(b). Declining balance to straight line. In the case of an account to which the method described in section 167(b)(2) is applicable, a taxpayer may change without the consent of the Commissioner from the declining balance method of depreciation to the straight line method at any time during the useful life of the property under the following conditions. Such a change may not be made if a provision prohibiting such a change is contained in an agreement under section 167(d). When the change is made, the unrecovered cost or other basis (less a reasonable estimate for salvage) shall be recovered through annual allowances1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*125 over the estimated remaining useful life determined in accordance with the circumstances existing at that time. * * * [Emphasis added.]

Accordingly, respondent determined that petitioner should not have used the whole-life calculation in computing its allowance for depreciation as defined in section 1.167(a)-12(a)(5)(i), Income Tax Regs., but instead should have depreciated its adjusted basis in its assets over the remaining class life of those assets. ³ This is commonly referred to as the remaining-life calculation. See pp. 138-139 supra.

As a comparison of the computations on pages 138-139 supra, reveals, 1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*126 use of the whole-life calculation usually results in an annual depreciation allowance substantially higher than would otherwise be determined on the basis of the remaining-life calculation, with the result that the depreciable basis still remaining (i.e., the asset's adjusted basis), at the time the change from the declining-balance to the straight-line method takes place, is recovered over a shorter period of time. This is so because an asset's adjusted basis is depreciated on the basis of the remaining-life calculation ratably over the remaining class life of the asset. On the other hand, the asset's adjusted basis is recovered on the basis of the whole-life calculation utilizing the annual allowance for depreciation which would have been available if the asset had always been depreciated 89 T.C. 134">*146 under the straight-line method, without regard to the remaining class life of the asset. Thus, in a situation in which the change of method takes place at that point in time when the depreciation deduction allowed under the declining-balance method falls below what would otherwise have been allowed if the asset had always been depreciated under the straight-line method (which is the1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*127 typical scenario), a switch to straight line accompanied by utilization of the whole-life calculation results in higher yearly deductions and operates to recoup the cost of the asset over a class life shorter than provided for under the class life system. ⁴

1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*128 Petitioner argues that the language of section 1.167(a)-12(a)(5)(i), Income Tax Regs., not only permits, but requires, just such a result, and that section 1.167(e)-1(b), Income Tax Regs., neither controls, nor was ever intended to control, a change in method of depreciation with respect to pre-1971 assets under the class life system found in section 1.167(a)-12 of the regulations. Respondent, on the other hand, argues that the remaining-life calculation embodied in section 1.167(e)-1(b), Income Tax Regs., is incorporated into the class life regulations and does indeed apply to the instant situation, and that petitioner has overstated the amount of its allowable depreciation deduction in each of the years in issue. For the reasons herein discussed, we agree with respondent.

Before addressing petitioner's specific arguments, a preliminary observation is in order. With the exception of an argument that respondent was without authority to promulgate 89 T.C. 134">*147 his regulations under his chosen statutory instrument (sec. 167(e)(1)), see pages 150-151, infra, petitioner does not argue that respondent's position with respect to his regulations is plainly inconsistent with statutory1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*129 language or with congressional intent. See, e.g., Armco, Inc. v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. 946">88 T.C. 946 (1987). Nor is the instant case one where respondent might have been able to cover a situation in his regulations but failed to do so. See Dunn Trust v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. 745">86 T.C. 745, 86 T.C. 745">755 (1986); Larson v. Commissioner, 66 T.C. 159">66 T.C. 159, 66 T.C. 159">185-186 (1976). Petitioner does not herein dispute that respondent possessed the authority to prescribe application of the remaining-life calculation where there is a change from the declining-balance to the straight-line method of depreciation under the class life regulations. Rather, petitioner contends that, while respondent could have adopted such an approach if he had so desired, he purposefully adopted instead the whole-life calculation with respect to the treatment to be afforded to the assets covered by such a change in method, and that we should so construe section 1.167(a)-12, Income Tax Regs. Petitioner advances this interpretative argument despite regulatory language which supports respondent's contrary interpretation (i.e., application of the remaining-life1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*130 calculation described in section 1.167(e)-1(b), Income Tax Regs.), and uncontradicted evidence that respondent has consistently applied and adhered to such an approach ever since the regulations were first adopted. See Rev. Rul. 75-195, 1975-1 C.B. 78, which details the proper application of the remaining-life calculation, and Rev. Rul. 77-477, 1977-2 C.B. 67, which amplifies this explanation.

