1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*9
In 1979, petitioner was employed in the Panama Canal Zone by the Panama Canal Co. until Sept. 30 and thereafter by the Panama Canal Commission.
81 T.C. 918">*919 Respondent determined a deficiency in the amount of $ 3,570.16 in petitioner's Federal income tax for 1979. The issues for decision1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*11 are the following:
(1) Whether petitioner is entitled to either a deduction for certain excess foreign living expenses under
(2) Whether petitioner is exempt from taxation by the United States of his income earned while employed by the Panama Canal Commission during the period from October 1, 1979, through December 31, 1979, pursuant to the terms of the Panama Canal Treaty.
FINDINGS OF FACT
At the time he filed his petition in this case, petitioner Charles Richard McCain (hereinafter petitioner) was a resident of the Panama Canal Zone (hereinafter Canal Zone). Petitioner was born in Bogalusa, La. He is currently and was, during 1979, a U.S. citizen.
In January 1977, petitioner began working in the Canal Zone as a machinist1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*12 for the Panama Canal Co. At that time, and until September 30, 1979, the United States exercised territorial sovereignty over the Canal Zone pursuant to a 1903 treaty between the United States and the Republic of Panama. In that treaty, Panama granted to the United States "all the rights, power and authority within the [Canal] zone * * * which the United States would possess and exercise if it were the sovereign." 2 Under title 2, chapter 5, section 61 of the Canal Zone Code, the Panama Canal Co. was the agency of the United States which was responsible for the operation and control of the Panama Canal.
Petitioner was employed by the Panama Canal Co. from January 24, 1977, through September 30, 1979. During that 81 T.C. 918">*920 period, petitioner1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*13 received $ 18,925.61 in wages from the Panama Canal Co.
On October 1, 1979, the effective date of the Panama Canal Treaty, T.I.A.S. 10030 (hereinafter Canal Treaty), the Panama Canal Co. became the Panama Canal Commission. That organization, like the Panama Canal Co., is an agency of the United States (
Petitioner has resided continuously in the Canal Zone from January 1977 to the date of the trial. During 1979, he left the Canal Zone from September 1 through October 10, while vacationing in the United States. Petitioner did not pay any income taxes to the Republic of Panama during 1979.
On a Form 2555 attached to his 1979 Form 1040, petitioner stated that he was claiming both a deduction for certain excess foreign living expenses 3 under
1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*14 In the notice of deficiency, respondent determined that petitioner could not, as a matter of law, be allowed both a
81 T.C. 918">*921 OPINION
1. Applicability of
On his income tax return for 1979, petitioner appears to have claimed both
As applicable to the taxable year 1979,
1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*16 Relying on this regulation, respondent contends that the Canal Zone was not a foreign country from January 1, 1979, through September 30, 1979, because the United States exercised territorial sovereignty over the Canal Zone in 81 T.C. 918">*922 accordance with the 1903 treaty between the United States and the Republic of Panama. He maintains that the Canal Zone was a possession of the United States until October 1, 1979, the effective date of the Canal Treaty. Thus, according to the argument, petitioner may not be allowed a
Respondent, however, concedes on brief that beginning on October 1, 1979, the effective date of the Canal Treaty, the Canal Zone is a foreign country for purposes of
As noted in our findings of fact, prior to October 1, 1979, the effective date of the Canal Treaty, the United States exercised territorial sovereignty over the Canal Zone1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*17 pursuant to the 1903 Isthmian Canal Convention between the United States and the Republic of Panama. Specifically, article III of the 1903 Treaty provided as follows:
ARTICLE III.
