Filed: Dec. 04, 1997
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: 109 T.C. No. 18 UNITED STATES TAX COURT JOYCE ASTON, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent Docket No. 26105-95. Filed December 4, 1997. On July 5, 1991, banking regulators seized the assets of the Bank of Commerce and Credit International, S.A. (BCCI, S.A.), including funds that petitioner (a United Kingdom citizen and U.S. resident) deposited at BCCI, S.A.'s Isle of Man branch (IOMB). Petitioner's account was insured for loss up to 15,000 pounds sterling by the Isle of Man
Summary: 109 T.C. No. 18 UNITED STATES TAX COURT JOYCE ASTON, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent Docket No. 26105-95. Filed December 4, 1997. On July 5, 1991, banking regulators seized the assets of the Bank of Commerce and Credit International, S.A. (BCCI, S.A.), including funds that petitioner (a United Kingdom citizen and U.S. resident) deposited at BCCI, S.A.'s Isle of Man branch (IOMB). Petitioner's account was insured for loss up to 15,000 pounds sterling by the Isle of Man D..
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109 T.C. No. 18
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
JOYCE ASTON, Petitioner v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 26105-95. Filed December 4, 1997.
On July 5, 1991, banking regulators seized the
assets of the Bank of Commerce and Credit
International, S.A. (BCCI, S.A.), including funds
that petitioner (a United Kingdom citizen and U.S.
resident) deposited at BCCI, S.A.'s Isle of Man
branch (IOMB). Petitioner's account was insured
for loss up to 15,000 pounds sterling by the Isle
of Man Depositor's Compensation Scheme. Petitioner
filed a claim against BCCI, S.A. for her funds.
At all relevant times BCCI, S.A. maintained an
agency office in Los Angeles.
Petitioner deducted $185,493.79 as a loss from
an insolvent financial institution pursuant to sec.
165(l)(1), I.R.C., on her 1991 U.S. Federal income
tax return. The $185,493.79 represented the final
balance of her IOMB account, less the 15,000 pounds
sterling insurance.
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1. Held: Neither BCCI, S.A., its IOMB, nor
its Los Angeles agency office meets the statutory
requirements for "qualified financial institution"
pursuant to sec. 165(l)(3), I.R.C. Accordingly,
petitioner is not entitled to a casualty loss in
1991.
2. Held, further: In light of the pendency
of petitioner's claim in the liquidation of BCCI,
S.A., petitioner is not entitled to a bad debt
deduction pursuant to sec. 166, I.R.C., for 1991,
the year the funds were seized, because she failed
to prove that the deposit became worthless during
that year.
Carol P. Schaner and Paul W. Raymond, for petitioner.
Louis B. Jack, for respondent.
JACOBS, Judge: Respondent determined the following
deficiencies in petitioner's Federal income taxes:
Year Deficiency
1988 $37,775
1989 2,690
1991 10,258
The issues for decision are: (1) Whether petitioner incurred
a loss on a deposit in a "qualified financial institution" within
the meaning of section 165(l)(3) and, if petitioner's loss does not
come within the purview of section 165(l), then (2) whether
petitioner incurred a deductible nonbusiness bad debt pursuant to
section 166.
Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the
Internal Revenue Code in effect for the years under consideration.
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All Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and
Procedure.
Some of the facts have been stipulated and are found
accordingly. The stipulation of facts and attached exhibits are
incorporated herein by this reference.
FINDINGS OF FACT
Petitioner resided in Long Beach, California, at the time she
filed the petition.
Petitioner is a citizen of the United Kingdom. After working
as a secretary, petitioner joined the Royal Navy, where she met
Gordon Aston. They married in 1946. Petitioner and her husband
originally resided in Manchester, England. Petitioner stayed at
home for several years to care for their two children, and
subsequently attended a training college for teachers. Petitioner
became a college instructor. Her husband was a police officer with
the Manchester City Police Force.
In 1972, Mr. Aston retired and moved with petitioner to the
Isle of Man, off the coast of England. At that time, petitioner's
daughter resided in the United States.
In 1977, petitioner's son moved to the United States. In
1979, petitioner and her husband sold their house on the Isle of
Man and moved to California to be closer to their children.
Until his death on December 31, 1984, petitioner's husband
handled the couple's financial affairs.
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1. The Bank of Commerce and Credit International, S.A.
