80 T.C. 1047">*1048 Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioner's Federal income taxes for the years 1976 and 1977 in the amounts of $ 7,350.71 and $ 38,943.17, respectively. Concessions have been made by the parties. The issues remaining for decision are:

(1) Whether the step transaction doctrine should be applied to treat a contemporaneous redemption of a portion of the stock of petitioner's subsidiary and a redemption of some of its own stock as a distribution of the subsidiary stock to the 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*77 estate of a deceased shareholder of petitioner, followed by a redemption of that distributed stock directly from the estate.

(2) If the step transaction doctrine is inapplicable, whether the distribution to the petitioner from the subsidiary is to be treated as essentially equivalent to a dividend as determined under the provisions of section 302. ¹

80 T.C. 1047">*1049 FINDINGS OF FACT

Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. The stipulated facts and attached exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference.

Glacier State Electric Supply Co. (hereinafter referred to as Glacier State or petitioner) is a corporation which maintained its principal place of business in Great Falls, Mont., at the time of the filing of its petition herein. Petitioner's corporate income tax returns for the years involved were timely filed with the Internal Revenue Service Center at Ogden, Utah.

Petitioner was incorporated in 1946 by Donald P. Rearden (hereinafter Rearden) and J. Kenneth Parsons (hereinafter Parsons). One hundred ninety shares of common stock were 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*78 issued by Glacier State at its incorporation: 94 each to Rearden and Parsons, and 1 each to their wives. ² Parsons was president of Glacier State and Rearden was vice president.

Business was good. Wishing to expand, Parsons and Rearden, through petitioner, joined with Arthur E. Pyle (hereinafter Pyle) to establish the Glacier State Electric Supply Co. of Billings (hereinafter GSB). GSB was organized and incorporated in 1953. Upon incorporation, GSB issued 339 shares of stock, 1 share each to Pyle, Parsons, and Rearden; with the remaining 336 shares held by petitioner. Parsons, Rearden, and Pyle were named as officers in GSB, with Pyle designated as that corporation's president. Pyle was allowed to buy into GSB (from Glacier State) as part of his business arrangement with Parsons and Rearden. In 1955, the stock of GSB was held as follows: Rearden and Parsons, 1 share; Pyle 113 shares; petitioner 224 shares. ^{31983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*79}

In September 1954, Rearden and Parsons entered into an agreement with Glacier State which provided that in the event 80 T.C. 1047">*1050 of either of their deaths, the shares of Glacier State owned by the deceased would be redeemed by that corporation.

In November 1954, Pyle and petitioner entered into three agreements regarding the sale and purchase of the GSB stock. Though Parsons and Rearden were not parties to these agreements, they signed each of them to indicate their approval of the agreements' terms. ^{41983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*80}

The November 1954 agreements were amended by an addendum agreement on January 20, 1969 (the amendment). The amendment provided that upon the death of Pyle, his interest in GSB would be purchased by GSB. The amendment also stated that in the event of either Parsons' or Rearden's death, GSB would redeem the 1 share held in the name of the deceased along with one-half of the stock in GSB owned by petitioner. Worried that the obligations of the various buy/sell agreements might prove burdensome to the eventual obligors, life insurance was acquired on each of the officers of GSB with the proceeds payable to GSB. GSB was required to apply these proceeds to satisfy its various obligations under the amendment. ^{51983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*81} Pyle never signed this amendment, however. ⁶

Parsons died on April 10, 1976. As a result of Parsons' death, life insurance in the amount of $ 52,680.09 was paid to GSB. These proceeds were deposited in a specified account in a local bank. Parsons' widow was executrix for the estate and was a party to all subsequent negotiations. In order to satisfy the obligations of the 1954 agreements and the amendment, a 80 T.C. 1047">*1051 memorandum of agreement was entered into between petitioner and the Parsons estate in July 1976 which provided a method for the required disposition of the stock in petitioner that was held by the estate. In addition, the small number of shares (see note 11 infra) owned by Parsons' 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*82 widow would be redeemed. Under the terms of this agreement, the value of the Glacier State stock was to be determined by separately valuing: (1) The GSB stock held by petitioner, and (2) all of petitioner's remaining assets. The Parsons estate was to be paid 47.89 percent ⁷ of the value of the remaining assets, but would receive 50 percent of the value of the GSB stock owned by petitioner. ⁸

On August 30, 1977, petitioner, GSB, and the Parsons estate entered into an agreement for the disposition of 112 shares in GSB owned by petitioner, along with the one share owned by the Parsons estate. Petitioner was required under the terms of the agreement to assign to the Parsons estate the redemption payments it received from GSB. Thereafter, two redemptions took place: (1) The stock of petitioner owned by the Parsons estate and Parsons' widow was redeemed, and (2) one-half of the stock of GSB held by petitioner along with the 1 GSB share owned by the Parsons estate was redeemed.

