On August 5, 1981, McDonald's executed a memorandum entitled Change of Unit Ownership recognizing and approving the assignment of the McDonald's franchise to Moriah and also noting that petitioner and Joann were both 50-percent owners of Moriah.

Petitioner and Joann permanently separated in January 1987. McDonald's wrote a letter dated January 14, 1987, to petitioner, which states in pertinent part:

In conjunction with your pending divorce, we would like to explain McDonald's position concerning dissolution of the marriages of McDonald's operators.

As you know, we are primarily concerned with the operation of the McDonald's restaurant, and an essential 1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*26 element of good operations is 100% ownership of the equity and profits by the owner/operator on premises. Since all divorces include some sort of property settlement, we want to be assured that there is no joint ownership of the McDonald's restaurant business by you and your wife after you divorce and the spouse who ends up with the business is operationally and financially qualified.

We have the right to consent to such a property settlement because it results in a change in the equity ownership of the business and changes the status of the former husband and wife to that of a partnership of unrelated parties. As you know, it has been a long-standing franchising policy of this company to refuse to franchise partnerships.

On December 16, 1987, petitioner and Joann surrendered their jointly held shares of Moriah stock and were each issued separate stock certificates representing 2,500 shares of Moriah stock. On December 17, 1987, petitioner and Joann entered into an Agreement Regarding Property Custody and Support (the property settlement agreement), providing in part as follows:

The parties hereto shall cause the corporation owned by the parties known as Moriah Valley1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*27 Corporation to redeem from wife 2,500 shares of stock (Certificate #4) that she owns, said shares being one-half of the issued stock. That the obligations of the corporation to pay wife in accordance with the provisions hereinafter set forth, shall be and are personally guaranteed by husband and the corporation shall execute any security documents and/or other instruments necessary to secure and perfect the security granted to wife for said obligation. The corporation shall pay to wife the sum of FOUR HUNDRED FIFTY THOUSAND DOLLARS ($ 450,000.00) for wife's stock in the corporation. Of said sum, ONE HUNDRED TEN THOUSAND NINE HUNDRED EIGHTY-THREE AND 56/100ths DOLLARS ($ 110,983.56) shall be paid by the corporation by forgiving that certain Promissory Note dated April 17, 1987 in the principal sum of ONE HUNDRED FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS ($ 105,000.00) that has accured [sic] interest of FIVE THOUSAND NINE HUNDRED EIGHTY-THREE AND 56/100ths DOLLARS ($ 5,983.56). That on the 2nd day of January, 1988, the corporation shall pay to wife the sum of TWENTY-FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS ($ 25,000.00) and a like sum on the 1st day of May, 1988. That the balance of TWO HUNDRED EIGHTY-NINE THOUSAND 1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*28 SIXTEEN AND 44/100ths DOLLARS ($ 289,016.44) shall be paid by the corporation to wife and shall bear interest from January 1, 1988 at the rate of nine percent (9%) per annum and shall be paid through monthly installments of THREE THOUSAND SIX HUNDRED SIXTY-ONE AND 84/100ths DOLLARS ($ 3,661.84) per month commencing February 1, 1988. That said obligation shall be paid in full no later than January 1, 1988.

On December 28, 1987, Moriah and Joann entered into an Agreement as to Corporate Stock providing for a redemption by Moriah of Joann's stock, with Moriah's obligation guaranteed by petitioner.

The property settlement agreement was filed with the Superior Court of Washington for Kittitas County and incorporated in the Decree of Dissolution of Marriage by the court, entered on January 7, 1988.

On January 18, 1988, Joann, petitioner, and McDonald's executed an Assignment and Consent to Redemption of Stock (the McDonald's consent agreement). The McDonald's consent agreement provided that Moriah would redeem Joann's stock in accordance with the payment schedule set forth in the property settlement agreement and that petitioner would be the guarantor of Moriah's payment obligations1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*29 thereunder.

At all times during the divorce proceeding and during the negotiations relating to the redemption of Joann's stock in Moriah, petitioner and Joann were each represented by an attorney.

On her Federal income tax return for 1988, Joann reported and paid the tax on capital gain arising out of the redemption. Joann subsequently claimed a refund of income tax on the ground that under section 1041 she was not required to recognize gain on the redemption because it should be deemed a nontaxable transfer of property from Joann to Moriah on behalf of petitioner, and then she initiated a refund suit in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington. The District Court granted summary judgment in Joann's favor in Arnes v. United States, 91-1 USTC par. 50,207 (W.D. Wash. 1991), concluding that section 1041 governed the income tax consequences of the transaction to Joann.

On February 10, 1992, petitioner filed his motion for partial summary judgment in this case. On March 9, 1992, respondent filed a Motion to Stay Proceedings and also a response to petitioner's motion for partial summary judgment, in part contending that the stay1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*30 would conserve this Court's time because the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit decision in Joann's case would be dispositive of this case. On March 19, 1992, petitioner filed his objection to respondent's motion. By order dated July 8, 1992, we granted respondent's motion. On August 12, 1992, petitioner filed a Motion for Reconsideration of Order Staying Proceedings and also a memorandum in support of such motion, in part stating that it would be beneficial for the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit to consider both Joann's and petitioner's cases simultaneously if respondent were to lose this case. On September 21, 1992, respondent filed a Response to Petitioner's Motion for Reconsideration of Order Staying Proceedings, objecting to petitioner's motion. By order dated October 2, 1992, this Court denied petitioner's motion.