The Bank of Commerce and Credit Holdings, S.A.1 (Luxembourg)
(hereinafter BCCI) was organized, chartered, and headquartered in
Luxembourg. BCCI was established in 1972 by Agha Hasan Abedi, a
Pakistani banker, who feared the imminent nationalization of
Pakistan's banks. BCCI's principal investors resided in Abu Dhabi.
Bank of America also maintained a 30-percent stake in the venture,
in an effort to increase its banking ties in the Middle East.
BCCI had two operating subsidiaries: the Bank of Commerce and
Credit International, S.A. (BCCI, S.A.), organized and
headquartered in Luxembourg, and the Bank of Commerce and Credit
International, S.A. Cayman Islands (BCCI Cayman Islands), organized
and headquartered in the Cayman Islands. BCCI chartered its
operating subsidiaries in Luxembourg and the Cayman Islands because
those jurisdictions are considered tax havens; moreover, they
contain no central bank and minimal bank regulation. Over the
years, BCCI established approximately 350 offices throughout the
Middle East, Africa, Latin America, and Asia.
BCCI and its operating subsidiaries were "foreign banks"
within the meaning of title 12 of the U.S. Code, Banks and Banking,
section 3101(7) (1994). Pursuant to title 12, a foreign bank can
be licensed to do business in the United States in one of four
1
"S.A." is the French equivalent to "Inc.", an
abbreviation of "Societe Anonyme", the French word for
corporation.
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ways: (1) As a "subsidiary"; (2) as a fully insured "branch"; (3)
as an "agency"; or (4) as a "representative".
At various times during its years of operation, BCCI, S.A.
maintained agency offices in New York City, Los Angeles, and San
Francisco; BCCI Cayman Islands maintained agency offices in Miami,
Tampa, and Boca Raton. For a limited time BCCI, S.A. had a
representative office in Washington, D.C. (A representative office
is the lowest grade of banking offices. It is prohibited from
doing routine banking transactions and primarily serves a local
public relations function for the home office of the bank.) As
part of its worldwide branch2 structure, BCCI, S.A. maintained a
branch on the Isle of Man (IOMB).
BCCI, S.A.'s agency offices3 in the United States were not
permitted to exercise fiduciary or trust powers under Federal or
State law. The U.S. agency offices also were prohibited from
2
"Branch" is defined pursuant to 12 U.S.C. sec. 3101(3)
(1994), as "any office or any place of business of a foreign bank
located in any State of the United States at which deposits are
received."
3
"Agency" is defined pursuant to 12 U.S.C. sec. 3101(1)
(1994), as follows:
any office or any place of business of a
foreign bank located in any State of the
United States at which credit balances are
maintained incidental to or arising out of
the exercise of banking powers, checks are
paid, or money is lent but at which deposits
may not be accepted from citizens or
residents of the United States. * * *
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accepting deposits from U.S. residents or citizens. However, BCCI,
S.A. and its IOMB could accept deposits from U.S. citizens and
residents.
Deposits to BCCI, S.A., its U.S. agency offices, and the IOMB
were not insured under U.S. State or Federal law. Deposits to the
IOMB of BCCI, S.A. were insured by the Bank of England under United
Kingdom law.
2. BCCI Acquisitions
In 1975, U.S. banking regulators blocked BCCI's attempt to
purchase Chelsea National Bank in New York. BCCI officials were
informed that the Federal Reserve Board would never approve BCCI's
direct acquisition of a U.S. bank.
BCCI thereafter launched a plan to acquire control of several
U.S. banks through a nominee known as Credit and Commerce American
Holdings, Netherlands Antilles (CCAH). In 1978, CCAH began
acquiring a controlling interest in Financial General Bankshares
(FGB), a multibank holding company with subsidiary banks in
Washington, D.C., Maryland, New York, Tennessee, and Virginia. The
purchase was finalized in 1982.
In 1983, First American Bank (FAB) acquired two branches of
Banker's Trust in Manhattan, which were renamed FAB of New York.
Approximately 47 branches, subsidiaries, and affiliates of BCCI
maintained U.S. dollar accounts at FAB of New York.
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Between 1977 and 1987, a BCCI nominee purchased the National
Bank of Georgia.
Although BCCI never directly owned any U.S. banks, it
controlled a number of banks in New York, Maryland, Georgia,
California, and Florida.
In 1990, BCCI officials pleaded guilty to money laundering
charges involving wire transfers between Panama and BCCI-Panama's
account at FAB of New York.