In part payment for the value of the 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*83 GSB stock, the Parsons estate was assigned a promissory note in the principal amount of $ 56,576.99 which had been issued by GSB to petitioner on August 30, 1977. Payments on the note were made by means of checks from GSB, made out to petitioner, which were then endorsed over to the Parsons estate. ⁹ The balance due the estate for the value of the GSB shares was also paid by endorsing to the estate a $ 56,519.24 check issued to petitioner by GSB. ¹⁰

80 T.C. 1047">*1052 In the interim period between incorporations and Parsons' death, the shareholder composition of each corporation had been slightly altered through the addition of one minority shareholder to GSB and two to petitioner. For our purposes, their holdings are relevant only in 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*84 that control of each corporation was no longer solely in the hands of the other shareholders.

Immediately prior to the disposition agreement arranged between the Parsons estate, petitioner, and GSB on August 30, 1977, the stock ownership of GSB was as follows:

After that disposition, the ownership of GSB was as follows:

After the redemption of the stock of petitioner held by the Parsons estate and Betty Parsons individually, ¹¹ the stock ownership of petitioner was as follows:

GSB had 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*85 current or accumulated earnings and profits of at least $ 109,257.08 in 1977. The GSB shares held by P had substantially appreciated while held by petitioner.

80 T.C. 1047">*1053 OPINION

As a result of the GSB redemption, respondent contends that petitioner recognized long term capital gain. Petitioner argues that although the appreciated stock of GSB was technically owned approximately one-third by Pyle and two-thirds by itself; Parsons, Rearden, and Pyle (hereinafter referred to as the officers) treated the stock for all intents and purposes as being owned by them individually. Therefore, petitioner claims that the substance of the transactions was that the GSB stock had been transferred to the Parsons estate as part payment for the redemption of petitioner's stock, followed by a redemption of that GSB stock directly from the estate. ^{131983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*86}

Respondent's answer to this contention is that in this case, the substance of the transactions was its form: that Glacier State satisfied its obligation under the buy/sell agreements to redeem its stock from the Parsons estate by selling one of its assets, i.e., one-half of the GSB shares it held. We hold for respondent as to issue one.

We agree with petitioner that it is the substance of a transaction rather than mere form which should determine the resultant tax consequences when the form does not coincide with economic reality. Commissioner v. Court Holding Co., 324 U.S. 331">324 U.S. 331 (1945); Higgins v. Smith, 308 U.S. 473">308 U.S. 473 (1940); Foster v. Commissioner, 80 T.C. 34">80 T.C. 34, 80 T.C. 34">201 (1983); Gray v. Commissioner, 56 T.C. 1032">56 T.C. 1032 (1971). 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*87 The taxpayer, as well as the Commissioner, is entitled to assert the substance-over-form argument although in such situations taxpayers may face a higher than usual burden of proof. Landa v. Commissioner, 80 T.C. 1047">*1054 206 F.2d 431">206 F.2d 431, 206 F.2d 431">432 (D.C. Cir. 1953); Ciaio v. Commissioner, 47 T.C. 447">47 T.C. 447, 47 T.C. 447">457 (1967).

To assure that the substance of transactions will be determinative, courts have employed the "step transaction" doctrine. The essence of the doctrine is that an integrated transaction will not be broken down into independent steps; or, viewed from the other side, separate steps must be taken together in attaching tax consequences if that combination is the substance of the transaction. American Wire Fabrics Corp. v. Commissioner, 16 T.C. 607">16 T.C. 607 (1951); King Enterprises, Inc. v. United States, 189 Ct. Cl. 466">189 Ct. Cl. 466, 189 Ct. Cl. 466">474, 418 F.2d 511">418 F.2d 511, 418 F.2d 511">516 (1969). See Security Industrial Insurance Co. v. United States, 702 F.2d 1234">702 F.2d 1234 (5th Cir. 1983).