Thereafter, the District Court's decision in Joann's case was argued and affirmed by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Arnes v. United States, 981 F.2d 456">981 F.2d 456 (9th Cir. 1992).

OPINION

Respondent argues that the decision in Arnes controls our decision here. Petitioner contends to the contrary, that Moriah1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*31 redeemed Joann's stock and that no constructive dividend resulted to petitioner. We agree with petitioner and consider his motion first.

Summary judgment is appropriate where the record shows that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that a decision may be rendered as a matter of law. Rule 121(b); Sundstrand Corp. v. Commissioner, 98 T.C. 518">98 T.C. 518, 98 T.C. 518">520 (1992), affd.    F.3d     (7th Cir., Feb. 22, 1994); Marshall v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 267">85 T.C. 267, 85 T.C. 267">271 (1985). The burden of proof is on the moving party to show that no issue of material fact exists. We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. Blanton v. Commissioner, 94 T.C. 491">94 T.C. 491, 94 T.C. 491">494 (1990); Jacklin v. Commissioner, 79 T.C. 340">79 T.C. 340, 79 T.C. 340">344 (1982). A motion for summary judgment will be denied if there is any reasonable doubt as to the facts in issue. Hoeme v. Commissioner, 63 T.C. 18">63 T.C. 18, 63 T.C. 18">20 (1974).

The issue before us is whether Moriah's redemption of Joann's stock resulted in a constructive dividend to petitioner. If a corporation1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*32 redeems stock that its remaining shareholder was obligated to buy, a constructive dividend results to the remaining shareholder. Wall v. United States, 164 F.2d 462">164 F.2d 462 (4th Cir. 1947); Hayes v. Commissioner, 101 T.C. 593">101 T.C. 593 (December 29, 1993); Edler v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1982-67, affd. 727 F.2d 857">727 F.2d 857 (9th Cir. 1984). However, this rule is limited to those circumstances where the obligation of the remaining shareholder is both primary and unconditional. Enoch v. Commissioner, 57 T.C. 781">57 T.C. 781 (1972); Priester v. Commissioner, 38 T.C. 316">38 T.C. 316 (1962); Edenfield v. Commissioner, 19 T.C. 13">19 T.C. 13 (1952); 727 F.2d 857">Edler v. Commissioner, supra.

In Edler v. Commissioner, 727 F.2d 857">727 F.2d 857 (9th Cir. 1984), affg. T.C. Memo. 1982-67, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed our decision that the taxpayer did not receive a constructive dividend when the corporation in which he was the majority shareholder redeemed the stock owned by 1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*33 his former spouse. In that case, an interlocutory divorce judgment had awarded the taxpayer all of the stock in the company and had ordered him to deliver a promissory note payable to the wife. A nunc pro tunc order was later entered, deleting reference to the husband's obligation or to the enforcement and execution of this promissory note, and incorporating an agreement between the husband and wife, which read, in pertinent part, as follows:

whereunder * * * [the wife] would give up [her] money judgment position, recall the writ of execution, * * * and substitute, in the place and stead thereof, the delivery * * * of a minority shareholder position in Edler Industries, Inc., ON THE CONDITION that the corporation concurrently, redeem for cash, said minority shares * * * for the same amount of said money, to which * * * [the wife] is now entitled. [727 F.2d 857">Id. at 858-859.]

The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit expressed no doubt that the original agreement between the parties had created an obligation1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*34 of the husband which would have resulted in a constructive dividend to him if the stock had been redeemed by the corporation. However, the court affirmed our holding that, under the nunc pro tunc modification, the husband did not have a primary and unconditional obligation, and that, therefore, there was no constructive dividend. In so doing, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit noted that, in the Tax Court, respondent had not questioned the ability of the divorce court to modify its own judgment and that it, therefore, would not consider, on appeal, whether, under Commissioner v. Estate of Bosch, 387 U.S. 456">387 U.S. 456, 387 U.S. 456">465 (1967), the Tax Court should not have given effect to the nunc pro tunc order. 727 F.2d 857">Edler v. Commissioner, supra at 859.

Despite respondent's attempts to distinguish Edler, the undisputed facts in the case before us are even more compelling for concluding that petitioner did not have a primary and unconditional obligation to acquire Joann's stock. From the inception, Moriah was obligated to redeem Joann's stock; there was no nunc pro tunc order changing a prior obligation of petitioner. The rationale1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*35 of Edler was not affected by the enactment of section 1041, and the case is still the law of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, to which this case is appealable.

This conclusion is further supported by respondent's own published position in Rev. Rul. 69-608, 1969-2 C.B. 42, 44. Situation 5 states:

A and B owned all of the outstanding stock of X corporation. An agreement between A and B provided that upon the death of either, X will redeem all of the X stock owned by the decedent at the time of his death. In the event that X does not redeem the shares from the estate, the agreement provided that the surviving shareholder would purchase the unredeemed shares from the decedent's estate. B died and, in accordance with the agreement, X redeemed all of the shares owned by his estate.

In this case A was only secondarily liable under the agreement between A and B. Since A was not primarily obligated to purchase the X stock from the estate of B, he received no constructive distribution when X redeemed the stock.