Petitioner argues that "in the case of the straight-line method of depreciation, the regulation [sec. 1.167(a)-12(a)(5)(i), Income Tax Regs.] expressly states a single rule which without exception, required use of the whole-life method of calculation." This is simply not true. That section merely provides that "in general" the whole-life calculation is to be applied in the case of straight-line depreciation. While petitioner is correct when it points out that section 1.167(a)-12(a)(5)(i), Income Tax Regs., does not "distinguish between cases involving the initial use of the straight-line method of depreciation and cases involving the 89 T.C. 134">*148 use of the straight-line method following a change in the method1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*131 of computing depreciation from the declining-balance method," we agree with respondent that section 1.167(a)-12(a)(5)(v), Income Tax Regs., provides just such a distinction and, through incorporation by reference, mandates that the remaining-life calculation found in section 1.167(e)-1(b), Income Tax Regs., be applied to pre-1971 assets following a change in method from declining balance to straight line.

Section 1.167(a)-12(a)(5)(v), Income Tax Regs., which is entitled "Method of depreciation" and discusses, in general, the methods of depreciation allowable under the class life system, provides, in relevant part, that:

If the taxpayer has applied a method of depreciation with respect to the property [not deemed allowable herein], he must change under this section to a method of depreciation described in section 167(b)(1),(2), or (3) for the first taxable year for which an election is made under this section. Other changes in depreciation method may be made with the consent of the Commissioner (see sec. 446 and the regulations thereunder). (See also sec. 167(e).) [Emphasis added.]

Section 1.167(e)-1(b), Income Tax Regs., specifically provides for application of the remaining-life1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*132 calculation upon a change from the declining-balance to the straight-line method. See p. 145 supra.

Petitioner, however, argues that the parenthetical cross-reference to section 167(e) appears in section 1.167(a)-12(a)(5)(v), Income Tax Regs., only in the context of a discussion of the procedural rules applicable when a taxpayer seeks to change its method of depreciation, and that it was inserted simply to recognize that section 167(e) provides an exception to the general rule found in section 446(e) that consent from respondent is normally required for changing a taxpayer's method of depreciation. Accordingly, it concludes that respondent never intended to incorporate substantive computational rules (i.e., the remaining-life calculation) into the regulations under section 167(e).

Petitioner bases its argument in support of this position by directing us to a comparison of the language found in section 1.167(a)-11(c)(1)(i)(b) of the asset depreciation range regulations, which the class life regulations refer to as providing a "similar system" of depreciation (see sec. 89 T.C. 134">*149 1.167(a)-12(a)(i), Income Tax Regs.). Section 1.167(a)-11(c)(1)(i)(b), Income Tax Regs., carries1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*133 out the "in general" provisions of section 1.167(a)-11(c)(1)(i)(a) and provides for application of a whole-life calculation in determining the proper allowance for depreciation under the straight-line method. It then specifies "See subdivision (iii)(b) of this subparagraph for the manner of computing the depreciation allowance following a change from the declining balance method * * * to the straight line method." Subdivision (iii)(b), in turn, provides for the use of the remaining-life calculation upon such a change. Petitioner argues that, if respondent had intended that the remaining-life calculation was to be used where there is a change in method to straight line under the "similar" class life regulations, he would have followed the same path as was followed in the ADR regulations instead of indirectly incorporating such rules into these regulations by a vague reference to section 167(e), and would have expressly provided, by cross-reference, an exception to the general rule requiring use of the whole-life calculation. According to petitioner, the absence of such a cross-reference in the class life regulations, given the similarity of the two sets of regulations, 1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*134 leads to the inference that no such exception was ever intended.

We think a more studied reading of the ADR regulations not only argues against such an inference, but in fact supports respondent's position. We agree with petitioner, as does respondent, that both sets of regulations provide for similar systems of depreciation. Accordingly, from a conceptual standpoint, we think it odd that respondent would adopt a remaining-life calculation under the ADR regulations and, in contrast, a whole-life calculation with respect to pre-1971 assets. Rather, we think the better view is that the use of the external cross-reference to section 167(e) in the class life regulations, instead of the use of an internal cross-reference as found in the ADR regulations, merely reveals a difference in approach taken by the drafters of each set of regulations in an attempt to reach the same end result, i.e., application of the remaining-life calculation. This is borne out by a look at the different structures of the two regulations. While the drafters of the class life regulations decided to go outside those regulations and incorporate the 89 T.C. 134">*150 remaining-life calculation in the regulations under1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*135 section 167(e), the drafters of the ADR regulations took a different tack. They provided that "The provision of section 1.167(e)-1 shall not apply to any change in depreciation method permitted under this section" (see sec. 1.167(a)-11(c)(1)(iii)(a), Income Tax Regs.), and then in the subsequent subdivision provided for the application of the remaining-life calculation. See sec. 1.167(a)-11(c)(1)(iii)(b), Income Tax Regs. While we agree with petitioner that the different approach taken in the ADR regulations seems to be more to the point and therefore clearer, we attach no significance to the difference in approach between the two regulations.