To justify its invoking the doctrine to find the true substance, petitioner points to numerous facts and claimed facts. At the center of its argument is its claim that "the (officers) treated the GSB stock as being owned by the three of them as individuals." To support its claim, 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*88 it points out: (1) The Parsons estate negotiated directly with GSB to determine the value of the GSB shares which petitioner would redeem, though it negotiated with petitioner as to the value of its remaining assets; (2) the estate received 50 percent of the value of the GSB stock held by petitioner even though the estate held only a 47.89-percent interest in Glacier State; and (3) all the payments for the GSB stock were required to be assigned and in fact were endorsed directly to the estate. Therefore, petitioner contends that it received no economic benefit from the GSB redemption and the resulting tax consequences should be attributed to the entity whom petitioner claims is the real seller of the stock -- the Parsons estate. In short, petitioner claims it was merely a conduit through which the proceeds passed. We disagree.

To accept petitioner's argument that it was merely a conduit would require us to determine that the real owners of the GSB stock were the officers. This we cannot do. Such a determination necessarily requires that we ignore petitioner's existence as a taxable entity. Despite petitioner's strong urging, the facts are clear that not only was Glacier State 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*89 in substance the "real" owner of the stock for over 20 years, but also that Parsons and Rearden did in fact accept it as such. Rearden testified at trial that he and Parsons had discussed holding the 80 T.C. 1047">*1055 GSB shares in their individual capacity many times, yet did not do so for tax reasons. Such a statement necessarily implies that they believed that they were not the owners. Also, if Parsons and Rearden thought that they owned the stock, why did they observe all the technical formalities during the execution of the buy/sell agreements, the amendment to those agreements, and the later redemptions? The answer must be that Parsons and Rearden thought that petitioner was the true owner.

That the Parsons estate negotiated directly with GSB to set a value for the GSB shares does not lead to a different conclusion. Considering the close relationship between the corporations and the principals involved, such negotiations do not strike us as unusual. We find it hard to fathom how the redemptions could have been structured without the presence of direct negotiations between the estate and GSB. That they were done in this manner does not influence us to accept petitioner's claim.

We are similarly 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*90 not persuaded that the slightly disproportionate redemption of the GSB stock compared with the estate's ownership interest in all of the Glacier State assets should indicate Parsons and Rearden were the "true owners" of GSB. The number of GSB shares to be redeemed was set by the provisions of the buy-out agreements, not the negotiations for the redemption of the Glacier State shares. ¹⁴ We may assume that the 50-percent figure was chosen to reflect the substantive ownership interests at that time, and was retained merely for mathematical convenience. ^{151983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*91}

80 T.C. 1047">*1056 We now turn to petitioner's final point, that all the proceeds from the sale were endorsed directly to the Parsons estate. Petitioner argues that this fact, coupled with its claim that it received no gain or profit on the transaction, falls squarely within the precedent of Fox v. Harrison, 145 F.2d 521">145 F.2d 521 (7th Cir. 1944). We disagree.

In Fox v. Harrison, a corporation was owned in one-third and two-thirds shares by two individuals. The majority shareholder threatened termination of the corporation if his interest was not bought out. The corporation, however, was financially unable 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*92 at that time to purchase all of his stock, nor was it able to obtain a bank loan to do so. The bank would only make a personal loan to the remaining shareholder to finance a purchase by him. Later, the corporation's financial situation improved, and it redeemed the recently purchased shares from the remaining (now sole) shareholder. The corporate checks given in payment for the redeemed shares were endorsed over as payment on the loan. The trial court held that the real purchaser of the stock was the corporation, not the remaining shareholder, and accordingly, the remaining shareholder did not experience dividend treatment on the subsequent redemption. The Court of Appeals affirmed on the basis that there was sufficient evidence to support the trial court's findings.

First, the petitioner here did receive economic gain from the transaction. Upon Parsons' death, it incurred a liability under the buy/sell agreements to redeem its own stock from the estate. It extinguished that liability through the sale of one of its assets, the appreciated GSB stock. In Fox v. Harrison, however, there was no such pre-existing liability, nor was the stock which was surrendered by the taxpayer the 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*93 same stock it had previously held.

Second, the decision in Fox v. Harrison was limited to an ascertainment of whether there was any rational basis for the findings made by the trial court. Noting among other facts that the proceeds were directly paid over, the Court of Appeals decided there was substantive support for the opinion of the trial court. Because establishing such support was the underlying purpose of that Court's decision, we think Fox v. Harrison is readily distinguishable. Moreover, we think the fact that the proceeds were paid through petitioner rather than directly to 80 T.C. 1047">*1057 the estate is further proof that Rearden acknowledges petitioner as the true owner of the stock, not the officers. ¹⁶

The additional cases relied upon by petitioner ¹⁷ are similarly distinguishable. In most of them, as in Fox v. Harrison, 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*94 an original plan of action had to be abandoned because of overriding business or economic reasons. The respective courts determined that the substance of the transactions corresponded to the original plan and not the substituted form. But in the instant case, no alternative form was planned or even contemplated until after the transactions were consummated.