This scenario is directly analogous to the case before us. Indeed, petitioner argues on brief that, in structuring1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*36 the redemption of Joann's Moriah stock, he had the right to rely on 727 F.2d 857">Edler v. Commissioner, supra and Rev. Rul. 69-608, 1969-2 C.B. 43, situation 5. See Estate of Henry v. Commissioner, 69 T.C. 665">69 T.C. 665, 69 T.C. 665">674-675 (1978). Petitioner and Joann owned all of the stock of Moriah. Their property settlement agreement provided that Moriah would redeem Joann's shares, with Moriah's obligation guaranteed by petitioner. Under applicable Washington State law, the property settlement agreement created at most a secondary obligation, which could only mature on Moriah's default on its primary obligation. See National Bank of Washington v. Equity Investors, 81 Wash. 2d 886, 917, 506 P.2d 20">506 P.2d 20, 506 P.2d 20">39 (1973); Amick v. Baugh, 66 Wash. 2d 298, 303-308, 402 P.2d 342">402 P.2d 342, 402 P.2d 342">345-348 (1965). The McDonald's letter did not create a primary and unconditional obligation on petitioner to acquire Joann's shares. ² Because petitioner was not primarily obligated to purchase Joann's shares, he received no constructive distribution when Moriah redeemed the1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*37 stock.

Respondent contends, under the principle of Golsen v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 742">54 T.C. 742 (1970), affd. 445 F.2d 985">445 F.2d 985 (10th Cir. 1971), that the following statement by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Arnes v. United States, 981 F.2d 456">981 F.2d 456, 981 F.2d 456">459 (9th Cir. 1992), controls our decision in the instant case:

John Arnes had an obligation to Joann Arnes that was relieved by Moriah's payment to Joann. That obligation was based in their divorce property settlement, which called for the redemption of Joann's stock. Although John and Joann were the sole stockholders in Moriah, the obligation to purchase Joann's stock was John's, not Moriah's. Furthermore, John personally guaranteed Moriah's note to Joann. Under Washington law, Joann could sue John for payment without suing1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*38 Moriah. SeeWash. Rev. Code Ann. § 62A.3-416(1) (West 1979). Thus, John was liable, with Moriah, for the payments due Joann.

1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*39 Moreover, petitioner's guarantee did not create a primary and unconditional obligation. Under Wash. Rev. Code Ann. sec. 62A.3-416(1) (West 1979), cited by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, any obligation ⁴1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*40 of petitioner would arise only after Moriah failed to make payments to Joann. ⁵ Any obligation of petitioner implied in the property settlement agreement would be the same as would exist in any situation involving a divorce and a division of property and as existed in Edler v. Commissioner, 727 F.2d 857">727 F.2d 857 (9th Cir. 1984), affg. T.C. Memo. 1982-67, after the nunc pro tunc modification. To the extent this is suggested by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in 981 F.2d 456">Arnes v. United States, supra, we conclude that the obligation is not primary and unconditional, and the statement constitutes dictum.

Applying these standards to the record as a whole, and the undisputed facts therein, we conclude that petitioner demonstrated that there is no genuine issue of material fact that could establish that payments made by Moriah to Joann in redemption of her stock were constructive distributions by Moriah to petitioner that could properly be treated as dividends to him.

In hindsight, tactically, it might have been preferable if respondent had taken action to facilitate simultaneous consideration of petitioner's and Joann's cases by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, instead of the course that was taken.

Petitioner's motion for partial summary judgment will be granted. In view of our above conclusions, respondent's motion for summary judgment will be denied in full. To reflect the foregoing,

An appropriate order will be issued.

Reviewed by the Court.

HAMBLEN, CHABOT, COHEN, WRIGHT, WELLS, BEGHE, CHIECHI, 1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*41 and LARO, JJ., agree with this majority opinion.

PARR, J., concurs in the result only.

a. The Golsen question. This Court recently revisited the Golsen doctrine and explained, in our reviewed opinion in Lardas v. Commissioner, 99 T.C. 490">99 T.C. 490, 99 T.C. 490">493-498 (1992) (on appeal to the Ninth Circuit), the limitations on its application. Although "better judicial administration requires us to follow a Court of Appeals decision which is squarely in point where appeal from our decision lies to that Court of Appeals and to that court alone," Golsen v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 742">54 T.C. 742, 54 T.C. 742">757 (1970) (fn. refs. omitted), affd. 445 F.2d 985">445 F.2d 985 (10th Cir. 1971), we need not do so where "it is not clear that the Ninth Circuit would disagree with our conclusion * * *" and "Accordingly * * * we are obliged to decide this case as we think right." 99 T.C. 490">Lardas v. Commissioner, supra at 498.

I don't think it's as clear as Judges Ruwe and Halpern do that the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit will reverse us. The briefs1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*45 filed with the Court of Appeals in Joann's case, Arnes v. United States, 981 F.2d 456">981 F.2d 456 (9th Cir. 1992), affg. 91-1 USTC par. 50,207 (W.D. Wash. 1991), did not bring Edler v. Commissioner, 727 F.2d 857">727 F.2d 857 (9th Cir. 1984), affg. T.C. Memo. 1982-67, to the attention of the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals should take the opportunity to revisit the redemption situation in the light of Edler. In addition, the procedural anomaly created by the delay in getting John's case to the Court of Appeals should lead it not only to review our decision in John's case de novo, but also to reconsider the views expressed by its panel in Joann's case. In these unusual circumstances, I agree with Judge Chiechi that judicial efficiency considerations do not dictate our application of the Golsen doctrine in John's case. Cf. Of Course, Inc. v. Commissioner, 499 F.2d 754">499 F.2d 754 (4th Cir. 1974), revg. 59 T.C. 146">59 T.C. 146 (1972).

