PER CURIAM
This interlocutory appeal was heard upon the record from the Court of Appeals, application for permission to appeal having heretofore been granted, and upon the briefs and argument of counsel. Upon consideration thereof, this Court holds that the judgments of the Court of Appeals and the trial court should be reversed.
In accordance with the Opinion filed herein, it is, therefore, ordered and adjudged that the judgment of the Court of Appeals is hereby reversed, and this matter is remanded to the Chancery Court for Davidson County for additional proceedings consistent with this Opinion.
The Chancery Court further is directed to commence the trial in this matter on the claims at issue in this appeal within 120 days from the date of this Judgment. The trial shall conclude within 150 days from the date of this Judgment: Within 30 days of the date upon which the trial concludes, the trial court shall enter its decision in this matter as a final, appealable order as to the claims at issue in this appeal.
It appearing that the plaintiffs in this matter are indigent, the costs of this appeal shall be paid by the State of Tennessee, for which execution may issue if necessary.
JEFFREY S. BIVINS, JUSTICE
We granted the State of Tennessee permission to appeal from the Court of Appeals' decision on interlocutory appeal in which the intermediate appellate court affirmed the trial court's order compelling discovery in this declaratory judgment action. The Plaintiffs are seeking a declaration that the lethal injection protocol in place for the execution of convicted criminal defendants sentenced to death is unconstitutional. In conjunction with pursuing their claim, the Plaintiffs sought to discover the identity of persons involved in facilitating and carrying out executions. Over the State's objection, the trial court ordered the State to provide these identities to the Plaintiffs, and the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court's order. Upon due consideration, we reverse and remand this matter for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion and in compliance with the timelines set forth in the judgment order filed contemporaneously with this Opinion.
On September 27, 2013, the Tennessee Department of Correction adopted a new lethal injection protocol providing that inmates sentenced to death be executed by the injection of a lethal dose of a single drug, pentobarbital ("the Protocol"). On November 20, 2013, Stephen Michael West, Billy Ray Irick, Nicholas Todd Sutton,
The Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on November 25, 2013 ("the Complaint").
In their prayer for relief, the Plaintiffs also seek declarations that "any attempt by Defendants to carry out Plaintiffs' executions, and/or the carrying out of such executions, using the Lethal Injection Protocol will violate 42 U.S.C. § 1983"; that the Protocol is "on its face and as applied to Plaintiffs null and void and/or unconstitutional" under the federal and state constitutions; that the Protocol "causes, requires or constitutes violations of" various state and federal statutes; that the Protocol "is void as contrary to public policy"; and that the Protocol "is void as constituting an unlawful civil conspiracy."
On November 26, 2013, the Plaintiffs served their First Set of Interrogatories on the named Defendants and the State Attorney General's Office in which the Plaintiffs asked the Defendants to identify each John Doe Defendant
On that same day, the Defendants moved the trial court to adopt an Agreed Protective Order, which provided: "The parties shall not reveal the identities of the `John Doe' defendants except to the extent essential to conduct the proceedings at issue in this case." The order further stated: "The [D]efendants do not waive any protection, privilege or defense afforded by Tenn.Code Ann. § 10-7-504(h) by agreement to this protective order." The order also provided that it was intended to provide a mechanism for the handling of confidential information, but "[i]t shall not be deemed to be a waiver by any of the parties of any objections as to admissibility, relevancy, materiality, or discoverability, or a waiver of any right or protection otherwise afforded by the TENNESSEE RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE relating to discovery or the TENNESSEE RULES OF EVIDENCE or otherwise afforded by state law." The trial court entered the protective order on December 5, 2013.
On December 13, 2013, the Plaintiffs filed a Motion to Compel Responses to Plaintiffs' First Set of Interrogatories seeking the John Doe Defendants' identities. After hearing argument, the trial court granted the Plaintiffs' motion to compel discovery and ordered the Defendants to provide:
In conjunction with issuing its order, the trial court stated the following during the hearing on the Plaintiffs' motion to compel:
After the trial court granted the Plaintiffs' motion to compel, the State sought and obtained permission to pursue an interlocutory appeal. The Court of Appeals subsequently affirmed the trial court's order. See Stephen Michael West v. Derrick D. Schofield, No. M2014-00320-COA-R9-CV, 2014 WL 4815957, at *1 (Tenn.Ct.App. Sept. 29, 2014). The State then sought this Court's permission to appeal from the judgment of the Court of Appeals, and we have granted that permission. For the reasons set forth below, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and the trial court's order granting the Plaintiffs' motion to compel and remand this matter for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion.