The Republic of Panama grants to the United States all the rights, power and authority within the zone * * * which the United States would possess and exercise
The "if it were the sovereign" language of article III, has caused much uncertainty as to whether the United States possessed actual sovereignty over the Canal Zone under the terms of the 1903 Isthmian Canal Convention. If the United States had actual sovereignty over the Canal Zone, it was not a foreign country, but was a possession. On the other hand, if the Republic of Panama retained sovereignty over the Canal Zone, then the Canal Zone could be considered a foreign country for purposes of
1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*18 81 T.C. 918">*923 We need not decide this controversial issue here, however, because even if petitioner meets the bona fide residence test of
(1) In general. -- The deduction allowed by subsection (a) to any individual for the taxable year shall not exceed -- (A) such
The term "earned income" is defined in
the meaning given to such term by
As set forth in our findings of fact above, petitioner was employed and paid during the period from January 1, 1979, through September 30, 1979, by the Panama Canal1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*19 Co., an agency of the United States. Similarly, during the period from October 1, 1979, through December 31, 1979, petitioner was employed and paid by the Panama Canal Commission, also an agency of the United States. Because petitioner's only income 81 T.C. 918">*924 for 1979 was derived from agencies of the United States, he had no "earned income from sources outside the United States" in 1979, within the meaning of
1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*21 81 T.C. 918">*925 2. Petitioner's Claimed Exemption Under the Panama Canal Treaty
Petitioner also contends that his income from the Panama Canal Commission, earned during the period from October 1, 1979, the effective date of the Canal Treaty, through December 31, 1979, is exempt from taxation by the United States under the terms of article III of the Canal Treaty and the Agreement in Implementation of Article III, T.I.A.S. 10031 (hereinafter the agreement). After careful consideration, we think that the Canal Treaty and the implementing agreement exempt petitioner from Panamanian income tax, but not from U.S. income tax, on his Panama Canal Commission income.
As stated in our findings, prior to the effective date of the Canal Treaty, the United States exercised territorial sovereignty over the Canal Zone pursuant to the terms of a 1903 treaty between the United States and the Republic of Panama. On September 7, 1977, the United States and the Republic of Panama signed both the Canal Treaty and the Treaty Concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operation of the Panama Canal, T.I.A.S. 10029, in order to redefine the control of each country over the Panama Canal and the Canal Zone. By article1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*22 I of the Canal Treaty, full sovereign control of the Canal Zone was returned to the Republic of Panama, thereby terminating the territorial jurisdiction exercised after 1903 by the United States. By article III, paragraph 3 of the Canal Treaty, the Panama Canal Commission, a U.S. agency, was charged with responsibility for the operation and management of the Panama Canal. This new organization replaced the Panama Canal Co. in carrying out that function.
Article III of the Canal Treaty is entitled "Canal Operation and Management." Paragraph 9 of article III provides as follows:
9. The use of the areas, waters and installations with respect to which the United States of America is granted rights pursuant to this Article, and the rights and legal status of United States Government agencies and employees operating in the Republic of Panama pursuant to this Article,
The agreement referred to in article III of the Canal Treaty was signed and effective on the same dates as the Canal Treaty, and it contains specific provisions governing the U.S.81 T.C. 918">*926 agencies which operate1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*23 in the Canal Zone and U.S. citizen employees of those agencies. Article XV of the agreement is entitled "Taxation" and provides as follows:
ARTICLE XV
Taxation
1. By virtue of this Agreement, the Commission, its contractors and subcontractors, are exempt from payment in the Republic of Panama of all taxes, fees or other charges on their activities or property.
2.
3. United States citizen employees and dependents shall be exempt from taxes, fees or other charges on gifts or inheritance or on personal property, the presence of which within the territory of the Republic of Panama is due solely to the stay therein of such persons on account of their or their sponsor's work with the Commission.
4. The Coordinating Committee may establish such regulations as may be appropriate for the implementation of this Article.
[Emphasis added.]
The issue raised by petitioner's claim is whether1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*24 the broad "any taxes" language of article XV, paragraph 2 of the agreement, exempts him from U.S. income tax liability on salary or wages received for his work for the Panama Canal Commission. Taken on its face, the "any taxes" language may be read literally to grant the broad tax exemption urged by petitioner. When paragraph 2 is read in context with paragraphs 1 and 3 of article XV, however, we find that the language of paragraph 2 does not clearly grant this exemption.
