum (TAM) dated October 5, 1978, which concluded that in petitioner's 1975 year (a) the full deduction for dividends received that is allowed by
Believing there was taxable income in 1975, respondent determined that the limitations contained in sections 246(b)(1) and 613A(d)(1) (each of which is stated as a percentage of taxable income) were therefore applicable. Because neither the Code nor the regulations provide a clear method for calculating the limitations, respondent urges that such congressional silence was a "mandate" that the limitations must 79 T.C. 810">*816 be calculated simultaneously. This was to be accomplished by a series of simultaneous linear equations.
The Service published
Since the actual depletion allowance of $ 58,049 is less than the theoretical limitation just calculated, only the lesser of the two, $ 58,049, is deducted. This creates a new limitation for dividends received of $ 350,991. 101982 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 19">*32 Taken in this order, respondent determined that petitioner had taxable income of $ 61,940 in its 1975 year. Therefore, there was no net operating loss, no corresponding carryback, and at least part of the investment tax credit carried back to 1972 could now be utilized in the 1975 year, creating a deficiency in the 1972 return.
The factor to be stressed in this analysis is that, if there is a 79 T.C. 810">*818 net operating loss for the 1975 year, then section 246(b)(2) allows a deduction for dividends received equal to the full
If we conclude petitioner experienced a net operating loss in its 1975 year, then (a) there is no deficiency in petitioner's Federal income tax for the 1975 year, and (b) the amount of such net operating loss for the 1975 year is $ 3,061. 11
Therefore, the threshold question to be determined is whether petitioner experienced a net operating loss for its fiscal year ended June 30, 1975. If there was taxable income, we would then have to determine how the limitations of sections 246(b)(1) and 613A(d)(1), both of which are expressed as a percentage of taxable income, should be applied for the 1975 year. Because we hold for petitioner on the question of net operating loss, it is not necessary to decide the second issue.
Although 1982 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 19">*33 written for this fact pattern, we agree with respondent that
Section 172(c) defines a net operating loss as the excess of the deductions allowed by this chapter over gross income.
Section 172(d)(5) provides that for the purposes of determining the existence of a net operating loss, the full amount of dividends-received deduction is to be allowed without any limitation based on the taxable income of the taxpayer. 1379 T.C. 810">*819 Petitioner contends that this means that
However, petitioner's approach is incongruous with section 613A(d)(1), which computes taxable income for purposes of applying its limitation without regard to a net operating loss carryback, depletion deduction, or capital loss carryback. 1982 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 19">*35 Respondent claims, therefore, that the taxable income for the section 613A(d)(1) limitation must include
Once the dust settles, what we have here is a circle. The circle exists because there are (a) two deductions, each initially limited to a percentage of taxable income,
It seems clear from the above that the only practical manner in which the parties differ in determining whether a net 79 T.C. 810">*820 operating loss occured in the 1975 year is which deduction should be taken first (and, consequently, what amount of a depletion deduction should be allowed). 16 This is not addressed by section 172(c) or 172(d)(5).
The reasoning supporting our holding may be more apparent if we first follow the circle backward from respondent's determination that there was no net operating loss. The last amount subtracted from petitioner's income was the depletion allowance. This was limited by section 613A(d)(1) to 65 percent of the difference between taxable income before dividends-received or percentage-depletion deductions (line C) and the full
The modifications of section 172(d)(5) originated in the 1954 Code. They were necessary to correspond to the change from a credit to a deduction of what is now
A further result here is that being eligible for one deduction directly reduces the available amount of another deduction. We find no indication in the legislative history of section 172(d)(5) or 246(b) that the dividends-received deduction was ever meant to reduce the amount of other deductions in the Code. In fact, the opposite was intended:
Additional language in the revised section, subsections (d)(3) and (5), has been added to
It may be argued, though, that section 613A addressed the problem, and respondent's method exemplifies congressional intent, because section 613A(d)(1) provides a permanent carryover of all unused percentage depletion to later years. Therefore, what is unused in the present year as a result of the dividends-received deduction is not necessarily lost to 1982 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 19">*39 the taxpayer. This is true in part, but does not answer all of the problems raised. What is crucial is that, under respondent's method, the petitioner is in the ironic position of permanently losing dividends-received deductions by acquiring percentage-depletion deductions. 181982 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 19">*41 1982 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 19">*42 When Congress enacted section 79 T.C. 810">*822 246(b)(2), it was aware that the then-credit limitation made the credit of no use to a company which had a total loss for its fiscal year. As the Senate Finance Committee report stated:
The corporate dividend-received credit is also of no avail to the corporation utilizing the loss carryover, since the credit is limited to 85 percent of net income, and is thus wiped out in a loss year. * * *
* * * *
Your committee * * *
While we are aware that there is a "notch" in section 246(b) whereby a taxpayer may substantially increase a net operating loss through a small increase in the dividends-received deduction, this is through the mechanism of section 246(b), itself. J. Mertens, Law of Federal Income Taxation, Commentary sec. 172(d):4 (1982). Under the method respondent utilizes, section 613A(d)(1), not just section 246(b)(1), is limiting the 79 T.C. 810">*823 amount of the dividends-received deduction. From the record above, this was not Congress' intent, as Congress assumed the dividends-received deduction would be reflected in a net operating loss, which then could be carried from year to year. Similarly, unused percentage depletion is carried forward to subsequent years without limit. But the dividends-received deductions lost through the existence of the percentage depletion deduction are
The legislative intent is to be drawn from the whole statute, so that a consistent interpretation may be reached
But merely holding that respondent's method is incorrect does not provide us with the correct method to establish petitioner's taxable income. 19
To determine whether petitioner had a net operating loss in the 1975 year, we must look to Congress' intent in enacting sections 246(b)(2), 172(d)(5), and 613A(d)(1). We may also draw inferences of the proper method to be utilized from analogous statutes.