The applicable standard of review for pretrial discovery decisions is abuse of discretion. Benton v. Snyder, 825 S.W.2d 409, 416 (Tenn.1992). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court applies incorrect legal standards, reaches an illogical conclusion, bases its decision on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or employs reasoning that causes an injustice to the complaining party. State v. Banks, 271 S.W.3d 90, 116 (Tenn. 2008).
We begin our analysis with the text of Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 26.02(1):
In this case, the trial court, by granting the Plaintiffs' motion to compel, clearly concluded that the identities of the John Doe Defendants were not privileged. Furthermore, it concluded that their identities were relevant under Rule 26.02, stating that "the identity and location of persons having knowledge of any discoverable matter is relevant" and that "the persons whose identit[ies] [are] being sought are parties in this case." On appeal, the Court of Appeals concluded that Tennessee Code Annotated section 10-7-504(h) did not constitute a privilege protecting the identities of the John Doe Defendants. Stephen Michael West, 2014 WL 4815957, at *10. The Court of Appeals also found "no common-law privilege applicable." Id. at *11 n. 4. The Court of Appeals further concluded that the identities of the John Doe Defendants were relevant because they were admissible or reasonably would lead to admissible evidence. Id. at *5. We will begin our discussion with the first threshold issue of privilege.
The State urges us to adopt a common-law privilege protecting the identities of those individuals involved in the execution of condemned inmates from disclosure applicable in civil discovery. The State grounds its argument in large part on the public policy against the disclosure of the identities of these persons made explicit by our legislature in the Public Records Act, specifically Tennessee Code Annotated section 10-7-504(h). This confidentiality provision provides as follows:
Tenn.Code Ann. § 10-7-504(h)(1) (Supp. 2014).
The Plaintiffs have not sought the identities of the John Doe Defendants pursuant to a request under the Public Records Act. Nevertheless, the State argues that the General Assembly's clear intent to protect the confidentiality of these persons should influence our decision regarding whether their identities are entitled to protection under a common-law privilege. See, e.g., KD ex rel. Dieffenbach v. United States, 715 F.Supp.2d 587, 592-97 (D.Del. 2010) (adopting common-law privilege regarding peer review documents based, in part, on congressional legislative history of the Patient Safety Quality Improvement Act of 2005); Francis v. United States, No. 09 Civ. 4004(GBD)(KNF), 2011 WL 2224509, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. May 31, 2011) (same).
We think it worthy of note that the legislative history of the confidentiality provision includes the following comments by the sponsor of the legislation, Senator Mark Norris:
Hearing on S.B. 154, Before the State and Local Government Comm., 108th Gen. Assembly (Apr. 2, 2013) (statement of Sen. Mark Norris).
In the case referenced by Senator Norris, the Court of Appeals considered a lawsuit filed under the Public Records Act seeking the identities of the suppliers "of the substances necessary to carry out lethal injection executions and the employees who procured those substances." Paul Bottei v. Gayle E. Ray, No. M2011-00087-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL 4342652, at *1 (Tenn.Ct.App. Sept. 15, 2011). The Public Records Act in effect at the relevant time provided, in pertinent part, as follows:
Tenn.Code Ann. § 10-7-504(h)(1) (Supp. 2010). The Court of Appeals framed the issue as "whether the identities of persons or entities who supplied the lethal injection chemicals and the state employees who procured the chemicals are to be kept confidential." Paul Bottei, 2011 WL 4342652, at *3. The Court of Appeals concluded that subsection 504(h)(1) "only protects the identities of those persons who are `directly involved' in the execution, not the identities of those who supplied the lethal injection chemicals to the state or the identities of the state employees who procured the chemicals." Id. Thus, the Court of Appeals agreed with the trial court that the contested identities were not exempted from disclosure under the Public Records Act. As a result, the contested identities were to be provided to the plaintiff. Id. at *1.