Petitioner next argues that, since the cross-reference found in section 1.167(a)-12(a)(5)(v), Income Tax Regs., is only to section 167(e) itself, which provides, in relevant part, that "a taxpayer may at any time elect in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary or his delegate to change from" the declining-balance to the straight-line method of depreciation (sec. 167(e)(1)), and not to the computational regulations promulgated thereunder in section 1.167(e)-1(b), Income Tax Regs., such computational rules were not 1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*136 intended to be incorporated into the class life regulations. Petitioner has substituted literalism for commonsense. Section 167(e)(1) makes clear reference to the regulations to be promulgated in accordance therewith and, accordingly, these regulations are to be viewed as part and parcel of that section. We are hard pressed to imagine a taxpayer who, once directed to section 167(e), would not read these regulations and, after doing so, would conclude that it was not bound by the rules contained therein.

In the alternative, petitioner argues that, even if the regulations promulgated in accordance with section 167(e)(1) are to be incorporated into section 1.167(a)-12(a)(5)(v) of the class life regulations, section 167(e)(1) was intended only as a procedural election section and therefore respondent has no authority to prescribe substantive computational regulations thereunder, ⁵ but only regulations with respect to the procedural aspect of electing the straight-line method. 89 T.C. 134">*151 Petitioner posits that any computational rules should have been included, instead, in the regulations promulgated under authority of section 167(b), which provides, in relevant part, that "the term 1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*137 'reasonable allowance' as used in subsection (a) shall include * * * an allowance computed in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary or his delegate." (Emphasis added.) Petitioner, once again, adopts too literal an approach.

Although the language of section 167(e)(1) does not explicitly make the election to adopt the straight-line method "subject to such conditions as may be prescribed by the Secretary or his delegate by regulations," compare section 167(m)(3), we think it clear that this is the only logical interpretation to be ascribed to the words "elect in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary or his delegate" found in section 167(e)(1), and was in fact intended by the legislative drafters. The Senate1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*138 Finance Committee, in explaining the amendment which it proposed to add section 167(e)(1) to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, provided that --

The other amendment allows taxpayers availing themselves of the declining-balance method an option to switch to straight-line depreciation at any time in the life of a property. The straight-line rate would be based on the realistic estimate of remaining life of the property at the time of the switch. Moreover, the rate would thereafter be applied to the depreciated balance of the account at the time of the switch, less a realistic estimate of salvage value. [S. Rept. 1622, to accompany H.R. 8300 (Pub. L. 591), 83d Cong., 2d Sess. 27 (1954).]

Clearly then, the Senate Finance Committee envisioned certain substantive requirements which were to be followed by a taxpayer upon electing a "consent-free" change in method from declining balance to straight line. Accordingly, we think that respondent was authorized to incorporate computational conditions into the regulations promulgated under section 167(e)(1). ⁶

1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*139 Petitioner next argues that respondent's arguments are not based upon any considerations of policy. Aside from 89 T.C. 134">*152 any question as to the relevancy of such an argument to our decision herein, we disagree. As we have noted at pages 145-146 and in note 4 supra, by utilizing the whole-life calculation, a taxpayer is able to depreciate assets over a period of time shorter than the guideline lives prescribed by the class life regulations. We believe that such a result could not have been intended. The generally shorter, artificially determined guideline class lives already provide taxpayers with a benefit by accelerating the recovery of their basis in depreciable property. To confer yet additional benefits on certain taxpayers simply because they have elected a change in method of depreciation seems illogical, and we find no support for such an argument in either the regulations or the legislative history.

Finally, petitioner argues that the remaining-life calculation set forth in section 1.167(e)-1(b), Income Tax Regs., conflicts with, and cannot be easily incorporated into, the class life regulations and that this is further proof that the drafters of the regulations did1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*140 not intend to incorporate that section therein. We recognize that the remaining-life calculation detailed in section 1.167(e)-1(b),. Income Tax Regs., appears to differ in certain respects from the application of that calculation embodied in the class life regulations (namely, in its treatment of salvage value and perhaps in its definition of remaining life). ⁷ But we are satisfied that these differences, when viewed in light of the other evidence already discussed herein which favors respondent's position, are not sufficient to support petitioner's view that the class life regulations mandate application of the whole-life calculation.