In arguing that it's not clear how the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit will decide the appeal of our decision1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*46 in John's case, I won't try to make life easy for myself by arguing that a proper application of the tax laws in Joann's and John's cases, or in the generic situation, would be for both spouses (or ex-spouses) to escape tax. But, because the Court of Appeals opinion might be read as leaving open the possibility of this result, I'll try, as a preliminary matter, to lay it to rest.

The focus of section 1041 is on the nonrecognition and deferral of gain on the transfers of appreciated property between spouses. Although section 1041 says nothing about transactions with third parties, it did not repeal the rule of Moline Properties, Inc. v. Commissioner, 319 U.S. 436">319 U.S. 436 (1943), that, in the absence of applicable sham or agency principles, the corporate entity must be regarded as separate from that of the shareholders. ²

1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*47 Section 1041 is a rule of nonrecognition and deferral of gain or loss on transfers of property between spouses (and ex-spouses pursuant to divorce decree or separation agreement). It does not immunize dividends -- described by sections 301 and 316 as distributions by a corporation out of earnings and profits with respect to stock -- from taxation by providing that they are to be excluded from gross income. To allow both spouses to escape tax in the generic redemption situation would allow cash representing earnings and profits to be removed from corporate solution at no tax cost whatsoever, either currently or in the future. ³ This would violate the deferral principle of section 1041.

1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*48 To allow both spouses to escape tax in the generic redemption situation (of which this case is an example) would overextend the acknowledged purpose of section 1041 to repeal the rule of United States v. Davis, 370 U.S. 65">370 U.S. 65 (1962), that a divorce-related transfer of appreciated property in exchange for the release of marital claims resulted in recognition of gain to the transferor. H. Rept. 98-432 at 1491-1492 (1984); Staff of Joint Committee on Taxation, General Explanation of the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984, at 710 (J. Comm. Print 1985). The Davis rule caused unjust results and impeded divorce-actuated transfers of appreciated property because the transferor spouse was taxed on the transfer -- without receiving any cash with which to pay the tax -- and the transferee spouse received the property with an unpaid-for step-up in basis. The redemption situation does not present this problem; the spouse whose stock is redeemed receives cash, which provides the wherewithal to pay the tax, and this points the way to the proper treatment of the case at hand.

b. Our disagreements with the Ninth Circuit. The reasons for our decision in this case1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*49 can be explicated by at least three lines of argument, none of which appears to have been previously expressed in its application to this case: First, a reminder about the self-acknowledged limitations on the applicability of Q&A-9 of the temporary regulation to this case and the generic redemption situation; second, a revisit to the location of the primary obligation to purchase Joann's stock, as between John and Moriah; and third, a historical and policy analysis of the common law of taxation applicable to stock redemptions of closely held corporations.

(i) Limitations of the Temporary Regulation. The format and preamble of the temporary regulation, sec. 1.1041-1 T, Temporary Income Tax Regs., 49 Fed. 34452 (Aug. 31, 1984), make clear that it does not assert that section 1041 repealed the preexisting and continuing tax common law on the treatment of redemptions of family corporations. The question and answer format and the "Temporary" label alert us that the temporary regulation was not and is not intended to be the Treasury's comprehensive last word on the subject. The preamble to the temporary regulation, also set forth at T.D. 7973, 1984-2 C.B. 170,1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*50 states that the "document provides temporary regulations relating to the treatment of transfers of property between spouses or former spouses" and is

presented in the form of questions and answers * * * [that] are not intended to address comprehensively the issues raised by sections 1041, 71, 215 and 152(e). Taxpayers may rely for guidance on these questions and answers, which the Internal Revenue Service will follow in resolving issues arising under sections 1041, 71, 215 and 152(e). No inference, however, should be drawn regarding questions not expressly raised and answered.

(ii) Locating the obligation. It would appear that the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit concluded in Joann's case -- because a separation agreement is clearly an agreement between the spouses and because a divorce1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*51 decree is primarily directed to them -- that such an agreement or decree necessarily imposes the primary obligation on the remaining shareholder spouse to see to it that the corporation pays the terminating shareholder spouse in exchange for its redemption purchase of her stock. That is obviously the basis for the characterization of the first situation in Q&A-9, 49 Fed. Reg. 34453, "where the transfer to the third party is required by a divorce or separation instrument," as being "on behalf of" the nontransferring spouse, so that the nontransferring spouse will necessarily be treated as first receiving the property from the transferor spouse and then transferring it to the third party. ⁴

1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*52 That would be a plausible approach if section 1041 had been enacted in a vacuum or written on a clean slate. But our task is to harmonize or reconcile section 1041 with a preexisting and continuing body of law on the tax treatment of redemptions by closely held corporations. We therefore must decide where the line of demarcation should be drawn between them. For the reasons set forth (infra pp. 26-31), the line should be drawn differently from the way in which application of Q&A-9 to the family corporation redemption situation might at first blush seem to require.

The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit concluded in Joann's case, 981 F.2d 456">Arnes v. United States, supra at 459, that John had an obligation to Joann "that was relieved by Moriah's payment to Joann" that "was based in their divorce property settlement, which called for the redemption of Joann's stock" and that "Although John and Joann were the sole stockholders in Moriah, the obligation to purchase Joann's stock was John's, not Moriah's." The ground for these conclusions is not stated in the opinion of the Court of Appeals, but it may have been an interpretation and application of Q&A-91994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*53 to the effect that a transfer of property by a spouse to a third party pursuant to a separation agreement or divorce decree must in all circumstances be deemed to be "on behalf of" the nontransferring spouse.