The provision that seems to be responsible for the 1982 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 19">*44 confusion at hand is section 613A, as it was the one most recently enacted. In the Tax Reduction Act of 1975, Pub. L. 94-12, 89 Stat. 26, the percentage-depletion allowance for oil and gas was repealed, with two exceptions. One of these two is the small producer exception for which petitioner qualifies. This exception was to have a continually reduced percentage over a series of years. The original House version eliminated percentage depletion altogether. It is clear from this legislative record 79 T.C. 810">*824 that Congress wanted to allow percentage depletion only in limited and specified cases. Later, in 1976, the Senate Finance Committee in its report accompanying H.R. 10612 wished to clear up ambiguities in the statute. 201982 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 19">*45 The main goal in amending the statute 1 year after its enactment was to avoid confusion in the proper calculation of the limitation. Congress wished to avoid the exact kind of "circle" that has been created in the instant case. Despite its desire for statutory clarity, Congress fell short of its goal, and presumably was not cognizant of the conflict with the section 246(b)(1) dividends-received limitation.
We therefore disagree with respondent's argument that the failure of Congress to provide an ordering statute is to be interpreted as a "mandate" in any way. We agree with respondent that the general rule is that courts may not supply supposed omissions in a revenue act or enlarge a statute's scope.
But there is a fundamental difference between rewriting statutes and construing them. It is the Court's duty to construe statutes as written.
However, Congress has addressed an almost identical problem in another statute. For a corporation, charitable deductions are limited to a percentage of taxable income. Sec. 170(b)(2). 1982 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 19">*47 21 In addition, section 170(b)(2)(B) provides that where a corporation is entitled to deductions for both charitable contributions and dividends received, taxable income (for purposes of computing the percentage limitation for charitable deductions), is computed without regard to the dividends-received deduction. In other words, the charitable deduction is taken first. 221982 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 19">*48 1982 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 19">*49 Congress, it can be assumed, thought this to be the proper solution to our present conflict, as it comports with the overall structure of the Code.
We conclude that congressional intent is reflected in section 79 T.C. 810">*826 170(b)(2)(B), and that the proper method is to rank the deductions, with the dividends-received deduction being taken last. This is supported by
Finally, it is urged that our holding violates the literal language of the Code, specifically section 613A(d)(1). We believe a careful reading of that section shows this is not the case. 231982 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 19">*51 However, were it so, this would not change our decision. All laws are to be given a sensible construction. If a reasonable application can be given which is consistent with legislative intent, literal applications leading to absurd consequences are to be ignored.
When aid to construction of the meaning of words, as used in the statute, is available, there certainly can be no "rule of law" which forbids its use, however clear the words may appear on "superficial examination." * * *
We have illustrated the absurd consequences of respondent's 79 T.C. 810">*827 method, which we think could not have reflected congressional intent.
Accordingly, we hold that petitioner had a net operating loss of $ 3,061 in its fiscal year ended June 30, 1975. Hence, there is no deficiency in its income tax for that year. Because of concessions made by the petitioner, there will be a deficiency of $ 668.70 for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1972. To give effect thereto and to the conclusions reached herein,
1. All references to "Rules" shall be deemed to refer to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure, unless otherwise indicated.
2. Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 as amended and in effect during the years in issue.↩
3. For reasons to be explored below, we stress the phrase "taxable income."↩
4. In the stipulation of facts, both parties assert petitioner "claimed a
Original amount claimed as dividends received | |
(eligible for 85% exclusion) | $ 503,596 |
Original sec. 243(a)(1) deduction claimed | |
(dividends received multiplied by 85%) | 428,057 |
Redetermined amount of dividends received | 503,596 |
Less recharacterized amount | (14,194) |
Total dividends received eligible for | |
sec. 243(a)(1) deduction | 489,402 |
Multiplied by 85% | x 0.85 |
Total sec. 243(a)(1) deduction without | |
regard to sec. 246(b)(1) | 415,992 |
5. Computed as follows:
(A) Amount of dividends received eligible for | |
sec. 243(a)(1) deduction | $ 489,402 |
(B) Amount of sec. 243(a)(1) deduction | |
without regard to sec. 246(b)(1) | |
(line A x 85%) | 415,992 |
(C) Petitioner's income before taking either the | |
sec. 243(a)(1) or 613A(c) deduction | 470,980 |
(D) Theoretical limitation on percentage-depletion | |
allowance under sec. 613A(d)(1) | |
(line C x 0.218 See note 7 | 102,674 |
(E) Actual amount of percentage depletion allowed | |
pursuant to sec. 613A(c) | 58,049 |
(F) Taxable income before deduction for dividends | |
received (C minus the lesser of D or E) | 412,931 |
(G) Computed limitation on dividends received | |
(line F x 85% See note 10 The foregoing figures and their corresponding line references shall be referred to throughout the opinion. | 350,991 |
(H) Theoretical limitation on dividends received | |
(line C x 0.665 | 313,202 |
Taxable income before deductions, etc. (line C) | 470,980 |
Less: The lesser of line D or E | (58,049) |
Taxable income before dividends-received deduction (line F) | 412,931 |
Less: Dividends-received deduction (line B) | 415,992 |
Taxable income (net operating loss) | (3,061) |
6. Using the figures established in note 5 above, respondent claims the correct method is as follows:
Taxable income before deductions, etc. (line C) | $ 470,980 |
Less: Maximum possible dividends-received | |
deduction (line B) | 415,992 |
(I) Taxable income before percentage depletion deduction | 54,988 |
Less: Depletion deduction | |
Lesser of: (1) Sec. 613A(d)(1) limit, which is | |
line I x 65% = 35,742; or (2) actual depletion | |
allowance (line E) = 58,049 | 35,742 |
Though no title was given to this number in respondent's brief, we conclude that respondent means this to be taxable income for the sole purpose of determining whether there has been a net operating loss or not and not for the purpose of determining tax liability. We note in passing that petitioner and respondent differ only in the order in which the deductions for percentage depletion and dividends received were taken. | 19,246 |
7. x = 0.65(G - y), and y = 0.85(G - x) or x = 0.65G - 0.65y y = 0.85G - 0.85x
(1) Solving for x: x = 0.65G - 0.65(0.85G - 0.85x) = 0.65G - (0.65)(0.85)G + (0.65)(0.85)x x - (0.65)(0.85)x = 0.65G - (0.65)(0.85)G [1 - (0.65)(0.85)]x = 0.65(1 - 0.85)G x = 0.65(1 - 0.85)/1 - (0.65)(0.85)G x = 0.21787709G Hence x = 0.218G
(2) Solving for y: y = 0.85G - 0.85x y = 0.85G - 0.85(0.65G - 0.65y) = 0.85G - (0.85)(0.65)G + (0.85)(0.65)y y - (0.85)(0.65)y = 0.85G - (0.85)(0.65)G [1 - (0.85)(0.65)]y = 0.85(1 - 0.65)G y = 0.85(1 - 0.65)/1 - (0.85)(0.65)G y = 0.66480446G Hence y = 0.665G↩
8. Determined as follows:
Taxable income before deductions, etc. (line C) | $ 470,980 |
Less: Depletion deduction (line E) | (58,049) |
Taxable income before sec. 243(a)(1) deduction | |
(line F) | 412,931 |
Sec. 246(b)(1) dividends-received limitation | |
(85% x line F) | 350,991 |
See note 4 | 428,057 |
Decrease of dividends-received deduction | 77,066 |
9. Respondent offers no authority supporting his rather novel proposition. Evidently, this concept arose from a published article by two accountants. See Steinmann & Willis, "Solving the Complexities Involved in the Computation of Percentage Depletion,"
Taxable income before deductions, etc. (line C) | $ 470,980 |
Theoretical limitation on percentage depletion | |
(0.218 x above amount)(line D) | 102,674 |
Theoretical limitation on dividends-received deduction | |
(0.665 x above amount)(line H) | 313,202 |
Actual percentage-depletion allowance | 58,049 |
Compute taxable income before dividends-received deduction:
Line C | $ 470,980 |
Less: Lesser of actual percentage depletion | |
(58,049) or theoretical limitation (line D) | (58,049) |
Equals line F | 412,931 |
x sec. 246(b)(1) limit | x 0.85 |
Computed limitation for dividends-received deduction | 350,991 |
Therefore, respondent determined petitioner's taxable income in the 1975 year as follows:
Taxable income before deductions, etc. (line C) | $ 470,980 |
Less: Deduction for depletion | (58,049) |
Deduction for dividends received | (350,991) |
Taxable income | 61,940 |
11. See note 5
12. See note 6
13. Subsecs. 172(c) and (d) state in relevant part:
(c) Net Operating Loss Defined. -- For purposes of this section, the term "net operating loss" means the excess of the deductions allowed by this chapter over the gross income. Such excess shall be computed with the modifications specified in subsection (d).