Paragraph 1 exempts the Panama Canal Commission, its contractors, and subcontractors from payment of all Panamanian taxes. Likewise, paragraph 3 exempts U.S. citizen employees and their dependents from payment of Panamanian estate, gift, and personal property taxes on account of their own or their sponsor's work for the Panama Canal Commission. In light of the language of paragraphs 1 and 3, it could well be argued, as does respondent, that the import of article XV, taken as a whole, is that the United States seeks to protect its agency, the Panama Canal Commission, and the Commission's U.S. citizen employees from taxation by Panama on income or property other than private business activities in 81 T.C. 918">*927 Panama1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*25 unrelated to the Commission. Thus, under respondent's interpretation, paragraph 2 would exempt petitioner, a U.S. citizen employee of the Panama Canal Commission, not from U.S. income taxes, but rather, from Panamanian income taxes only.
Because of the ambiguity made apparent by petitioner's and respondent's conflicting interpretations of article XV of the agreement, we look to other sources for guidance as to the meaning intended by the parties in adopting this treaty language. The interpretation of any treaty must begin with the language of the treaty itself, and the clear import of that language must control unless there is an indication that "application of the words of the treaty according to their obvious meaning effects a result inconsistent with the intent or expectations of its signatories."
A review of the legislative history of the Canal Treaty demonstrates that respondent's interpretation is indeed what was intended by the United States. As to the language in article XV of the agreement, the following is part of an interchange between Senator Richard Stone of the Committee on Foreign Relations and Mr. Herbert J. Hansell, Legal Adviser to the Department of State, one of the agencies charged with negotiating the Canal Treaty and the agreement, during Senate committee hearings on the Canal Treaty:
Senator STONE. I think it was article XV, section 1 that raised an interesting question. I will read it to you. "By virtue of this agreement the Commission, its contractors and subcontractors are exempt from payment in the Republic of Panama of all taxes, fees, or other charges on their activities or properties." Then,
81 T.C. 918">*928 Of course, when that was announced, the press reported the glee of the Zonians that they were now exempt from U.S. income tax. When Senator Glenn asked you, are there any words that you would like to see in the treaty, I was just asking myself, would you like to see the words, United States, in there somewhere?
Mr. HANSELL. I am sorry to be a source of disappointment for the Panamanians, but obviously
* * * *
Senator STONE. Wouldn't you think that we could put in the understanding that I suggested to you, the clarification of our interpretation which then, when ratified by the Congress, by the Senate, and deposited, would clarify that in a little more formal way than simple advices, since you don't want to put words back in the treaty through negotiation?
Mr. HANSELL. 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*28 The one comment I would have with respect to that, and this relates to a couple of other points, is that we are dealing now with an internal U.S. matter, not a matter between the United States and Panama. That is,
[Hearings on Panama Canal Treaties Before the Comm. on Foreign Relations, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 268 (1977). Emphasis added.]
This interchange confirms the position urged by respondent. In providing for the termination of more than 70 years of U.S. jurisdiction to exercise rights, power, and authority as "if it were the sovereign" 8 and for the return of control over the Canal Zone to the Republic of Panama, the United States would be concerned how the Republic of Panama would treat U.S. citizen employees of the Panama Canal Commission, a U.S. agency. One area of particular concern would be the imposition by Panama of any taxes on the agency or its U.S. citizen employees. On the other hand, as pointed out by Mr. Hansell, the imposition of taxes by either sovereign 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*29 on its own citizens would not have been of concern to the treaty negotiators. Clearly, the United States would have no interest in negotiating with the Republic of Panama on whether it may tax its own citizens.