Although, as Judge Ruwe states (infra p. 42), the Court of Appeals was "cognizant of Washington state law", I do not believe that it necessarily relied on the State law in deciding Joann's case. The Court of Appeals' citation to Wash. Rev. Code Ann. sec. 62A.3-416(1) (West 1979) concerns only the State law question of the effect of the guarantee, which is an afterthought and a makeweight. ⁵

1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*54 The ground of the Court of Appeals' decision in Joann's case appears to have been a conclusion about Federal tax law, based on Q&A-9, that a transfer to a third party, pursuant to a separation agreement or divorce decree, must be "on behalf of" the nontransferring spouse or ex-spouse. ⁶ As a result, Q&A-9 of the temporary regulation appears to have been extended beyond its proper purview in the redemption context.

1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*55 I believe that this is where the Tax Court has parted company with the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals panel that decided Joann's case. See Blatt v. Commissioner, 102 T.C.     (slip op. at 9, 10) (1994). The Court of Appeals should have the opportunity to revisit the question in the context of the nontransferring spouse's tax treatment with the benefit, such as it may be, of our analysis, and the opportunity to reconcile its decision in Joann's case with its prior decision in Edler v. Commissioner, 727 F.2d 857">727 F.2d 857 (9th Cir. 1984), affg. T.C. Memo. 1982-67.

(iii) Historical and policy reasons for leaving preexisting redemption tax law intact. In the absence of any showing that Congress, in enacting section 1041, or the Treasury, in promulgating the temporary regulation, intended to displace the tax common law on redemptions of closely held corporations, that law should remain in place. The way to accomplish this result is to interpret section 1041 and the temporary regulation so that no redemption of one spouse will be considered to be "on behalf of" the remaining spouse unless it discharges that spouse's primary1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*56 and unconditional obligation to purchase the subject stock, as summarized and set forth in the examples in Rev. Rul. 69-608, 1969-2 C.B. 42, and the case law on which it relies. Blatt v. Commissioner, 102 T.C.     (1994) (Beghe, J., concurring, slip op. at 15-16).

Although the tax treatment of continuing shareholders is not specifically set forth in the Code, the bright line is well established by court decisions, such as Wall v. United States, 164 F.2d 462">164 F.2d 462 (4th Cir. 1947), and Holsey v. Commissioner, 258 F.2d 865">258 F.2d 865 (3d Cir. 1958), and by administrative rulings, such as Rev. Rul. 69-608, supra. A nonredeeming shareholder realizes no gain or loss or dividend income solely because all or a portion of the stock of another shareholder was redeemed, even though the effect of the redemption is to increase his percentage ownership in the corporation. The line has been drawn in terms of whether the remaining shareholder blundered into incurring a direct and primary obligation to purchase the stock, which he belatedly attempts to shift1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*57 to the corporation, as in 164 F.2d 462">Wall v. United States, supra, and Schroeder v. Commissioner, 831 F.2d 856">831 F.2d 856 (9th Cir. 1987). ⁷

These longstanding rules amount to a "social compact" that contemplates a pattern in which, when one shareholder or group of shareholders withdraws from the corporation, wholly or partly, with a resulting increase in the percentage ownership of the remaining shareholder, the remaining shareholder will not be taxed. The withdrawing shareholder is treated as having sold or exchanged a capital1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*58 asset, while the remaining shareholder is considered to have realized nothing that can be viewed as a taxable gain or dividend. Although the withdrawal and shift in interest is financed out of the corporate treasury rather than individual bank accounts, and may be viewed as conferring an indirect benefit on the remaining shareholder, the transaction is considered no more than a sale to the corporation by the holder whose stock interest is terminated or substantially reduced.

All this was persuasively set forth 25 years ago in an article by Professor Chirelstein. He argued, although the Commissioner has never officially espoused his view, that publicly held corporations that engage in share repurchase plans should be considered as distributing dividends to their shareholders because such plans in effect give the shareholders the option to take stock or cash. Cf. Technalysis, Inc. v. Commissioner, 101 T.C. 397">101 T.C. 397 (1993). In making this argument, however, Professor Chirelstein was careful to make clear that there was no historical or policy basis for changing the tax treatment of redemptions of closely held corporations, which treatment was inherent in1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*59 the structure of section 302:

These results must be considered among the basic structural elements of Subchapter C and are no longer open to any fundamental challenge. * * *

* * *

Section 302 was designed with a specific policy goal in mind and not simply to carry out general principles relating to the tax treatment of stock sales. Most would agree that the aim of the section is to facilitate occasional, and often major, shifts in ownership interests among the shareholders of closely-held or family-owned corporations for whose shares no active market exists apart from the company itself. That, of course, is the image of Section 302 which tax lawyers generally have in mind; virtually every technical detail in the section confirms that Congress did as well. Thus, family attribution rules and other provisions for constructive ownership of stock, restrictions relating to the redemption of stock from controlling shareholders, the disproportionality standard itself together with the prohibition against planned series of redemptions which are pro rata in the aggregate -- these rules obviously contemplate a tightly knit shareholder group whose individual interests are virtually identical1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*60 to those of the corporation. * * * The basic legislative aim * * * is to bear lightly on withdrawals from incorporated partnerships.