1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*141 In the final analysis, what the instant case involves is whether petitioner's highly technical arguments based on the structure of respondent's regulatory framework should be accepted or whether we should accord to respondent's regulations the weight to which they are usually entitled. 89 T.C. 134">*153 That weight is founded on the premise that respondent's regulations should be sustained unless unreasonable or plainly inconsistent with the statute (see Fulman v. United States, 434 U.S. 528">434 U.S. 528, 434 U.S. 528">533 (1978)), and is particularly applicable in the area of accounting methods (cf. Thor Power Tool Co. v. Commissioner, 439 U.S. 522">439 U.S. 522, 439 U.S. 522">533 (1979)). We are also cognizant of the principle that construction of the Internal Revenue Code by respondent is an element to be taken into account (see Hanover Bank v. Commissioner, 369 U.S. 672">369 U.S. 672, 369 U.S. 672">686 (1962)), and that such a construction, applicable to the instant case, is reflected in Rev. Rule 75-195, supra. See Philadelphia Saving Fund Society v. United States, 167 F. Supp. 814">167 F. Supp. 814, 167 F. Supp. 814">815 (E.D. Pa. 1958),1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*142 affd. 269 F.2d 853">269 F.2d 853 (3d Cir. 1959). Cf. United States v. Massey Motors, Inc., 264 F.2d 552">264 F.2d 552, 264 F.2d 552">557-558 (5th Cir. 1959), affd. 364 U.S. 92">364 U.S. 92 (1960). Neither the fact that there may be some logical force to petitioner's arguments (see 434 U.S. 528">Fulman v. United States, supra at 534) nor that we might have drawn the regulations more artfully had we been charged with the responsibility for so doing, which we are not (see 434 U.S. 528">Fulman v. United States, supra at 536; United States v. Correll, 389 U.S. 299">389 U.S. 299, 389 U.S. 299">306-307 (1967)), furnish a sufficient basis for rejecting the explicit language of section 1.167(e)-1(b), Income Tax Regs. Although it cannot be gainsaid that, given the complexities of our present-day revenue laws, taxpayers ought to be afforded a less intricately woven fabric in respondent's regulations (cf. Corn Belt Hatcheries of Arkansas, Inc. v. Commissioner, 52 T.C. 636">52 T.C. 636, 52 T.C. 636">639 (1969)), we are unable to conclude that petitioner's technical arguments are sufficient to tip the scales in its favor. 1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*143 The eye of petitioner's needle is simply too small to thread. We decide this issue for respondent. ⁸

The second issue is whether petitioner's basis for depreciation with respect to its roadway assets, properly includes 89 T.C. 134">*154 the ICC estimates of construction period interest and taxes as were established by the ICC pursuant to the Railroad1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*144 Valuation Act of 1913. Respondent argues that petitioner's basis should exclude these particular estimates. ⁹

Respondent has already litigated this issue twice, once in this Court ( Southern Pacific Transportation Co. v. Commissioner, 75 T.C. 497">75 T.C. 497 (1980)), and once in the Court of Claims ( Southern Railway Co. v. United States, 218 Ct. Cl. 150">218 Ct. Cl. 150, 585 F.2d 466">585 F.2d 466 (1978)),1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*145 and in both cases his position was rejected on the merits. ¹⁰ Respondent asks us not to follow these two opinions and further argues that both of these cases are distinguishable from the factual situation at issue herein.

1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*146 In Southern Railway, the Government argued that the ICC estimate of construction period interest and taxes should be excluded from the taxpayers' depreciable basis because the taxpayers therein had not proven that they had actually incurred such costs. The Court of Claims rejected the Government's argument stating emphatically that --

Manifestly, the estimates made by the ICC provide the best, and in fact the only, available source for determining the tax bases of the taxpayers' properties. Accordingly, we hold that the Cohan rule [Cohan v. Commissioner, 39 F.2d 540">39 F.2d 540 (2d Cir. 1930)] should be applied in these cases with respect to the ICC estimates of taxes and interest during construction. [585 F.2d 466">Southern Railway Co. v. United States, supra at 470.]

The court then proceeded to analyze the ICC's specific analysis by which it estimated interest and taxes, as described in Texas Midland Railroad, 75 I.C.C. 1, 153-15889 T.C. 134">*155 (1918)¹¹ (see 585 F.2d 466">Southern Railway Co. v. United States, supra at 471), and found that these estimates 1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*147 adequately reflected amounts of interest and taxes actually paid by the railroads. The Court of Claims concluded by adding that --

it was also "obviously illogical and incorrect" for the Commissioner to accept the ICC estimates for 44 out of 46 component costs of constructing plaintiffs' railroads while refusing to accept the estimates for taxes and interest, even as a starting point. There is no rational explanation for the Government's position; its unreasonableness is demonstrated acutely by the fact that the IRS has accepted other overhead items, including engineering, organization expenses, general officers' and clerks' salaries, legal expenses, and the cost of stationery.

Perhaps a major fallacy in the Government's refusal to allow the use of the estimates for taxes and interest for any purpose rests on its mistaken notion that the accepted items are "known expenditures," the cost of which was "reasonably ascertainable." * * * This position is patently incorrect, as shown by the ICC explanation of its methodology for all of its valuations. See Texas Midland, supra, at 108-82."