Senator Norris' comments clearly indicate that the legislature disagreed with the Court of Appeals' construction of subsection 504(h)(1) and that the legislature intended through its amendment to the statute to protect the identities of all persons and entities participating in the execution of a convicted murderer sentenced to death. See In re Baby, 447 S.W.3d 807, 823 (Tenn.2014) (referring to legislative history in order to determine Tennessee's public policy concerning traditional surrogacy contracts); see also Bunarith Tep v. Southcoast Hosp. Grp., Inc., No. 13-11887-LTS,
Our legislature's concern with protecting the identities of those involved with executions also finds support in prior cases before Tennessee courts. Ricky Bell, a former warden of the Tennessee prison in which death row inmates are housed, has stated in an affidavit that the "identity of the execution team is kept confidential for the security of the institution and for the safety of the staff members and their families." Philip Workman v. Donal Campbell, No. M2001-01445-COA-R3-CV, 2002 WL 869963, at *6 (Tenn.Ct.App. May 7, 2002). The former warden explained, "[m]embers of the execution team and their families may be subject to retaliation and harassment if their identities became known throughout the institution or to the public at large." Id.
Indeed, when the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee heard evidence from members of the execution team in an Eighth Amendment claim against a different lethal injection protocol, their testimony was provided from behind a screen to protect their anonymity. See Harbison v. Little, 511 F.Supp.2d 872, 886 n. 11 (M.D.Tenn.2007), vacated on other grounds by Harbison v. Little, 571 F.3d 531, 539 (6th Cir.2009). In further recognition of the need to protect the anonymity of those involved in the execution process, the trial court in Harbison noted in its opinion that the witnesses "will not be identified by name in this opinion pursuant to provisions in state law that protect their identities." Id.
Statutory and case law from other jurisdictions also have addressed the necessity of protecting the identities of those involved in carrying out a death sentence. For instance, the Georgia legislature has enacted a statute classifying all "identifying information" about "any person or entity who participates in or administers the execution of a death sentence . . . [or] that manufactures, supplies, compounds, or prescribes the drugs, medical supplies, or medical equipment" used in an execution as a "confidential state secret" that is not subject to disclosure. Ga.Code Ann. § 42-5-36(d) (effective July 1, 2013).
Subsequently, a condemned inmate sought sealed discovery of the identities of the compounding pharmacy, the supply chain, and the manufacturers of any and all ingredients used in the lethal drug compounded to execute him. See Owens v. Hill, 295 Ga. 302, 758 S.E.2d 794, 797 (2014), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 449, 190 L.Ed.2d 340 (2014). Rejecting the inmate's attempt "to turn the First Amendment into an Open Records Act for information relating to executions," id. at 805, the Georgia Supreme Court held that disclosure was not warranted. Id. The Georgia court emphasized that the reasons supporting nondisclosure of the identities of those involved in the execution of a death row inmate "are obvious, including avoiding the risk of harassment or some other form of retaliation from persons related to the prisoners or from others in the community who might disapprove of the execution as well as simply offering those willing to participate whatever comfort or peace of mind that anonymity might offer." Id. The court continued:
Id.; see also Bryan v. State, 753 So.2d 1244, 1250-51 (Fla.2000) (upholding statutes exempting execution-team identities from public disclosure in order to protect prison security and personal safety); cf. In re Lombardi, 741 F.3d 888, 894 (8th Cir. 2014) (en banc) (referring to an October 2013 letter "from a compounding pharmacy. . . that demanded the Texas Department of Criminal Justice return a supply of compounded pentobarbital sold for use in executions, because of a `firestorm,' including `constant inquiries from the press, the hate mail and messages,' that resulted from publication of the pharmacy's identity"), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 1790 188 L.Ed.2d 760 (2014).
The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit also has rejected a condemned inmate's argument that the state's refusal to provide him with information about his execution denied him his First Amendment right of access to governmental proceedings. See Wellons v. Comm'r, Ga. Dep't of Corr., 754 F.3d 1260, 1266-67 (11th Cir.2014). In affirming the district court's denial of relief on this claim, the Eleventh Circuit concluded that "[n]either the Fifth, Fourteenth, or First Amendments afford [the inmate] the broad right `to know where, how, and by whom the lethal injection drugs will be manufactured,' [or] `the qualifications of the person or persons who will manufacture the drugs, and who will place the catheters.'" Id. at 1267 (citing Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 354, 116 S.Ct. 2174, 135 L.Ed.2d 606 (1996)), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 2838, 189 L.Ed.2d 803 (2014); see also Sepulvado v. Jindal, 729 F.3d 413, 420 (5th Cir.2013) (stating, "There is no violation of the Due Process Clause from the uncertainty that Louisiana has imposed on Sepulvado by withholding the details of its execution protocol"), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 1789, 188 L.Ed.2d 771 (2014); Williams v. Hobbs, 658 F.3d 842, 852 (8th Cir.2011) (holding that prisoners' argument—that Arkansas Method of Execution Act violated due process because its secrecy denied them an opportunity to litigate their claim that protocol violated the Eighth Amendment—failed to state a plausible due process access to the courts claim), cert. dismissed, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 97, 183 L.Ed.2d 736 (2012).
