82 T.C. 403">*403 OPINION

This1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*102 case was assigned pursuant to Delegation Order No. 8 of this Court, 81 T.C. XXV (1983), to Special Trial Judge Francis J. Cantrel for the purpose of considering and ruling on respondent's motion for judgment on the pleadings filed herein. After a review of the record, we agree with and adopt his opinion which is set forth below.

OPINION OF THE SPECIAL TRIAL JUDGE

This case is before the Court on respondent's motion for judgment on the pleadings filed on September 29, 1983, pursuant to Rule 120, Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.¹

Respondent, in his notice of deficiency issued to petitioner on October 20, 1982, determined deficiencies in petitioner's Federal income tax and additions to the tax for the taxable calendar years 1980 and 1981 in the following respective amounts: 82 T.C. 403">*404

The adjustments to income as determined by respondent in his deficiency notice are as follows:

1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*104 Petitioner's legal address on the date the petition was filed was Box 3008, TR 14, Forsyth, Mont.

The petition, which was timely filed on January 18, 1983, was signed only by an attorney admitted to practice before this Court. ⁴ Pursuant to an order of this Court, respondent timely filed his answer on March 11, 1983, on which date the pleadings were closed. ⁵ Respondent's motion for judgment on the pleadings was filed more than 30 days after the pleadings were closed. See Rules 34, 36, 37, 38, and 120.

1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*105

Rule 34(b) provides in pertinent part that the petition in a deficiency action shall contain "Clear and concise assignments of each and every error which the petitioner alleges to have been committed by the Commissioner in the determination of the deficiency or liability" and "Clear and concise lettered 82 T.C. 403">*405 statements of the facts on which petitioner bases the assignments of error."

Petitioner at paragraphs 4 through 8 of his petition alleges --

4. The determination of tax set forth in said Notice of Liability is, apparently, based upon a jeopardy assessment issued September 14, 1982.

5. Petitioner alleges the following errors:

B. The Administrative Review provided was a mere sham amounting to a pro forma approval.

6. The Petitioner alleges that he has incurred no tax liability for either of the years in question, to wit: 1980 or 1981.

7. Petitioner's only income was in the form of wages which are personal property and, as such, are not subject to the imposition and collection of a direct tax which has not been apportioned as 1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*106 clearly required by the Constitution of the United States of America.

8. In summary then, the penalties assessed against this Petitioner are without foundation and are incorrect.

Petitioner concludes his petition with a demand for a jury trial.

It is clear beyond doubt that the petition raises no justiciable facts respecting any of respondent's determinations. In our view, petitioner is yet another in a seemingly unending parade of tax protesters bent on glutting the docket of this Court and others with frivolous and groundless claims (all of which have been summarily rejected by this Court and others on innumerable occasions), and he has instituted and maintained this proceeding primarily for delay. We answer his frivolous and groundless contentions, as enunciated in his petition, hereinbelow.

Respondent issued a valid notice of deficiency, a timely petition was filed, and this Court has jurisdiction of this case. Secs. 6212, 6213, and 6214.

The determinations made by respondent in his notice of deficiency are presumed correct; the burden of proof is on petitioner (not respondent) to show those determinations are wrong, and the imposition of the burden of proof is constitutional. 1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*107 Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111">290 U.S. 111 (1933); Rockwell v. 82 T.C. 403">*406 , 512 F.2d 882">512 F.2d 882, 512 F.2d 882">887 (9th Cir. 1975); ⁶ Rule 142(a).

This Court generally (as is the case here) will not look behind a deficiency notice to examine evidence used or the propriety of the Commissioner's motives or of the administrative policy or procedures involved in making his determinations. Proesel v. Commissioner, 73 T.C. 600">73 T.C. 600 (1979); Greenberg's Express, Inc. v. Commissioner, 62 T.C. 324">62 T.C. 324, 62 T.C. 324">327 (1974).

Petitioner is not permitted to raise the issue of the validity of respondent's jeopardy assessment in this Court. Congress has, by statute, provided an avenue for review of a jeopardy assessment. Section 7429, which pertains to Review of Jeopardy Assessment Procedures, provides that such review shall be undertaken 1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*108 by a U.S. District Court. See Williams v. United States, 704 F.2d 1222">704 F.2d 1222, 704 F.2d 1222">1225 (11th Cir. 1983). In our opinion, Congress enacted section 7429 in an attempt to mitigate the harsh effects of jeopardy assessments by permitting a limited and prompt review of the propriety of jeopardy assessments. Review of a jeopardy assessment in the Tax Court was not provided by Congress, and we cannot entertain such review. The record discloses that petitioner chose to ignore the proper forum for review, and he cannot here complain that the jeopardy assessment was improper.