Additional legislative history supporting respondent's position is found in the report of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on the Panama Canal Treaties, Exec. Rept. 95-12, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. (1978). Contained in this report is a 81 T.C. 918">*929 section-by-section analysis of the Canal and Neutrality Treaties and the implementing agreements. The introduction to the analysis states that it was provided to the Committee on Foreign Relations by the State Department, and in a transmittal letter to Senator Sparkman, then Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations, Douglas J. Bennet, Jr., the State Department's Assistant Secretary for Congressional Relations, stated the following (Exec. Rept. 95-12 at 127):
These analyses were prepared by members of the treaty1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*30 negotiating team and have been approved by the offices of the State and Defense Departments directly involved in the negotiations, including the Panama Canal Company. Accordingly, these comments may be considered as an authoritative source of information with respect to the negotiating background and interpretation of the Treaties.
The analysis states the following with respect to article XV, paragraph 2 of the agreement (Exec. Rept. 95-12, at 155):
Paragraph 2 exempts United States citizen employees and dependents from the imposition
In construing a treaty, courts should give great weight to the meaning ascribed by the Government departments charged with negotiation and enforcement of the treaty.
Although this is an issue of first impression for this Court, several District Court opinions have recently addressed the issue and have reached the same conclusion as we reach here.
1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 9">*33 In view of the foregoing, the Canal Treaty and the implementing agreement do not exempt petitioner's income from taxation by the United States. As a U.S. citizen, he is taxable by the United States on his income from the Panama Canal Commission for the period in question.
To reflect the foregoing,
1. All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 as in effect during the tax year in issue, unless otherwise indicated.↩
2. Isthmian Canal Convention, art. III, 33 Stat. 2234; T.S. 431 (signed Nov. 18, 1903; entered into force Feb. 26, 1904); 2 W. Malloy, Treaties, Conventions, International Acts, Protocol and Agreements Between the United States of America and Other Powers, 1736-1937, at 1349 (1910).↩
3. As set forth on page 3 of the Form 2555, petitioner claimed a deduction of $ 4,560.46 for excess foreign living expenses consisting of qualified home leave expenses of $ 1,000 and the amount of $ 3,560.46 which on line 31(e) he designates as a qualified cost-of-living differential and, on line 38, as a qualified hardship area deduction. Petitioner, however, was not paid a cost-of-living differential during 1979. He evidently intended the $ 3,560.46 amount to be a qualified hardship area deduction.↩
4. Respondent also makes the point that both a
"A taxpayer does not qualify for the
5.
(a) Allowance of Deduction. -- In the case of an individual who is -- (1) Bona fide resident of foreign country. -- A citizen of the United States and who establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that he has been a bona fide resident of a foreign country or countries for an uninterrupted period which includes an entire taxable year, or (2) Presence in foreign country for 17 months. -- A citizen or resident of the United States and who during any period of 18 consecutive months is present in a foreign country or countries during at least 510 full days in such period,↩
6. In the First Stipulation for Trial, the parties stipulated that Panama was a possession of the United States prior to the effective date of the Canal Treaty. We do not, however, base our decision on that ground and we regard that stipulation as a conclusion of law. See
The report of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, portions of which are discussed in part 2 of our opinion below, concludes, based on Supreme Court precedent and certain enumerated "indices of sovereignty," that "the Republic of Panama retained titular sovereignty over the Canal Zone." Exec. Rept. 95-12, at 71 (1978). See Smit, "The Panama Canal: A National or International Waterway?",
For purposes of administration and collection of taxes by the United States, the Canal Zone is considered to be a possession of the United States pursuant to sec. 7651(4). The reference in sec. 7651(4) to the Canal Zone as a possession has not been changed despite the adoption of the 1979 Canal Treaty. It is not at all clear, however, that the definition of the Canal Zone as a possession for administrative and collection purposes makes it a possession for purposes of
7.
(a) General Rule. -- In the case of an individual described in (1) Bona fide resident of foreign country. -- If such individual is described in (2) Presence in foreign country for 17 months. -- If such individual is described in [Emphasis added.]↩
8. See art. III of the 1903 Treaty, quoted above.↩
9. This issue has also been addressed in
Although we are in agreement with the final result reached in