Transactions of the latter sort, though perhaps formally initiated by the corporation, are necessarily the product of negotiation and agreement among the shareholders. That is their distinguishing mark. Redemption price, terms of payment, total number of shares to be redeemed, even the tax consequences, must be bargained out and agreed to before the redemption is authorized. The reason, of course, is that the redemption is intended to alter the stock interests of particular individuals in specified ways -- for example, through the surrender of control by one partner to another, through the retirement of older family members, or on the occasion of the death or resignation of an executive holding shares in the firm. The chief technical features of Section 302 confirm that the section contemplates an advance understanding or agreement by the shareholders. * * * These provisions were developed to permit and encourage taxpayers to act in relatively certain reliance on their applicability in a given case, and it is clear that they contemplate effective1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*61 planning based on more or less formal agreement among the shareholders as to who will and who will not present his [or her] shares for redemption. * * * [Chirelstein, "Optional Redemptions and Optional Dividends: Taxing the Repurchase of Common Shares", 78 Yale L. J. 739, 749, 750 (1969); emphasis added.]

It is obvious that John and his counsel and Joann and her counsel negotiated the separation agreement to have Joann's stock redeemed against the background of and in reliance on these rules. Joann originally reported the redemption transaction as resulting in capital gains to her, in accordance with the advice of the attorney who represented her in the negotiation of the separation agreement. She then changed her mind and claimed a refund in repudiation of the original agreement. John's counsel demonstrated on brief, and respondent did not disagree, that the separation agreement was based on the assumption that the community property and liabilities would be equally divided between John and Joann. In agreeing on that equal division, the parties assumed that Joann would bear capital gains taxes on the Moriah distributions that she would receive 1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*62 as payment in exchange for her stock, and that there would be no tax on John. The net effect of taxing John and exonerating Joann is that she would receive and retain more than twice as much of the community property as John.

One of the benefits of having these bright line rules apply to redemptions by family corporations is that they reduce the opportunities for tax game playing between private parties. It is game playing, and engaging in second thoughts, that Joann, with the assistance of counsel, indulged in when she sandbagged John by reneging on their original deal.

The tax commentators have been alert to spot the opportunities for game playing that the decision in Joann's case has created. The most recent comment in this area states: ⁸

Recent cases involving the redemption of stock in husband-wife corporations make it clear that even though section 1041 has brought greater ability to specify the tax consequences of divorce, it has not put to rest all uncertainty. Tax practitioners still face a grey area when they are trying to predict when a stock redemption from one spouse will be held to be made "on behalf of" the other spouse. In that context, there are opportunities1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*63 to take aggressive filing positions -- and, in a planning context, to document the divorce transactions to either dictate a specific tax result or create ambiguity. [Raby, "Raby Revisits Stock Redemptions Incident to Divorce," Tax Notes 1031-1032 (Feb. 21, 1994); emphasis added.]

Hewing to the bright line rules of Rev. Rul. 69-608, supra, in the marital dissolution context will reduce the tax costs of divorce for the owners of small businesses held and operated in corporate form. If the shareholder spouses can negotiate their separation agreement with the assurance that the redemption will be tax free to the remaining shareholder and1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*64 a capital gain transaction to the terminating shareholder, the overall tax costs will ordinarily be less than if the terminating spouse qualifies for nonrecognition under section 1041, but the remaining spouse suffers a dividend tax. ⁹ This will leave a bigger pie to be divided in setting the consideration for the shares to be redeemed.

c. The whipsaw. Judge Ruwe concludes that our decision produces "an untenable result * * * in that neither of the two stockholders of Moriah will incur any tax consequences as a result of the $ 450,000 stock redemption" (infra pp. 44-45). I join Judge Ruwe and his cohort in deploring the whipsaw result, but it's of respondent's own making. ¹⁰ The right lessons to be learned from these cases will best be imparted to all concerned by upholding the result 1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*65 arrived at by our majority opinion in John's case. I hope and expect that the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit will agree.

FAY, J., agrees with this concurring opinion.

CHIECHI, J., concurring: Although I join the 1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*66 majority opinion, I write separately to explain why I believe the extension of the principle of Golsen v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 742">54 T.C. 742 (1970), affd. 445 F.2d 985">445 F.2d 985 (10th Cir. 1971), called for in the dissents does not serve the purpose for which this Court adopted that principle and therefore is not warranted in the present case. In Lardas v. Commissioner, 99 T.C. 490">99 T.C. 490, 99 T.C. 490">495 (1992), we recently had occasion to review that purpose. There, we stated:

It should be emphasized that the logic behind the Golsen doctrine is not that we lack the authority to render a decision inconsistent with any Court of Appeals (including the one to which an appeal would lie), but that it would be futile and wasteful to do so where we would surely be reversed. Accordingly, bearing in mind our obligation as a national court * * * we should be careful to apply the Golsen doctrine only under circumstances where the holding of the Court of Appeals is squarely on point. * * *

In my view, the majority opinion is not a futile and wasteful insistence of this Court's view as to whether petitioner (John) received a1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*67 constructive dividend as a result of the redemption by a corporation of the stock of his former spouse (Joann). While it is a virtual certainty that respondent will appeal our holding that John did not receive a constructive dividend to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, it is just as certain that petitioner would have appealed if the dissents had been adopted. What is by no means certain, in my opinion, is the outcome on appeal, since the legal issue in Arnes v. United States, 981 F.2d 456">981 F.2d 456 (9th Cir. 1992), was the application of section 1041 to Joann, and not whether John received a constructive dividend, the legal issue presented here. In these circumstances, I do not believe we should extend the principle of 54 T.C. 742">Golsen v. Commissioner, supra to the instant proceeding.