Petitioner has not been wrongfully denied a jury trial. "The Seventh Amendment does not apply to suits against the United States, because there was no common law action against the sovereign. McElrath v. United States, 102 U.S. 426">102 U.S. 426, 102 U.S. 426">440 (1880). Thus, it has repeatedly been held that there is no constitutional right to a jury trial in the Tax Court. Phillips v. Commissioner, 283 U.S. 589">283 U.S. 589, 283 U.S. 589">599 n. 9 (1931); McCoy v. Commissioner, 696 F.2d 1234">696 F.2d 1234 (9th Cir. 1983), affg. 76 T.C. 1027">76 T.C. 1027 (1981);1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*109 Lonsdale v. Commissioner, 661 F.2d 71">661 F.2d 71, 661 F.2d 71">72 (5th Cir. 1981), affg. a Memorandum Opinion of this Court; Dorl v. Commissioner, 507 F.2d 406">507 F.2d 406 (2d Cir. 1974), affg. 57 T.C. 720">57 T.C. 720 (1972)." Rowlee v. Commissioner, 80 T.C. 1111">80 T.C. 1111, 80 T.C. 1111">1115 (1983), on appeal (2d Cir., Sept. 13, 1983). ⁷

The Federal income tax laws are constitutional. Since the ratification of the 16th Amendment, it is immaterial with respect to income taxes, whether the tax is a direct or indirect 82 T.C. 403">*407 tax. The whole purpose of the 16th Amendment was to relieve all income taxes when imposed from apportionment and from a consideration of the source whence the income was derived. Brushaber v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 240 U.S. 1">240 U.S. 1 (1916). See Hayward v. Day, 619 F.2d 716">619 F.2d 716 (8th Cir. 1980).1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*110

Gross income means all income from whatever source derived including (but not limited to) wages. It includes income realized in any form, whether in money, property, or services. Sec. 61. Income as defined under the 16th Amendment is "gain derived from capital, from labor, or from both combined." Eisner v. Macomber, 252 U.S. 189">252 U.S. 189, 252 U.S. 189">207 (1920). Section 61 encompasses all realized assessions to wealth. Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co., 348 U.S. 426">348 U.S. 426 (1955). See United States v. Buras, 633 F.2d 1356">633 F.2d 1356, 633 F.2d 1356">1361 (9th Cir. 1980), where the Court said -- "'the earnings of the human brain and hand when unaided by capital' are commonly treated as income" and "the Sixteenth Amendment is broad enough to grant Congress the power to collect an income tax regardless of the source of the taxpayer's income." (Citations omitted.) "One's gain, ergo his 'income,' from the sale of his labor is the entire amount received therefor without any reduction for what he spends to satisfy his human needs." Reading v. Commissioner, 70 T.C. 730">70 T.C. 730, 70 T.C. 730">734 (1978), affd. 614 F.2d 159">614 F.2d 159 (8th Cir. 1980).1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*111 "Although the wages [gross income] received by [petitioner] may represent no more than the time-value of his work, they are nonetheless the fruit of his labor, and therefore represent gain derived from labor which may be taxed as income." (Emphasis added.) See Rice v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1982-129, and cases cited therein. See also 80 T.C. 1111">Rowlee v. Commissioner, supra at 1119-1122, and cases cited therein; United States v. Romero, 640 F.2d 1014">640 F.2d 1014, 640 F.2d 1014">1016 (9th Cir. 1981). We note with interest the following passage in Romero -- "We recognize that the tax laws bear heavily on all persons engaged in gainful activity, and recognize the right of a taxpayer to minimize his taxes by all lawful means. But Romero here is not attempting to minimize his taxes; instead he is attempting willfully and intentionally to shift his burden to his fellow workers by the use of semantics. He seems to have been inspired by various tax protesting groups across the land who postulate weird and illogical theories of tax avoidance, all to the detriment of the 82 T.C. 403">*408 common weal and of themselves." The foregoing1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*112 language in Romero is equally applicable here.

On this record, respondent has demonstrated to our satisfaction that the pleadings do not raise a genuine issue of material fact respecting respondent's determinations for the income tax deficiencies and the additions to the tax but rather involve only issues of law. See Russell v. Commissioner, 60 T.C. 942">60 T.C. 942, 60 T.C. 942">943-944 (1973). Therefore, for the reasons expressed hereinabove, respondent's motion for judgment on the pleadings will be granted. ⁸

The final matter we consider is whether, in the circumstances here extant, we should, on our own motion, award damages to the United States under section1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*113 6673. ⁹1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*115 We addressed the very heart of this matter in September of 1977 in Hatfield v. Commissioner, 68 T.C. 895">68 T.C. 895, 68 T.C. 895">899 (1977), when we stated in clear and unequivocal language --

In recent times, this Court has been faced with numerous cases, such as this one, which have been commenced without any legal justification but solely for the purpose of protesting the Federal tax laws. This Court has before it a large number of cases which deserve careful consideration as speedily as possible, and cases of this sort needlessly disrupt our consideration of those genuine controversies. Moreover, by filing cases of this type, the protesters add to the caseload of the Court, which has reached a record size, and such cases increase the expenses of conducting this Court and the operations of the IRS, which expenses must eventually be borne by all of us.