[585 F.2d 466">585 F.2d at 472.]

1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*148 In Southern Pacific, we reached the same conclusion as the Court of Claims. Noting that respondent "made much the same argument in Southern Railway," 75 T.C. 846, we undertook a similar analysis and held that --

We concur with the Court of Claim's analysis of the Texas Midland report. We believe it is readily apparent that the ICC's reproduction cost new includes reasonable estimates of interest and taxes actually paid during construction. The Texas Midland report clearly does not establish, as respondent contends, that the figures for interest and taxes used by the ICC were theoretical and therefore not properly chargeable to the capital account. [75 T.C. 848.]

Moreover, we also concluded that --

We see no benefit to be derived from singling out any of the specific components comprising the total estimate for special scrutiny. There is no logic for any requirement that the various elements comprising reproduction cost new should be more accurate or verifiable than the whole. Nor should one element be required to be more accurate a reflection of actual cost than is any other element. See 585 F.2d 466">585 F.2d at 473.1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*149 Accordingly, we hold, as did the Court of Claims in 218 Ct. Cl. 150">Southern Railway Co. v. United States, supra, that the ICC amounts used by petitioner on its returns to show the cost of the retired assets at issue are not to be 89 T.C. 134">*156 reduced to eliminate interest and taxes during construction. [75 T.C. 848.]

Despite the clear holdings to the contrary in both of these cases, respondent once again argues that we should exclude any amounts for interest and taxes during construction, because "petitioner is unable to establish that any amounts for interest and taxes were actually paid." Respondent contends that, in contrast to the property actually inspected and valued by the ICC, there is no physical evidence that any amounts for interest on taxes during construction have ever been paid by the Railroads, and accordingly petitioner has not proven that it is entitled to deductions for these amounts.

Respondent claims that the new evidence he has produced for purposes of this litigation, namely, selected portions of a report entitled "The Federal Valuation of the Railroads in the United States," prepared by B.H. Moore for1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*150 presentation to the American Railway Engineering Association in 1952, supports his position. Respondent argues that this report clearly demonstrates that the ICC, in estimating the amounts for interest and taxes during construction, did not, as it did with the other components which went into its overall estimate, first verify that any amounts attributable to these components had actually been paid or incurred by the railroads. Accordingly, respondent maintains that the ICC estimates with respect to interest and taxes do not establish that any amounts for interest and taxes were ever actually paid by the Railroads and therefore, absent production by petitioner of further evidence (e.g., books and records) that such amounts were so paid, we should exclude these amounts from the Railroads' depreciable basis. Moreover, respondent suggests that Southern Railway is distinguishable because, in that case, the taxpayer presented evidence by way of affidavits that some expenditures for interest were in fact made. See 585 F.2d 466">585 F.2d at 470.

Respondent's new arguments are merely revamped versions of outworn claims. The affidavits submitted in Southern1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*151 Railway are too thin a reed upon which to distinguish that case from the one before us. Not only did these affidavits apparently not show that any amounts were spent for taxes but, after referring to those affidavits, the 89 T.C. 134">*157 Court of Claims went on to point out: "In Texas Midland, supra, at 155, the Commission explained that interest during construction 'is universally conceded [to be] * * * an item of expense in the construction of the property which should be included in a reproduction estimate.'" Southern Railway Co. v. United States, 585 F.2d 466">585 F.2d at 470-471. (Emphasis in original.) Moreover, in Southern Pacific, we made no reference to the presence of any such affidavits or comparable evidence of some payment and nevertheless concluded that "the ICC's reproduction cost new includes reasonable estimates of interest and taxes actually paid during construction." 75 T.C. 848. (Emphasis added.) Accordingly, we reject respondent's plea that we not follow our prior decision in Southern Pacific¹²1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*152 and that of the Court of Claims in Southern Railway. ¹³

Respondent argues in the alternative that, even if the amounts for interest and taxes during construction as estimated by the ICC would otherwise be included in the basis for depreciation with respect to those assets still subject to the RRB method of depreciation, petitioner is estopped from adding such amounts to the basis of the assets with respect to which petitioner secured respondent's consent to change from the RRB to the straight-line method of depreciation. Respondent contends that the Railroads, as a condition to securing respondent's consent (see p. 142 supra), irrevocably agreed to exclude from their basis for depreciation all amounts for interest and taxes during construction. Petitioner, of course, argues that it made no such agreement and therefore is now entitled to claim deductions based on the inclusion of these amounts in the basis for depreciation, with respect to those1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*153 assets subject to the straight-line method. For the reasons herein set forth, we agree with petitioner.