HAMBLEN, FAY, CHABOT, COHEN, WRIGHT, and COLVIN, JJ., agree with this concurring opinion.

The temporary regulation gives no guidance as to the criteria for determining when such a transfer will be deemed to be "on behalf of" the nontransferring spouse. Acknowledging that there were no cases directly on point, the Court of Appeals analyzed whether Moriah's redemption of Joann's 1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*71 stock was "on behalf of" John by looking to the established legal precedents concerning constructive dividends. The Court of Appeals observed that:

Generally, a transfer is considered to have been made "on behalf of" someone if it satisfied an obligation or a liability of that person. If an employer pays an employee's income tax, that payment is income to the employee. See Old Colony Trust Co. v. Commissioner, 279 U.S. 716">279 U.S. 716, 279 U.S. 716">729-31, 49 S. Ct. 499, 504, 73 L. Ed. 918 (1929). If a corporation assumes a shareholder's bank note in exchange for stock, the shareholder receives a taxable constructive dividend. ¹Schroeder v. Commissioner, 831 F.2d 856">831 F.2d 856, 831 F.2d 856">859 (9th Cir. 1987). [981 F.2d 456">Id. at 459.]

A shareholder also receives a constructive dividend to the extent of available earnings and profits when a corporation agrees to perform that shareholder's obligation and that shareholder's obligation is thereby extinguished. See Maher v. Commissioner, 469 F.2d 225">469 F.2d 225, 469 F.2d 225">229 (8th Cir. 1972), affg. in part, revg. and remanding on another issue 55 T.C. 441">55 T.C. 441 (1970); Sullivan v. United States, supra at 728 n.5. * * *1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*72

The majority has expressed no disagreement with the Court of Appeals' use of constructive dividend principles for determining that Joann's transfer to Moriah was "on behalf of" John, ² and the Court of Appeals' articulation of those principles is consistent with those stated by the majority. I recognize that the majority opinion in Blatt v. Commissioner, 102 T.C.   ,     (1994) (slip op. at 9), stated that "we do not agree with Arnes and respectfully refuse to follow it." Unfortunately, the majority opinion in Blatt failed to give any reasons for its disagreement with the Court of Appeals. Blatt v. Commissioner, supra at     (Halpern, J., concurring) (slip op. pp. 12-13); (Beghe, J., concurring) (slip op. pp. 14-16). Indeed, as pointed out1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*73 in Judge Chiechi's concurrence in Blatt v. Commissioner, supra at    ,     (slip op. p.17), it seems to have been totally unnecessary to announce a disagreement with 981 F.2d 456">Arnes v. United States, supra.³

1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*74 It appears to me that the Blatt majority's real disagreement was with the District Court's opinion in Arnes where the District Court indicated that Moriah's redemption of Joann's stock would be considered to be "on behalf of" John if he received "any benefit". See Blatt v. Commissioner, supra at    ,     (Halpern, J., concurring) (slip op. p.13); (Beghe, J., concurring) (slip op. p.14). However, the opinion of the Court of Appeals in Arnes was based on its de novo review of the facts and law. 981 F.2d 456">Arnes v. United States, supra at 458. The Court of Appeals' opinion did not adopt the District Court's view that the redemption would be "on behalf of" John if he derived any benefit. Therefore, any error perceived in the District Court's rationale in Arnes is irrelevant.

Despite the majority's suggestion to the contrary, there is no disagreement between the tax law principles enunciated in Arnes and those stated in Edler v. Commissioner, 727 F.2d 857">727 F.2d 857 (9th Cir. 1984), affg. T.C. Memo. 1982-67. In Edler, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit agreed1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*75 in principle that if a corporation's redemption of Mrs. Edler's stock was in discharge of Mr. Edler's obligation to purchase her stock, then the amount paid to Mrs. Edler would be a constructive dividend to Mr. Edler. Prior to their divorce, Mr. and Mrs. Edler owned all the stock of the corporation. The original divorce judgment obligated Mr. Edler to purchase Mrs. Edler's stock interest. However, a subsequent nunc pro tunc order placed that responsibility on the corporation. The Commissioner's argument that the nunc pro tunc order should not be given any effect for tax purposes was rejected by the Court of Appeals, but only because the Commissioner had not raised this argument in the lower court. Had the argument been made in the lower court, the result may well have been different. See Hayes v. Commissioner, 101 T.C. 593">101 T.C. 593 (1993). In fact, the Court of Appeals noted that "If it were not for the entry of the nunc pro tunc order, Commissioner's position would be correct". 727 F.2d 857">Edler v. Commissioner, supra at 859. ⁴

1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*76 Having analyzed the meaning of the term "on behalf of" by looking to the appropriate principles of tax law for determining whether the redemption was a constructive dividend to John, the Court of Appeals in Arnes proceeded to determine whether the redemption relieved John of his obligation to purchase Joann's stock. Whether such an obligation existed must be resolved by reference to State law. 101 T.C. 593">Hayes v. Commissioner, supra at 600.