Furthermore, petitioner's reconstruction of the transaction is inherently inconsistent. To establish that the step transaction doctrine is appropriate, petitioner asserts that the officers were the owners of the GSB stock and it (petitioner) was only a conduit. But under the distribution/redemption scenario that petitioner argues really occurred, Glacier State had to be the owner of the stock in order to qualify for the nonrecognition treatment provided by section 311(d)(2)(A) on the distribution of the GSB shares. Glacier State's existence as a separate taxable entity cannot be ignored at one moment and respected the next.

In sum, the fact 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*95 that Rearden and Parsons may have deemed themselves the owners of the GSB shares because of their control over Glacier State is insufficient to establish that they were the actual or true owners of such shares.

Although we agree with petitioner that where appropriate, under the step transaction doctrine, separate steps must be taken together in attaching tax consequences, this is not a correct case in which to apply that doctrine. Petitioner is not asking us to skip, collapse, or rearrange the steps he employed. See Harris v. Commissioner, 61 T.C. 770">61 T.C. 770, 61 T.C. 770">783 (1974). He is instead asking that we accept an entirely new series of steps or 80 T.C. 1047">*1058 events that did not take place. The step transaction doctrine cannot be stretched so far.

Despite petitioner's present objections, in essence it is merely arguing that since the transaction would have been nontaxable if cast in another form, we should grant similar treatment to the form it utilized. This we cannot do.

The cornerstone of tax planning is that the same economic or business result may be validly achieved through a variety of routes, each with differing tax consequences. The step transaction doctrine may be argued by taxpayers in cases 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*96 where the form chosen does not reflect that transaction's true substance (which is reflected in the combining of the individual steps). This is to be distinguished, however, from situations where, as in the instant case, the substance of the transaction coincides with the form employed. In such situations, it is well-settled that:

while a taxpayer is free to organize his affairs as he chooses, nevertheless, once having done so, he must accept the tax consequences of his choice, whether contemplated or not, * * * and may not enjoy the benefit of some other route he might have chosen to follow but did not. [Commissioner v. National Alfalfa Dehydrating & Milling Co., 417 U.S. 134">417 U.S. 134, 417 U.S. 134">149 (1974); citations omitted.]

This Court also views with disfavor attempts by taxpayers to restructure transactions after they are challenged. Hoover Co. v. Commissioner, 72 T.C. 206">72 T.C. 206, 72 T.C. 206">248 (1979); Legg v. Commissioner, 57 T.C. 164">57 T.C. 164, 57 T.C. 164">169 (1971), affd. per curiam 496 F.2d 1179">496 F.2d 1179 (9th Cir. 1974); Acro Manufacturing Co. v. Commissioner, 39 T.C. 377">39 T.C. 377, 39 T.C. 377">385 (1962), affd. 334 F.2d 40">334 F.2d 40 (6th Cir. 1964), cert. denied 379 U.S. 887">379 U.S. 887 (1964).

Accordingly, we conclude that in both form and substance, the two redemptions occurred 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*97 here as they were originally cast, and that the step transaction doctrine is of no aid to petitioner.

In the alternative, petitioner asserts that the payments it received from GSB should be treated as dividend income. If characterized as a dividend, 85 percent of the distribution qualifies for a deduction from petitioner's gross income under section 243(a).

80 T.C. 1047">*1059 Petitioner claims that because there was a planned later redemption of Pyle's GSB shares upon his death, pursuant to the agreements, this constitutes a series of redemptions under section 302(b)(2)(D). It contends that by taking this later redemption into account, the present distribution fails the substantially disproportionate tests of section 302(b)(2), or is essentially equivalent to a dividend and hence does not qualify under section 302(b)(1).