89 T.C. 134">*158 The facts are not in dispute. As we discussed (72 T.C. 105">supra at pp. 141-142), upon receiving the Railroads' requests to change their method of depreciation, respondent issued a document referred to as "Mimeo 58" which listed five specific conditions to which the Railroads were required irrevocably to agree upon changing their method. In addition to these conditions, Mimeo 58 also stated, among other things, that "Interest and taxes may not be included in the depreciation basis." Accordingly, the Railroads submitted depreciation schedules to respondent which excluded any amounts for interest and taxes during construction from the assets' basis for depreciation. Thereafter, respondent sent each Railroad a terms letter with attached schedules. The terms letter repeated the five specific conditions and added a sixth condition (to which each Railroad was required to agree irrevocably to follow) in order to obtain permission for the change in method of depreciation. Each Railroad accepted the conditions listed in the terms letter. However, while the schedules included in 1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*154 these letters in fact did not include any amounts attributable to interest and taxes during construction, as we noted 72 T.C. 105">supra at page 142, the terms letters themselves, made no reference to, or specifically required the exclusion of, such amounts from the assets' basis for depreciation.

Respondent argues that --

while the terms letter did not expressly reiterate all of the requirements of Mimeo 58 it was clear that such terms were to be incorporated by virtue of the depreciation schedules involved.

Consequently, petitioner irrevocably agreed, as a condition to the respondent's consent to change the method of accounting for the railroads involved, that interest and taxes during construction as estimated by the ICC would not be a part of depreciable basis. The fact that such condition was not expressly set forth in the terms letter is not significant. * * *

We disagree.

In Chicago, Burlington & Quincy RR. Co. v. United States, 197 Ct. Cl. 264">197 Ct. Cl. 264, 197 Ct. Cl. 264">278, 455 F.2d 993">455 F.2d 993, 455 F.2d 993">1001 (1972), revd. on other grounds 412 U.S. 401">412 U.S. 401 (1973) (the CB&Q case), the issue was whether the taxpayer, by complying with respondent's instructions1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*155 in Mimeo 58 that "Donated property or contributions or grants in aid of construction from any 89 T.C. 134">*159 source must be excluded [from the basis of depreciation]" (a statement which almost immediately follows the previously quoted statement as to the exclusion of interest and taxes (see p. 158 supra)), entered into a binding agreement to be bound by these instructions. As in the instant case, with respect to interest and taxes, the terms letter made no reference to the exclusion of donated property from the basis for depreciation, but the schedules submitted to respondent in accordance with Mimeo 58 in fact excluded such amounts. The court found that --

The statement "Donated property or contributions or grants in aid of construction from any source must be excluded" was only the opinion of the Service with respect to what constituted the basis allowable under the Code and does not rise to the level of a condition upon which permission to change depreciation methods would be granted. ⁵ * * *

1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*156 [455 F.2d 993">455 F.2d at 1001. Emphasis added.]

Moreover, the court concluded that --

Furthermore, the 1944 terms letter itself, which constitutes the only agreement between the parties, says nothing about excluding donated property from the basis of depreciable property. While it might be argued and inferred that [the taxpayer] agreed by implication to such condition in the guidelines, it is just as reasonable to infer that [the taxpayer] acquiesced in the condition, without agreeing with it, simply to avoid possible refusal of its requested change in accounting methods.

[455 F.2d 993">455 F.2d at 1002.]

We agree with the reasoning of the Court of Claims in the CB&Q case. In this connection, we recognize that the Court of Claims had before it as we do not herein) the text of the taxpayer's letter of acceptance of respondent's terms letter in which the taxpayer stipulated that it would not be precluded from obtaining the benefits of any change in the terms and conditions "by statutory amendment, by operation of law, or otherwise." 455 F.2d 993">455 F.2d at 1002. The Court of Claims, after holding1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*157 that the reference to the statement in Mimeo 58 in respect of the inclusion of donated property in basis was not a condition of the terms letter, went on to observe that, even if it had concluded that such statement was a condition, the taxpayer's position would have been 89 T.C. 134">*160 preserved by virtue of the reservation in its acceptance letter. We view this observation as, at most, an alternative ground to support the decision of the Court of Claims and not as an essential link in the primary basis of its decision. Nor do we consider, as respondent would have us do, that our holdings in Denver & Salt Lake Railway Co. v. Commissioner, 24 T.C. 709">24 T.C. 709, 24 T.C. 709">719 (1955), and Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad Co. v. Commissioner, 32 T.C. 43">32 T.C. 43, 32 T.C. 43">46-50 (1959), affd. on other grounds 279 F.2d 368">279 F.2d 368, 279 F.2d 368">371-372 (10th Cir. 1960), require us to hold that the terms letters herein, as construed by respondent, must be given binding effect. Those cases involved the proper interpretation of one of the six express conditions of the terms letters, namely, the application of "depreciation accounting" to the question of the1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*158 impact on basis of losses on the disposition of the taxpayer's assets. Indeed, initially this Court took the position that even in interpreting an express condition of the terms letter, respondent's argument as to the "necessary implication" of that letter should be rejected observing --

Such an important matter * * *, had the parties intended its inclusion, would not have been left to implication or interpretation. It would have been made the subject of specific provision. The terms letter seems clear and unambiguous. To hold as respondent suggests, would extend the effect of the agreement far beyond its apparent scope. [24 T.C. 709">Denver & Salt Lake Railway Co. v. Commissioner, supra at 717.]