3. Supervision of BCCI, S.A.
BCCI, S.A. was initially supervised by the Luxembourg Monetary
Institute. As the bank grew--spreading to approximately 72
countries--the Luxembourg authorities became concerned about their
ability to supervise BCCI effectively. Because of perceived
irregularities in the European branches of BCCI, S.A., a "college
of supervisors" was established in the late 1980's. The
supervisors consisted of bank regulators from England, the Cayman
Islands, Luxembourg, and several other European countries. They
attempted to create a consolidated and accurate picture of BCCI's
operations. Bank regulators from the United States were not
invited to join this group.
At the time BCCI's operating subsidiaries opened their agency
offices in the United States, no approval from any Federal banking
authority (such as the Federal Reserve Board) was required. The
only approval required was a license from State banking regulators.
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BCCI, S.A. obtained approval from banking regulators in California
and New York for the establishment of agency offices in those
States, and BCCI Cayman Islands obtained approval from the banking
regulators in Florida for the establishment of agency offices
there.
The Federal Reserve Board had limited supervisory authority
over BCCI's U.S. agency offices. It was authorized to supervise
only the U.S. activities of the agency offices. The Federal
Reserve Board did not have: (1) Access to the bank's worldwide
records; (2) authority to go outside the United States to make any
determination regarding the bank's overall structure; or (3)
authority to obtain information concerning the asset quality
capital of the bank as an entirety.
In response to the lack of Federal control over BCCI's
operations in the United States, Congress enacted the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991, Pub. L. 102-
242, sec. 202, 105 Stat. 2286. This law requires foreign banks to
obtain approval from the Federal Reserve Board before conducting
business in the United States. It also requires foreign banks to
provide Federal regulators access to information regarding their
worldwide operations.
4. Petitioner's Bank Accounts
On June 20, 1980, petitioner and her husband opened account
No. 03000571 at the IOMB of BCCI, S.A., depositing 54,125 pounds
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sterling into a 6-month certificate of deposit. The deposit
represented the proceeds from the sale of their Isle of Man house.
During the 10 years following this initial deposit, only one
partial withdrawal was made from this account (discussed infra).
With that exception, petitioner and her husband allowed the
interest and principal to roll over into successive certificates of
deposit. By their own terms, the certificates of deposit were
"automatically renewed with interest", absent written instructions
to the contrary from petitioner.
Petitioner's account No. 03000571 was a "no correspondence"
account. As such, except upon request, the IOMB of BCCI, S.A.
generally did not send statements or other paperwork to
petitioner's residence.
In addition to account No. 03000571, Mr. Aston opened at least
one other account at the IOMB of BCCI, S.A. (account No. 02013325).
The full extent of the Astons' relationship with BCCI, S.A. is
unclear from the record; however, the claimed loss at issue arises
solely from the funds held in account No. 03000571. Petitioner
also maintained accounts at the Isle of Man branches of Lombard
Bank and Barclay's Bank. The Barclay's account was opened when
petitioner and her husband first moved to the Isle of Man. It is
unclear when the Lombard account was opened.
Following her husband's death, petitioner made one withdrawal
from account No. 03000571 to purchase a residential unit in
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Florida. This was to be a retirement home for petitioner's son and
his wife, as well as for petitioner, if she were still living.
5. Seizure of BCCI's World-Wide Assets
Early on in BCCI's existence it began to experience
substantial losses due to improper banking practices, including
illicit activities conducted by BCCI employees and customers. For
many years, BCCI was able to keep the nature and extent of these
losses hidden. However by 1991, BCCI's losses had become the
subject of scrutiny by bank supervisors in several countries.
On June 6, 1990, the Federal Reserve Board received from the
Bank of England a Price Waterhouse audit report for BCCI,
indicating a nominee relationship between CCAH and BCCI. The Price
Waterhouse audit report found that there were approximately $1.7
billion in outstanding, nonperforming loans from BCCI to eight CCAH
shareholders secured by CCAH stock.
On June 11, 1990, BCCI sent a letter to the Federal Reserve
Board stating that it intended to close all U.S. BCCI offices
except New York. On June 12, 1990, the New York Reserve Bank
suggested that BCCI cease all operations in the United States. On
July 11, 1990, BCCI was instructed not to shift any assets to the
New York agency.
On July 5, 1991, BCCI's worldwide assets, including those of
the IOMB of BCCI, S.A., were seized. The Luxembourg Monetary
Institute took control of the assets of BCCI, S.A., while the
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inspector of Banks and Trust Companies of the Cayman Islands took
control of the assets of BCCI Cayman Islands.