Many citizens may dislike paying their fair share of taxes; everyone feels that he or she needs the money more than the Government. On the other hand, as Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes so eloquently stated: "Taxes are what we pay for civilized society." Compania de Tabacos v. Collector, 275 U.S. 87">275 U.S. 87, 275 U.S. 87">100 (1927).1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*114 The greatness of our nation is in no small part due to the willingness of our citizens to honestly and fairly participate in our tax collection system which depends upon self-assessment. Any citizen may resort to the courts whenever he or she in good faith and with a colorable claim desires to challenge the Commissioner's determination; but that does not mean that a citizen may resort to the courts merely to vent his or her 82 T.C. 403">*409 anger and attempt symbolically to throw a wrench at the system. Access to the courts depends upon a real and actual wrong -- not an imagined wrong -- which is susceptible of judicial resolution. General grievances against the policies of the Government, or against the tax system as a whole, are not the types of controversies to be resolved in the courts; Congress is the appropriate body to which such matters should be referred. ¹⁰

While we did not award damages in 68 T.C. 895">Hatfield v. Commissioner, supra, we issued this warning -- "but if tax protesters continue to bring such frivolous cases, serious consideration should be given to imposing such damages [under section 6673]." 68 T.C. 895">Hatfield v. Commissioner, supra at 900. Similar warnings were promulgated in Crowder v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1978-273, and Clippinger v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1978-107. Tax protest petitions continued to be filed with this Court with increased frequency and, finally, upon motion of respondent, we began awarding damages to the United States in appropriate cases. See Wilkinson v. Commissioner, 71 T.C. 633">71 T.C. 633 (1979), ¹¹ which was reviewed by the Court; Greenberg v. Commissioner, 73 T.C. 806">73 T.C. 806 (1980).1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*116 ¹²1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*118 Shortly after Greenberg was issued we, for the first time, awarded damages in a proper circumstance on our own motion. Sydnes v. Commissioner, 74 T.C. 864">74 T.C. 864, 74 T.C. 864">870-873 (1980), affd. 647 F.2d 813">647 F.2d 813 (8th Cir. 1981). ¹³ Despite these opinions, petitions filed merely for delay continued to overburden this Court's docket. Taking cognizance of this fact, on June 15, 1981, we aptly and cogently stated --

82 T.C. 403">*410 It may be appropriate to note further that this Court has been flooded with a large number of so-called tax protester cases in which thoroughly meritless issues have been raised in, at best, misguided reliance upon lofty principles. Such cases tend to disrupt the orderly conduct of serious litigation in this Court, and the issues raised therein are of the type that have been consistently decided against such protesters and their contentions often characterized as frivolous. The time has arrived when the Court should deal summarily and decisively with such cases without engaging in scholarly discussion of the issues or attempting to soothe the feelings of the petitioners by referring to the supposed "sincerity" 1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*117 of their wildly espoused positions. [McCoy v. Commissioner, 76 T.C. 1027">76 T.C. 1027, 76 T.C. 1027">1029-1030 (1981), affd. 696 F.2d 1234">696 F.2d 1234 (9th Cir. 1983). Emphasis added.]

The Congress of the United States in its expressed desire to stem "the ever-increasing caseload of the Tax Court," amended section 6673 and made that1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*119 amendment applicable "to Tax Court cases begun on or after January 1, 1983." ¹⁴

Section 6673, as amended, provides --

Whenever it appears to the Tax Court that proceedings before it have been instituted or maintained by the taxpayer primarily for delay or that the taxpayer's position in such proceedings is frivolous or groundless, damages in an amount not in excess of $ 5,000 shall be awarded to the United States by the Tax Court in its decision. Damages so awarded shall be assessed at the same time as the deficiency1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*120 and shall be paid upon notice and demand from the Secretary and shall be collected as a part of the tax.

Thus, when this Court, in its discretion, determines that a proceeding has been instituted or maintained by the taxpayer primarily for delay or that a taxpayer's position in a proceeding before this Court is frivolous or groundless, damages of up to $ 5,000 "shall be awarded to the United States" under the mandate of the statute. It is clear under the statute that taxpayers can delay proceedings in this Court by means other than raising frivolous or groundless positions. Delay by such other means may, likewise, subject a taxpayer to an award of damages.