This Court, in its subsequent consideration of the matter in Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad, did no more than modify its view to the extent of accepting additional evidence in order to determine the meaning of an express condition of the terms letter. This is not the situation herein where we face the threshold issue as to what should be considered as a condition of the terms letters. In the context of this case, we think that the foregoing quotation1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*159 from Denver & Salt Lake Railway is clearly supportive of our conclusion herein. Finally, we observe that respondent seeks herein not only to persuade us to transmute a statement in Mimeo 58 into a condition of the terms letters but an irrevocable condition as well, irrespective of any change or clarification in the law. We are unwilling to make such a double jump and imprison petitioner in perpetuity, 89 T.C. 134">*161 particularly in light of the following provision of the terms letters in respect of the amounts of depreciation in the schedules set forth in those letters:

It is mutually understood that this is an agreement in principle and that a detailed investigation of the depreciation basis has not been made by the Bureau, and that the basis may be corrected to conform to the allowable basis under the Internal Revenue Code should investigation disclose errors of cost or valuation. * * * [Cf. 455 F.2d 993">Chicago, Burlington & Quincy RR Co. v. United States, supra at 1001.]

In view of the foregoing, we conclude that the Railroads, by accepting the terms letters, did not irrevocably agree to exclude amounts for interest and taxes during construction from the depreciable basis of the 1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*160 assets in question. If respondent had intended a contrary result, he should have made his intention clearer by setting out the exclusion of interest and taxes during construction as an express condition in the terms letters. ¹⁴

We also reject respondent's argument that because petitioner excluded amounts attributable to interest and taxes during construction as part of its depreciable basis in schedules it submitted with respect to its election of certain treatment under section 94 of the Technical Amendments Act of 1958, Pub. L. 85-866, 72 Stat. 1606, or because petitioner did not claim deductions based on the inclusion of such amounts in its submitted returns over the1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*161 years, petitioner is estopped ¹⁵ herein from doing so now. As we explained in Sangers Home for Chronic Patients v. Commissioner, 72 T.C. 105">72 T.C. 105, 72 T.C. 105">114 (1979),

The doctrine of equitable estoppel generally applies where the taxpayer makes a representation of fact on which the Commissioner relies to his detriment, and, through such reliance and his ignorance of the true facts, is induced not to correct the error before its correction is barred by the statute of limitations. * * * [Fn. ref. omitted.]

Respondent does not herein claim that he has been intentionally mislead or unfairly prejudiced by petitioner's delay 89 T.C. 134">*162 in finally including amounts for interest and taxes in the basis for depreciation of its assets, nor that he has unjustly relied on petitioner's actions. Moreover, as we have previously noted (see p. 161 supra), the terms letters provided that "allowable basis" could be corrected, and it was in the context of this provision that the CB&Q case rejected a similar contention by respondent in respect of donated property. See 455 F.2d 993">455 F.2d at 1001. We emphasize that we do not have before us the 1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*162 usual situation where the Government seeks to apply the doctrine of estoppel, namely, where the taxpayer has included an item in income which should properly have been included in income in an earlier year (now barred by the statute of limitations) or seeks a deduction which was taken in an earlier year (also so barred). in such situations, the potential for prejudice to respondent is clear. See Crosley Corp. v. United States, 229 F.2d 376">229 F.2d 376 (6th Cir. 1956); 75 T.C. 497">Southern Pacific Transportation Co. v. Commissioner, 75 T.C. 559-561, 838-840. What is involved here is the failure of petitioner to take a deduction to which it would have been entitled if it had increased its basis for depreciation by the amount of interest and taxes during construction. In fact, the revenue would thus appear to have benefited from the resulting increase in taxes paid, although we recognize that the precise effect on the overall revenue may depend upon the extent of the gain or loss on the disposition of the assets in question.

1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*163 In Southern Pacific Transportation Co. v. Commissioner, supra at 840, we pointed out that the doctrine of "laches" is typically applied only where, "in the discretion of the court in light of the facts and circumstances of each case," it is determined that there existed --

(1) inexcusable delay (lack of diligence) in asserting a claim by the party against whom the doctrine is to be applied, and (2) prejudice to the party against whom the delayed claim is made (the party raising the defense of laches) caused by his reliance on his adversary's conduct. * * * [75 T.C. 840.]