On July 29, 1991, the Federal Reserve Board began enforcement
proceedings against BCCI, the BCCI subsidiary banks in Luxembourg
and the Cayman Islands, and a Cayman Islands bank related to BCCI,
for violations of U.S. banking laws. The Federal Reserve Board
found that BCCI had, inter alia, illegally obtained control over
several U.S. banking organizations through the use of nominee
shareholders. All BCCI offices in the United States were seized
and the various U.S. banks it controlled were ordered to terminate
their relationship with BCCI. At this time, the superintendents of
banks for California and New York took control of the assets of the
California and New York agencies of BCCI.
Following BCCI's closure, "Court Appointed Fiduciaries" were
selected to identify and manage BCCI's assets in preparation for
their liquidation. In December 1991, the court-appointed
fiduciaries pleaded guilty (on behalf of BCCI) to various
violations of Federal and State laws. In 1992, the District Court
in Luxembourg, the High Court of Justice in the United Kingdom, and
the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, ordered the formal
liquidation of BCCI. At the time of the trial herein, BCCI was
still in the process of liquidation.
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6. Petitioner's Claims Against BCCI, S.A.
At the time the deposits at the IOMB of BCCI, S.A. were
seized, petitioner's account had a balance of 129,608.46 pounds
sterling (equivalent to US$209,771.29 under the prevailing
exchange rate4). Accordingly, as of January 3, 1992, petitioner
and Mr. Aston had a claim balance of 129,608.46 pounds sterling
against BCCI, S.A. (in liquidation).
A. Isle of Man Depositors' Compensation Scheme
The Isle of Man Depositors' Compensation Scheme notified
petitioner by letter dated January 20, 1992, that she could file a
claim for depositors' insurance. (Petitioner's account at the IOMB
of BCCI, S.A. was insured by the Bank of England (through the Isle
of Man Depositors' Compensation Scheme) for up to 15,000 pounds
sterling.) Sometime between March and June 1992, petitioner filed
a claim with the Isle of Man Depositors' Compensation Scheme for a
loss regarding account No. 03000571 at the IOMB of BCCI, S.A. The
15,000 pounds sterling to which petitioner was entitled from the
Isle of Man Depositors' Compensation Scheme reduced petitioner's
maximum potential loss to 114,608.46 pounds sterling (or
$185,493.79). In 1993, petitioner received at least 9,000 pounds
sterling from the Isle of Man Depositors' Compensation Scheme.
4
Hereinafter, a dollar sign ($) refers to U.S. dollars.
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B. Proof of Debt Claims
On January 15, 1992, the IOMB of BCCI, S.A. was placed into
liquidation by the High Court in Douglas, Isle of Man. By letter
dated March 1992, the BCCI liquidator advised potential creditors,
including petitioner, of the procedures for filing proof of debt
claims. Proofs of debt had to be filed before June 30, 1992.
Petitioner filed two claims in the IOMB of BCCI, S.A.
liquidation, one for each of her BCCI accounts. By letters dated
December 10, 1996, the liquidator advised petitioner that a 24.5-
percent "first dividend" was declared, from which petitioner would
be paid $753.46 for account No. 02013325 and $67,703.42 for account
No. 03000571.
Separate liquidations were also conducted for BCCI, S.A.'s
operations in California and New York. All creditors in the
California and New York liquidations were fully paid (100 percent).
Petitioner did not file a claim in the California liquidation.
C. "Victims Fund"
Sometime in 1995 petitioner's tax return preparer, Patricia
Vannucci, read a newspaper article indicating that a U.S. District
Court judge had ordered $393 million seized from BCCI to be turned
over to a worldwide "victims fund" to compensate depositors and
other third parties harmed by BCCI. On September 7, 1995, Ms.
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Vannucci faxed the article to petitioner's attorney, Carol P.
Schaner. Thereafter, Ms. Schaner attempted to obtain compensation
for petitioner from this worldwide "victims fund". Ms. Schaner
received no response to her correspondence.
7. Petitioner's Federal Income Tax Returns
Petitioner did not initially report the interest income earned
by any of her Isle of Man accounts on her Federal income tax
returns.5 In October 1991, petitioner's accountant prepared
amended returns for petitioner's 1985-90 tax years to report
interest income from her Isle of Man accounts. These amended
returns were mailed to the Internal Revenue Service on November 26,
1991.