The Court of Appeals in Arnes looked at the very same transaction and divorce property settlement that is presently before us and held that:

John Arnes had an obligation to Joann Arnes that was relieved by Moriah's payment to Joann. That obligation was based in their divorce property settlement, which called for the redemption of Joann's stock. Although John and Joann were the sole stockholders in Moriah, the obligation to purchase Joann's stock was John's, not Moriah's. Furthermore, John personally guaranteed Moriah's note to Joann. Under Washington law, Joann could sue John for payment without suing Moriah. SeeWash. Rev. Code Ann. § 62A.3-416(1) (West 1979). * * * [981 F.2d 456">Arnes v. United States, 1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*77 supra at at 459.]

In direct opposition to the determination by the Court of Appeals, the majority concludes that "petitioner did not have a primary and1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*78 unconditional obligation to acquire Joann's stock" (majority op. p.9) and that "Under applicable Washington State law, the property settlement agreement created at most a secondary obligation, which could only mature on Moriah's default on its primary obligation." ⁶ Majority op. pp. 10-11. The obligation to purchase Joann's stock was either John's obligation or the corporation's. There were no other possibilities. The Court of Appeals, cognizant of Washington State law and looking at the same property settlement agreement and surrounding facts, held that "the obligation to purchase Joann's stock was John's, notMoriah's." ⁷981 F.2d 456">Arnes v. United States, supra at 459 (emphasis added). We should accept the Court of Appeals' determination as controlling rather than attempt to reexamine it. The Court of Appeals' holding is squarely in point with the determinative issue in the instant case. "Better judicial administration requires us to follow a Court of Appeals decision which is squarely in point where appeal from our decision lies to that Court of Appeals and to that court alone." Golsen v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 742">54 T.C. 742, 54 T.C. 742">757 (1970)1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*79 (fn. refs. omitted), affd. 445 F.2d 985">445 F.2d 985 (10th Cir. 1971).

1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*80 If, however, the majority disagrees with the Court of Appeals over the application of Washington State law to the undisputed facts, it is incumbent on the majority to explain why it disagrees. Nevertheless, there is no explanation or rationale in the majority opinion on this point. ⁸ The only cases cited by the majority deal with guarantees, not with the issue of who had the original primary obligation to purchase Joann's stock. ⁹ In lieu of an explanation, we simply are left with an ex cathedra proclamation that the Court of Appeals was wrong and no guidance for the disposition of future cases. ¹⁰

1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*81 The Court of Appeals was aware that respondent had asserted a protective income tax deficiency against John and that John was contesting the deficiency in the instant case. 981 F.2d 456">Arnes v. United States, supra at 457. The Court of Appeals clearly contemplated that John would be treated as the person who redeemed stock from the corporation and that he, rather than his wife, would incur the tax consequences. Thus, the court stated:

Joann's transfer of stock should be treated as a constructive transfer to John, who then transferred the stock to Moriah. The $ 450,000 was paid to Joann by Moriah on behalf of John. The transfer of $ 450,000 from the corporate treasury need not escape taxation, if we hold, as we do, that Joann is not required to recognize any gain on the transfer of her stock, because it is subject to section 1041. The tax result for Joann is the same as if she had conveyed the property directly to John. [981 F.2d 456">Arnes v. United States, supra at 459.]

The result we reach today directly contradicts the holding of the Court of Appeals to which the instant case is appealable, fails to explain why we disagree1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*82 with the Court of Appeals, and produces an untenable result in that neither of the two stockholders of Moriah will incur any tax consequences as a result of the $ 450,000 stock redemption.

PARKER, SWIFT, GERBER, AND HALPERN, JJ., agree with this dissent.

HALPERN, J., dissenting: Arnes v. Commissioner, 981 F.2d 456">981 F.2d 456 (9th Cir. 1992) tells us two things: First, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit will review our decision de novo. 981 F.2d 456">Id. at 458. Second, because the Court of Appeals held that section 1041 applied to Joann, it is illogical to think that the Court of Appeals will not reverse us. The Court of Appeals held that Joann recognized no gain on account of section 1041. Because of the way section 1041 works, however, a corollary of that holding is that Joann transferred her shares to John, who received them by gift. See sec. 1041(b). It is inconsistent to hold that view (i.e., that John received the shares by gift) and, at the same time, to question whether he received a constructive dividend because he was obligated to buy those shares. That is the question that the majority answers in the negative. 1994 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 22">*83 The majority has in front of it the exact same transaction addressed by the Court of Appeals in Arnes. It seems to me that the decision of the Court of Appeals in Arnes (unless the Court of Appeals overrules itself) precludes the Court of Appeals from even considering the majority's theory. To the extent that Edler v. Commissioner, 727 F.2d 857">727 F.2d 857 (9th Cir. 1984), affg. T.C. Memo. 1982-67, is inconsistent with Arnes, I assume that it was overruled by Arnes, sub silentio. Edler, of course, predated the enactment of section 1041. Efficiency thus dictates that we decide for respondent. See Golsen v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 742">54 T.C. 742, 54 T.C. 742">757 (1970), affd. 445 F.2d 985">445 F.2d 985 (10th Cir. 1971). We are free, of course, to set forth (as Judge Beghe has done) the reasons why we believe the Court of Appeals to be wrong. Id. On the premises stated, I cannot concur in the decision of the majority.

SWIFT, JACOBS, GERBER, and WHALEN, JJ., agree with this dissent.