Respondent argues that since Pyle did not sign the amendment to the buy/sell agreements, the November 1954 agreements are still in effect. Under these agreements, Pyle's estate is required to sell all its GSB shares upon Pyle's death to petitioner (see note 4 supra). Thus, respondent contends that such a sale could not qualify as one of a series of redemptions. 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*98 See sec. 317(b). He also contends that the distribution is "not essentially equivalent to a dividend" within the meaning of section 302(b)(1) because a dividend represents a pro rata distribution out of corporate earnings and profits, ¹⁸ which was not the case here; or because there was "a meaningful reduction as to the shareholder's proportionate interest in the corporation," quoting United States v. Davis, 397 U.S. 301">397 U.S. 301, 397 U.S. 301">313 (1970). We agree with respondent for the reasons stated below.

The proper tax treatment to be afforded to the distribution from a corporation in redemption of its stock depends upon whether section 302(a) applies. If the distribution does not qualify under section 302(a), section 302(d) directs that section 301 will apply. ¹⁹

Under section 302(a), a redemption is treated as an exchange if any of the numbered paragraphs of section 302(b) are met. The parties apparently agree that, viewed separately, the GSB redemption satisfies both the 50- 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*99 and 80-percent tests of section 302(b)(2). ²⁰

80 T.C. 1047">*1060 The main question then is whether we should view the "redemption" of Pyle's shares along with the GSB redemption as part of a single plan under section 302(b)(2)(D).

Section 302(b)(2)(D) provides:

This paragraph [par. 2 of sec. 302(b)] shall not apply to any redemption made pursuant to a plan the purpose or effect of which is a series of redemptions resulting in a distribution which (in the aggregate) is not substantially disproportionate with respect to the shareholder.

We agree that the GSB redemption was made pursuant to a plan. ^{211983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*100} However, we think it plain that the plan's purpose was not a series of redemptions that eventually would result in a distribution which in the aggregate is not substantially disproportionate with respect to the shareholder. ²²

The regulations state that whether a plan with the requisite purpose or effect exists is to be determined from all the facts and circumstances. Sec. 1.302-2(a), Income Tax Regs. Little authority is available that directs us as to which facts should be weighted more than others in resolving this issue. ²³ There is no clear indication of how close in time the redemptions must occur in order to constitute a series, or whether a plan to make a series of distributions might exist without a contractual requirement that it be carried through. J. Mertens, 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*101 Law of Federal Income Taxation, Code Commentary, sec. 302(b)(2):2 (1983). See note 21 supra.

The purpose for enacting section 302(b)(2)(D) was to prevent an obvious abuse of the 50-percent and 80-percent tests of section 302(b)(2). See S. Rept. 1622, 83d Cong., 2d Sess. 234, 235 (1954); B. Bittker & J. Eustice, Federal Income Taxation of Corporations and Shareholders, par. 9.22, at 9-20, 21 (4th ed.). We do not think the facts of the instant case show that the 80 T.C. 1047">*1061 buy-out plan's "purpose or effect" was to result in a substantially proportionate distribution. Clearly, the plan's purpose was merely to prevent unapproved parties from acquiring an interest in GSB and also to provide a market for the shares upon the death of the deceased. This plan, as with most buy/sell agreements concerning closely held corporations, 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*102 represents legitimate business purposes. ²⁴ Obviously, this was not a vehicle in which to bail out earnings of the corporation at capital gain rates.

Moreover, we cannot agree that the overall effect of this plan would not be a substantially disproportionate distribution. The second redemption required to establish the series has not, and may never, occur. In the interim period, the corporation could dissolve, Pyle could sell his shares to qualified third parties, the parties may rescind the agreements, or sufficient additional shares may be issued to other shareholders, thereby diluting Pyle's holding to an insignificant amount. We conclude, then, that petitioner's redemption of one-half of the GSB shares satisfies the substantially disproportionate tests of section 302(b)(2)(B) and (C).

Petitioner 1983 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 75">*103 also claims that the GSB redemption is essentially equivalent to a dividend and hence fails to qualify for exchange treatment under section 302(b)(1).

Because that redemption vastly altered the control rights in GSB, the distribution obviously does not qualify as a dividend. 397 U.S. 301">United States v. Davis, supra. Compare Paparo v. Commissioner, 71 T.C. 692">71 T.C. 692 (1979); Benjamin v. Commissioner, 66 T.C. 1084">66 T.C. 1084 (1976), affd. 592 F.2d 1259">592 F.2d 1259 (5th Cir. 1979).

Accordingly, since the requirements of sections 302(b)(2) and 302(b)(1) were met, the transaction is afforded exchange treatment. The GSB redemption therefore results in capital gain to petitioner.

To reflect concessions made by the parties and our conclusions herein,

Decision will be entered under Rule 155.