Petitioner deducted $185,493.79 as a loss arising from an
insolvent financial institution pursuant to section 165(l) on her
1991 Federal income tax return. Petitioner claimed this loss as a
result of the seizure of her account No. 03000571 at IOMB of BCCI,
S.A. As a result of this deduction, petitioner filed second
amended returns for 1988 and 1989, claiming net operating loss
carrybacks of $143,209 and $4,455, respectively.
5
Her original 1989 return, for example, neither
discloses the existence of the Isle of Man accounts nor reports
any interest income.
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8. Notice of Deficiency
On September 18, 1995,6 respondent mailed a notice of
deficiency to petitioner determining deficiencies for her 1988,
1989, and 1991 tax years. The notice of deficiency disallowed the
1991 section 165(l) deduction and resultant net operating loss
carrybacks.
OPINION
Issue 1. Loss Arising From Qualified Financial Institution
Petitioner, along with her deceased husband, lost funds on
deposit in the infamous BCCI fiasco and claimed a casualty loss
under section 165(c)(3). The gist of this case is whether BCCI,
S.A. is a "qualified financial institution" within the meaning of
section 165(l)(3).
Section 165(l) provides special treatment to certain losses
caused by deposits in insolvent financial institutions. See
Fincher v. Commissioner, 105 T.C. 126 (1995). If its statutory
prerequisites are met, section 165(l) permits individuals to treat
a loss on a deposit as a casualty loss in the year the loss amount
6
On Oct. 5, 1995, respondent mailed a duplicate notice
of deficiency to petitioner for tax years 1988, 1989, and 1991.
The second notice of deficiency corrected a typographical error
in the date of the original notice of deficiency (erroneously
dated Sept. 18, 1996). Apart from the dates, the two notices are
identical.
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can be reasonably estimated. This option may be elected as an
alternative to the bad debt provisions of section 166, which treat
a loss on a deposit in an insolvent financial institution as a
short-term capital loss deductible only in the year in which there
is no reasonable prospect of recovery. Electing casualty loss
treatment forecloses any section 166 bad debt deduction. An
individual's election of casualty loss treatment applies to all of
the individual's deposits in the same financial institution.
Section 165(l) provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
(l) Treatment of Certain Losses in Insolvent
Financial Institutions.--
(1) In general.--If--
(A) as of the close of the taxable
year, it can reasonably be estimated that
there is a loss on a qualified
individual's deposit in a qualified
financial institution, and
(B) such loss is on account of the
bankruptcy or insolvency of such
institution,
then the taxpayer may elect to treat the amount so
estimated as a loss described in subsection (c)(3)
incurred during the taxable year.
* * * * * * *
(3) Qualified financial institution.--
For purposes of this subsection, the term
"qualified financial institution" means--
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(A) any bank (as defined in section
581),
(B) any institution described in
section 591,
(C) any credit union the deposits
or accounts in which are insured under
Federal or State law or are protected or
guaranteed under State law, or
(D) any similar institution
chartered and supervised under Federal or
State law.
(4) Deposit.--For purposes of this
subsection, the term "deposit" means any
deposit, withdrawable account, or withdrawable
or repurchasable share.
The parties agree that petitioner is a "qualified individual"
pursuant to section 165(l). Cf. Fincher v. Commissioner, supra.
Petitioner bears the burden to prove that the remaining statutory
requirements are met. Rule 142(a).
Preliminarily, we must determine the specific financial
institution where petitioner's funds were "on deposit". We must
then determine whether that institution was "qualified" within the
meaning of section 165(l)(3).
Petitioner argues that she had an account at BCCI, S.A. in
Luxembourg or the Los Angeles agency office of BCCI, S.A.
Respondent argues that petitioner's account was at the IOMB of
BCCI, S.A. Because the following analysis determines that none of
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these entities meet the statutory requirements of a "qualified
financial institution", we need not determine the exact location of
petitioner's deposit.7
Although petitioner concedes that neither BCCI, S.A., its
IOMB, nor its Los Angeles agency office satisfy section
165(l)(3)(A), (B), or (C), we nonetheless must examine these
provisions to determine the meaning of the term "similar
institution" under section 165(l)(3)(D).
a. Not a Bank
The first "qualified financial institution" described in
subsection 165(l)(3) is a bank. Section 581 defines a bank as:
a bank or trust company incorporated and doing
business under the laws of the United States *
* * or of any State, a substantial part of the
business of which consists of receiving
deposits and making loans and discounts, or of
exercising fiduciary powers similar to those
permitted to national banks under authority of
the Comptroller of the Currency, and which is
subject by law to supervision and examination
by State, or Federal authority having
supervision over banking institutions. * * *
7
We also need not determine whether the sec. 165(l)
analysis should be applied in this case on an office-by-office
basis (as implied by both petitioner's and respondent's
positions) or on an institution-wide basis because in either case
we would not hold that petitioner's deposits were maintained in a
qualified financial institution.