This Court is not the only court that has considered awarding damages or other costs, either on its own motion or 82 T.C. 403">*411 on motion of the Commissioner, in a proper case. In a tax protester situation where one of the issues was whether the U.S. Constitution forbids taxation of compensation received for personal services, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals stated in late 1981 --

Appellants' contentions are stale ones, long settled against them. As such they are frivolous. Bending over backwards, in indulgence of appellants' 1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*121 pro se status, we today forbear the sanctions of Rule 38, Fed. R. App. P. We publish this opinion as notice to future litigants that the continued advancing of these long-defunct arguments invites such sanctions, however. [Lonsdale v. Commissioner, 661 F.2d 71">661 F.2d 71, 661 F.2d 71">72 (5th Cir. 1981), affg. T.C. Memo. 1981-122.]¹⁵

In Knighten v. Commissioner, 702 F.2d 59">702 F.2d 59 (5th Cir. 1983), affg. per curiam an unreported order and decision of this Court, the Court of Appeals, following its warning, took action. There, damages were not sought nor awarded in our Court. Damages were sought by the Commissioner and awarded in the Court of Appeals. ¹⁶ Subsequently, the Court of Appeals in Steinbrecher v. Commissioner, 712 F.2d 195">712 F.2d 195 (5th Cir. 1983),1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*122 affg. T.C. Memo. 1983-12, awarded damages on its own motion.¹⁷ Still later, that Court in Parker v. Commissioner, 724 F.2d 469">724 F.2d 469 (5th Cir. 1984), affg. T.C. Memo. 1983-75, assessed double costs against Mr. Parker while issuing the following warning -- "This time we do not award damages but sound a cautionary note to those who would persistently raise arguments against the income tax which have been put to rest for years. The full range of sanctions in Rule 38 shall hereafter be summoned in response to a totally frivolous appeal." (Emphasis added.)

The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has, in a summary and decisive manner, awarded double costs in several tax protester cases on its own motion. On July 7, 1982, in Edwards v. Commissioner, 680 F.2d 1268">680 F.2d 1268, 680 F.2d 1268">1271 (9th Cir. 1982), affg. 1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*123 per curiam an unreported decision of this Court, the Court said --

82 T.C. 403">*412 Meritless appeals of this nature are becoming increasingly burdensome on the federal court system. We find this appeal frivolous, Fed. R. App. P. 38, and accordingly award double costs to appellee [the Commissioner of Internal Revenue]. * * * [Citations omitted; emphasis added.]

Accord McCoy v. Commissioner, 696 F.2d 1234">696 F.2d 1234 (9th Cir. 1983), affg. 76 T.C. 1027">76 T.C. 1027 (1981); Barmakian v. Commissioner, 698 F.2d 1228">698 F.2d 1228 (9th Cir. 1982), affg. without published opinion an unreported order and decision of this Court; Martindale v. Commissioner, 692 F.2d 764">692 F.2d 764 (9th Cir. 1982), affg. without published opinion an unreported order and decision of this Court. ¹⁸

It is now certain that all Courts will no longer tolerate the filing of 1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*124 frivolous appeals. On June 13, 1983, the Supreme Court, for the first time, invoked the provisions of its rule 49.2, which the Court adopted in 1980, and ordered an appellant to pay damages for bringing a frivolous appeal. ¹⁹ In Tatum, Elmo C. v. Regents of Nebraska-Lincoln (No. 82-6145), the Court issued the following order: "The motion of respondents for damages is granted and damages are awarded to respondents in the amount of $ 500.00 pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 49.2" ²⁰

The direction of this nation's highest court is crystal clear -- that no court should permit frivolous or groundless appeals, not only in discrimination1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*125 suits but in any other area of litigation, including Federal income taxation. The language of amended section 6673 is equally clear.

Here, petitioner has instituted these proceedings and has asserted as his defense to the Commissioner's determinations nothing but frivolous and groundless contentions. Petitioners with genuine controversies were delayed while we considered this case.

When the costs incurred by this Court and respondent are taken into consideration, the maximum damages authorized by the statute do not begin to indemnify the United States for the expenses which petitioner's frivolous and groundless 82 T.C. 403">*413 action has occasioned. Considering the waste of limited judicial and administrative resources caused by petitioner's action, even the maximum damages authorized by Congress are wholly inadequate to compensate the United States and its other taxpayers. These costs must eventually be borne by all of the citizens who honestly and fairly participate in our tax collection system.

On this record, we find that petitioner's position in this proceeding is frivolous and groundless and that this proceeding was instituted and maintained primarily for delay. Therefore, in1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 100">*126 our discretion, we conclude that the maximum damages authorized by law ($ 5,000) are appropriate, and damages in that amount will be awarded to the United States under section 6673. ²¹

An appropriate order and decision will be entered.