Unlike the situation which existed in Southern Pacific, in which the taxpayer sought to establish its basis in certain railroad property acquired prior to 1914 with "historical costs" rather than by the ICC estimates it had consistently 89 T.C. 134">*163 used on its returns, petitioner clearly has not compelled respondent --

to scrutinize materials which, owing to the passage of time, the lack of time, the deterioration of records, the murkiness of information relative to transactions and events which took place almost a century ago, and the death of crucial personnel, are extremely1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*164 difficult, if not impossible, to verify. [75 T.C. 841-842.]

To the contrary, in this case, the facts and figures relevant to petitioner's claims for additional depreciation deductions are as clear today as they were over 70 years ago, and are not disputed by respondent herein. The issue in dispute is a question of law, and respondent can as easily defend his position today as he could have when the terms letters were executed. Accordingly, while petitioner has delayed in claiming its deductions, such delay has not placed respondent at any disadvantage (compare Southern Pacific Transportation Co. v. Commissioner, supra at 842).

Under all the circumstances herein, we hold that petitioner's course of conduct over the years should not preclude it from now claiming deductions based upon the addition to the basis of depreciation of the assets in question of amounts representing interest and taxes during construction.

Finally, respondent argues that petitioner is collaterally estopped by our decision in Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad Co. v. Commissioner, 64 T.C. 352">64 T.C. 352 (1975), from claiming increased depreciation deductions, 1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*165 with respect to C&O's railroad grading and tunnel bores, by adding to the basis of its assets any amounts attributable to interest and taxes during construction. In that case, we decided several issues concerning C&O's claims for depreciation deductions, with respect to its railroad grading and tunnel bores, for the 1954 through 1963 taxable years. Prior to trial, the parties disposed of several issues by means of a negotiated partial settlement, one of which was whether interest and taxes during construction should be included in the adjusted basis of these C&O assets. Respondent argues that, since C&O, as part of the pre-trial settlement, agreed not to include such amounts in its basis for depreciation, petitioner is now 89 T.C. 134">*164 precluded from litigating this issue. Respondent's argument misses the mark by a wide margin.

As the Supreme Court explained in United States v. International Building Co., 345 U.S. 502">345 U.S. 502, 345 U.S. 502">505-506 (1953), when faced with a similar situation,

We conclude that the decisions entered by the Tax Court for the [earlier taxable years] were only a pro forma acceptance by the Tax Court of an agreement between the parties to settle1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*166 their controversy for reasons undisclosed. There is no showing either in the record or by extrinsic evidence (see Russell v. Place, 94 U.S. 606">94 U.S. 606, 94 U.S. 606">608) that the issues raised by the pleadings were submitted to the Tax Court for determination or determined by that court. They may or may not have been agreed upon by the parties. Perhaps, as the Court of Appeals inferred, the parties did agree on the basis for depreciation. Perhaps the settlement was made for a different reason, for some exigency arising out of the bankruptcy proceeding. As the case reaches us, we are unable to tell whether the agreement of the parties was based on the merits or on some collateral consideration. Certainly the judgments entered are res judicata of the tax claims for the [earlier taxable years], whether or not the basis of the agreements on which they rest reached the merits. But unless we can say that they were an adjudication of the merits, the doctrine of estoppel by judgment would serve an unjust cause: it would become a device by which a decision not shown to be on the merits would forever foreclose inquiry into the merits. Estoppel by judgment includes matters1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*167 in a second proceeding which were actually presented and determined in an earlier suit. See 39 F.2d 540">Commissioner v. Sunnen, supra, at 598. A judgment entered with the consent of the parties may involve a determination of questions of fact and law by the court. But unless a showing is made that that was the case, the judgment has no greater dignity, so far as collateral estoppel is concerned, than any judgment entered only as a compromise of the parties. [Emphasis added.]

The mere fact that the stipulated issue was related to an issue which was actually litigated does not require a different conclusion. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp. v. United States, 177 Ct. Cl. 219">177 Ct. Cl. 219, 366 F.2d 1007">366 F.2d 1007, 366 F.2d 1007">1008 (1966). Accordingly, it is clear that the parties' negotiated settlement, with respect to the issue of the inclusion in basis of amounts attributable to interest and taxes during construction claimed in prior taxable years, in no way acts as a bar to the claims made by petitioner with respect to the taxable years herein at issue.

89 T.C. 134">*165 To reflect the foregoing and the agreements reached by the parties on other issues, ¹⁶

1987 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 104">*168 Decisions will be entered under Rule 155.