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With respect to the instant case, none of the three entities
(BCCI, S.A, its IOMB, or its Los Angeles agency office) meet the
section 581 statutory definition of a bank. First, neither BCCI,
S.A. nor its IOMB was incorporated under the laws of the United
States or of any State. BCCI, S.A.'s Los Angeles agency office was
also not incorporated in the United States or California. (Under
the law in effect at the time, the Los Angeles agency office
operated under limited supervision by Federal banking authorities
and was merely licensed by California banking authorities to
conduct business in California.)
Second, although a "substantial part" of the business of BCCI,
S.A. and its IOMB involved the receipt of deposits from U.S.
citizens,8 petitioner did not introduce evidence to establish that
any of these three entities could make loans or exercise fiduciary
powers, or that even if they could make loans or exercise fiduciary
powers, such activities constituted a "substantial part" of their
business. In addition, the Los Angeles agency office of BCCI, S.A.
was prohibited from accepting deposits from U.S. residents or
8
Richard Small, special counsel at the Board of
Governors of the Federal Reserve System in Washington, D.C.,
testified to this effect.
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citizens. Thus, as a U.S. resident, petitioner was prohibited from
depositing funds in the Los Angeles agency office of BCCI, S.A.9
Third, neither BCCI, S.A. nor its IOMB was subject to
supervision and examination by Federal or State banking officials.
Although the Los Angeles agency office of BCCI, S.A. was licensed
by California and its U.S. activities were supervised by the
Federal Reserve Board, BCCI itself was not subject to supervision
and examination. Records pertaining to the central bank were not
available to Federal and State regulators. In fact, to the limited
extent the college of regulators scrutinized BCCI, U.S. regulators
were excluded.
In sum, because the requirements of section 581 are in the
conjunctive, neither BCCI, S.A., its IOMB, nor its Los Angeles
agency office qualifies as a "bank" under section 165(l)(3)(A).
9
We do not construe the fact that petitioner may have
been able to withdraw funds from her IOMB of BCCI, S.A. account
at the Los Angeles agency office of BCCI, S.A. to mean that her
funds were "on deposit" in the Los Angeles agency office of BCCI,
S.A. (For example, an individual with an account at the Orange
County Federal Employees Credit Union is able to withdraw funds
from that credit union account through an ATM machine at
Barclay's Bank in London. The fact that the funds in the
California credit union account can be accessed at the Barclay's
Bank in London does not mean that the funds at the credit union
are "on deposit" at Barclay's Bank.)
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b. Not a Savings and Loan
Through section 591, subsection 165(l)(3)(B) refers to "mutual
savings banks, cooperative banks, domestic building and loan
associations, and other savings institutions chartered and
supervised as savings and loan or similar associations under
Federal or State law". None of the three entities fit within these
categories. Petitioner has failed to introduce any evidence that
either BCCI, S.A., its IOMB, or its Los Angeles agency office
qualifies under subsection 165(l)(3)(B).
c. Not a Credit Union
Subsection 165(l)(3)(C) refers to credit unions whose deposits
are insured under Federal or State law. The evidence before us
clearly establishes that deposits at BCCI, S.A., its IOMB, and its
Los Angeles agency office were not insured under Federal or State
law. Accordingly, the three institutions do not qualify as credit
unions under subsection 165(l)(3)(C).
d. Not a Supervised and Chartered "Similar Institution"
Subsection 165(l)(3)(D) provides a final exception for "any
similar institution" that is chartered and supervised under Federal
or State law. In order to be a "qualified financial institution"
under section 165(l)(3)(D), an entity must be (1) supervised under
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Federal or State law, (2) chartered under Federal or State law, and
(3) a "similar institution".10
All three institutions (BCCI, S.A., its IOMB, and its Los
Angeles agency office) do not meet the statutory requirements of a
"similar institution". First, neither BCCI, S.A. nor its IOMB was
supervised under Federal or State law. ("Supervise" refers to a
comprehensive scheme of regulation. See, e.g., Cal. Fin. Code,
secs. 99-3900 (1989). BCCI, S.A. was initially supervised by the
Luxembourg Monetary Institute. The college of regulators was
subsequently established, but the United States was specifically
excluded from this group. It appears that the IOMB of BCCI, S.A.
was most likely supervised under British law.)