(d) Modifications. -- The modifications referred to in this section are as follows: * * * * (5) Computation of deduction for dividends received, etc. -- The deductions allowed by
14. See note 5
15. See note 6
16. Compare respondent's calculations in note 6
17.
18. If the taxpayer has both deductions, under respondent's method, it can never have a net operating loss unless the dividends-received deduction is greater than $ 470,980. This is because, by subtracting the dividends-received deduction first, a positive number will always result. Therefore, the sec. 613A(d)(1) limit will apply. Assume that petitioner received $ 1 in depletion allowance, and that other unrelated deductions are adjusted so that line C remains unchanged. Respondent would first find that there is taxable income as follows:
Taxable income before deductions, etc. (line C) | $ 470,980 |
Less: Full dividends-received deduction | (415,992) |
Less: Depletion allowance | |
(Lesser of actual or sec. 613A(d)(1) limit) | (1) |
54,987 |
Respondent would then determine petitioner's taxable income as follows:
Line C | $ 470,980 | |
Less: Depletion allowance | (1) | |
470,979 | ||
Compute sec. 246(b)(1) limit | $ 470,979 | |
x 0.85 | ||
400,332 | ||
Less: Lesser of dividends received | ||
($ 415,992) or computed sec. 246(b)(1) | ||
limit ($ 400,332) | ($ 400,332) | |
Taxable income | 70,647 |
For this purpose, though, we focus not on taxable income, but on the dividends-received deduction. Of the
But if we increase the percentage-depletion deduction to $ 102,674 (and assume other deductions adjust to keep line C constant), then according to respondent the amount of
Line C | $ 470,980 |
Less: Depletion allowance limitation | (102,674) |
368,306 | |
Compute sec. 246(b)(1) limitation | x 0.85 |
Allowable dividends-received deduction | 313,060 |
Indeed, between these parameters, for every $ 10,000 of depletion allowance increase up to the theoretical limit, $ 8,500 is lost from the dividends-received deduction. Under respondent's method, the numbers do not change (keeping line C assumptions)
19. Owing to the particular numbers in this case, our holding determines that petitioner experienced a net operating loss in the 1975 year. Therefore, we need not address the validity of respondent's ruling, or whether Congress ever had in mind the utilization of simultaneous linear equations for computing tax liability in those instances where it is established that taxpayers would have had taxable income.↩
20. The Committee stated:
"In addition, the language of present law is changed to make clear that in computing taxable income for purposes of the 65-percent-of-taxable-income limitation, percentage depletion under the small producer exemption is not treated as a deduction from taxable income. (
21. There is likewise no ordering provision between the sec. 613A(d)(1) and the sec. 170(b)(2) limitations.↩
22. If we assume as a hypothetical that petitioner also made a charitable contribution during the 1975 year, under respondent's method, it would be impossible to determine petitioner's tax liability in accordance with the Code. This is because if the limitations for percentage depletion and charitable contributions were calculated simultaneously, taxable income would take both deductions into account. If the limitations for percentage depletion and dividends received were also calculated simultaneously (as respondent ultimately concludes they should be in this case), taxable income would take both of those deductions into account. Taken together in this manner, all deductions would affect the computation of taxable income. But this is contrary to the express language of sec. 170(b)(2)(B) which says taxable income for the charitable-deduction limitation is computed without regard to the dividends-received deduction. If we instead say it is not necessary to compute the percentage-depletion and charitable-contribution limitations simultaneously, this belies respondent's rationale of a silent congressional mandate.
If we now assume that we are testing only for a net operating loss, respondent's method still fails. If we rank the deductions, then (assuming that the entire dividends-received deduction is taken) either the sec. 613A(d)(1) or the sec. 170(b)(2)(B) definition of taxable income would be violated (as the one taken later could not be included in the computation of the former). If instead we compute those limitations simultaneously, then we must either take the dividends-received deduction first (that is, before the charitable and the percentage-depletion deductions), last, or at the same time. If we take it first or at the same time, then this violates the express language of sec. 170(b)(2)(B). If we take it last, this represents petitioner's argument.
23. See the discussion in the text accompanying notes 3 & 4