At the time BCCI, S.A. was operating its agency offices in the
United States, the Federal Reserve Board had limited supervisory
authority over these operations. The Federal Reserve Board did not
have the authority to grant or deny permission to a foreign bank to
do business in the United States or to obtain and review the
records of a foreign bank's worldwide operations.11 Moreover,
10
The legislative history of sec. 165(l) does not shed
light on the meaning of sec. 165(l)(3)(D).
11
These were among the powers that Congress later granted
to the Federal Reserve Board in the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation Improvement Act of 1991, Pub. L. 102-242, sec. 202,
(continued...)
- 23 -
agency offices were required to obtain a license from State banking
regulators.
Second, the parties have stipulated that neither BCCI, S.A.
nor its IOMB was "chartered under Federal or State law". The term
"chartered" as used in section 165(l)(3)(D) is not defined in the
Internal Revenue Code, the regulations, or the legislative history.
For general legal purposes, however, the term "charter" is
equivalent to granting permission to organize; i.e., it refers to
the laws under which a bank is organized together with its articles
of incorporation. See, e.g., Cal. Corp. Code secs. 191(d), 202
(1989); Stanford v. Commissioner, 108 T.C. 344, 345 (1997) ("In its
articles of association or charter, Guardian Bank's stated business
purpose"); Liberty Natl. Co. v. Commissioner, 18 B.T.A. 510, 512
(1929) ("Each was created for certain definite purposes set forth
in its charter or articles of incorporation"), revd. on a different
11
(...continued)
105 Stat. 2286. Congress' expansion of the Federal Reserve
Board's powers in the 1991 legislation underlines the lack of
Federal supervisory power in previous years, including the years
at issue.
- 24 -
issue 58 F.2d 57 (10th Cir. 1932)12; Black's Law Dictionary 236 (6th
ed. 1990).
The charter of a bank is granted by the jurisdiction in which
the bank is created. When a bank seeks to directly do business in
a foreign jurisdiction (whether another State or country), it
receives a license to conduct business in the foreign jurisdiction.
It does not receive a charter. Clearly, neither BCCI, S.A. nor its
IOMB was chartered under Federal or State law.
Petitioner contends, however, that the Los Angeles agency
office of BCCI, S.A. was chartered in California. Petitioner
observes that BCCI, S.A. filed an application to do business in
California, and argues that the application "presumably" included
a copy of its charter.
Under California law, a foreign bank does not derive its
existence and general authority to operate from California. The
foreign bank is merely licensed13 by the State to exercise some of
the authority granted by the bank's original charter. See Cal.
12
Similarly, Rev. Rul. 90-54, 1990-2 C.B. 270, 271, which
considered the difference between a bank and savings association,
stated that "the charter is the source of an institution's
existence and its right to conduct business."
13
A "license" is the permission to do or carry on some
trade or business which would otherwise be unlawful. Black's Law
Dictionary 920 (6th ed. 1990).
- 25 -
Fin. Code, secs. 400, 401, 1753 (1989). Although BCCI, S.A.,
through its Los Angeles Agency office, was licensed to conduct
certain banking activities in California, it was organized and
chartered in Luxembourg. Thus, petitioner's argument has no merit.
Petitioner's failure to establish that BCCI, S.A., its IOMB,
or its Los Angeles agency office was both "chartered and supervised
under Federal or State law" forecloses these institutions from
qualifying under subsection 165(l)(3)(D), without consideration of
the additional requirement that the qualifying entity be a "similar
institution." Nevertheless, assuming arguendo BCCI, S.A., its
IOMB, or its Los Angeles agency office was both "chartered and
supervised under Federal or State law", we consider whether it was
also a "similar institution".
We interpret the term "similar institution" to mean an
institution similar to those delineated pursuant to the provisions
of subsections 165(l)(3)(A) to (C). The institutions described in
those provisions were organized and supervised under Federal or
State law, and/or insured customers' deposits under Federal or
State law. But none of these factors apply to BCCI, S.A., its
IOMB, or its Los Angeles agency office, other than the Los Angeles
agency office's supervision by Federal and State authorities.
Moreover, satisfaction of the "supervision" element alone does not
- 26 -
render the Los Angeles agency office a "qualified financial
institution". Thus, we hold that the three entities involved
herein were not similar institutions.
In sum, we hold that neither BCCI, S.A., its IOMB, nor its Los
Angeles agency office is a "qualified financial institution"
pursuant to section 165(l)(3)(D).14 Accordingly, petitioner is not
entitled to a casualty loss in 1991.
Issue 2. Bad Debt
Because petitioner is not entitled to a casualty loss, we must
determine whether she is entitled to a bad debt deduction under
section 166. Petitioner argues that her claimed loss should at
least be treated as a 1991 nonbusiness bad debt. Respondent agrees
that the claimed loss is properly treated as a nonbusiness bad
debt, but contends that the loss was not worthless at the close of
1991.
A nonbusiness debt is a debt other than "a debt created or
acquired * * * in connection with a trade or business of the
taxpayer" or "a debt the loss from the worthlessness of which is
incurred in the taxpayer's trade or business." Sec. 166(d)(2)(A)
14
The above analysis makes it unnecessary to consider
whether petitioner incurred a loss "as of the close of the
taxable year" that "can reasonably be estimated", sec.
165(l)(1)(A), and whether such loss was "on account of the
bankruptcy or insolvency of such institution", sec. 165(l)(1)(B).
- 27 -
and (B). Nonbusiness debts can only be deducted as short-term
capital losses in the year in which they become wholly worthless.
Sec. 166(d)(1)(A) and (B); Dustin v. Commissioner, 53 T.C. 491, 501
(1969), affd.
467 F.2d 47 (9th Cir. 1972); sec. 1.166-5(a)(2),
Income Tax Regs. Worthlessness in a particular year is a question
of fact that must be determined by "an examination of all the
circumstances". Dallmeyer v. Commissioner,
14 T.C. 1282, 1291
(1950). Relevant considerations include circumstances such as the
solvency of the debtor and efforts to collect the debt.
The year a debt becomes worthless is fixed by identifiable
events that form the basis of reasonable grounds for abandoning any
hope of recovery. Crown v. Commissioner, 77 T.C. 582, 598 (1981).
Petitioner must establish sufficient objective facts from which
worthlessness could be concluded; mere belief of worthlessness is
insufficient. Fox v. Commissioner,
50 T.C. 813, 822-823 (1968),
affd. per curiam 25 AFTR 2d 70-891, 70-1 USTC par. 9373 (9th Cir.
1970).
We agree with respondent that petitioner's claim against BCCI
was not worthless in 1991. Petitioner had claims pending against
BCCI in liquidation at the close of 1992.15 Cf. Halliburton Co. v.
15
This case is similar to Sandquist v. Commissioner, T.C.
Memo. 1978-281, where this Court found that the bank had assets
(continued...)
- 28 -
Commissioner, 93 T.C. 758 (1989), affd.
946 F.2d 395 (5th Cir.
1991) (taxpayer had expropriation losses in Iran; courts held that
taxpayer had no reasonable prospect of recovering its losses at end
of 1979). Acting through her attorney and return preparer,
petitioner has continued to actively pursue her claims against
BCCI. Because BCCI was still in liquidation at the close of 1991,
the future of petitioner's claim was uncertain. Petitioner's claim
had a potential value; thus, it was not worthless in 1991. See
Dustin v.
Commissioner, supra.
In fact, as recently as December 1996, the liquidator for
BCCI, S.A. declared a dividend of 24.5 cents on the dollar in
respect of all pending claims. In petitioner's case, this meant a
$67,703.42 dividend in respect of her account No. 03000571.16 Thus,
we hold that petitioner's deposit had not become worthless as of
15
(...continued)
that, viewed as of the close of either year in which the taxpayer
claimed the deduction, might have become available for the
satisfaction of her claim. The Court thus denied the deduction
for the years in question.
16
The letter from the liquidator states that all
depositors who made claims against the Isle of Man Depositors
Compensation Scheme have been paid 75 percent of account
balances, up to 20,000 pounds sterling. Petitioner calculated
the amount of her deduction based upon having been paid 15,000
pounds sterling by the Isle of Man Depositors Compensation
Scheme. This contributes further uncertainty as to the value of
the debt in 1991.
- 29 -
December 31, 1991. Accordingly, petitioner is not entitled to a
bad debt deduction in 1991.
To reflect the foregoing,
Decision will be entered
for respondent.