Additionally, in Wood v. Ryan, 759 F.3d 1076 (9th Cir.2014), the inmate argued that withholding information about the drugs used to execute him and the qualifications of the medical personnel denied him his First Amendment right of access to governmental proceedings. Although the Ninth Circuit determined that Wood was entitled to this information "subject to the restriction that the information provided will not give the means by which the specific individuals can be identified," id. at 1088, the United States Supreme Court reversed that decision and granted the State's application to vacate the judgment. Ryan v. Wood, ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 21, 189 L.Ed.2d 873 (mem) (2014).
These authorities make clear that, not only has our legislature declared the public policy of Tennessee to favor the anonymity
We now turn to the second threshold issue of relevance. As set forth above, matters discoverable pursuant to Rule 26.02(1) must be "relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending action." Tenn. R. Civ. P. 26.02(1). "The phrase `relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending action' is synonymous with `germane' or `bearing on the subject matter.'" Vythoulkas v. Vanderbilt Univ. Hosp., 693 S.W.2d 350, 359 (Tenn.Ct.App.1985) (citing Local 13, Detroit Newspaper Union v. N.L.R.B., 598 F.2d 267, 271 (D.C.Cir.1979)), superseded on other grounds by Tenn. R. Civ. P. 26.02(4)(B). Referring to the analogous federal rule for guidance, this Court has recognized that "the subject matter of a case is not limited to the merits of the case because `a variety of fact-oriented issues may arise during litigation that are not related to the merits.'" Thomas v. Oldfield, 279 S.W.3d 259, 262 (Tenn.2009) (quoting Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v. Sanders, 437 U.S. 340, 351, 98 S.Ct. 2380, 57 L.Ed.2d 253 (1978)).
As to the determination of what information is relevant for the purposes of Rule 26, it is helpful to examine the definition of relevance set forth in our Rules of Evidence: "`Relevant evidence' means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." Tenn. R. Evid. 401. But see Boyd v. Comdata Network, Inc., 88 S.W.3d 203, 220 n. 25 (Tenn.Ct.App. 2002) (noting that relevancy "is more loosely construed during discovery than it is at trial"). Thus, the crucial issue in determining the relevance of any particular information for the purposes of Rule 26, and therefore its discoverability, is whether it has (or will lead to information which has) some probative value as to the subject matter involved in the pending action. Accordingly, before compelling discovery under Rule 26, a trial court first must determine what is included in "the subject matter involved in the pending action." Tenn. R. Civ. P. 26.02(1). In this action for declaratory judgment, the subject
As to the facial challenge, we hold that the John Doe Defendants' identities are not relevant to a determination of the constitutionality of the Protocol as written. The Protocol must be assessed on its face against the constitutional challenges levied by the Plaintiffs. The identities of the persons who may facilitate or carry out the Protocol are not relevant to a determination of whether the Protocol passes constitutional muster.
In determining that the sought-after identities were relevant, the Court of Appeals focused on the provision in Rule 26 that "`the identit[ies] . . . of persons having knowledge of any discoverable matter' are expressly discoverable." Stephen Michael West, 2014 WL 4815957, at *5 (quoting Tenn. R. Civ. P. 26.02(1)). However, this clause of Rule 26 explicitly refers to knowledge of any discoverable matter, emphasizing the prerequisite that such persons' knowledge must concern the subject matter of the lawsuit.
Moreover, the Court of Appeals concluded that the identities of the John Doe Defendants were relevant because, without their identities, the Plaintiffs "would be unable to independently verify [their qualifications to participate in executing a condemned inmate] or subject [those qualifications] to meaningful scrutiny." Stephen Michael West, 2014 WL 4815957, at *5. This conclusion indicates that the Court of Appeals was analyzing the relevance of the John Doe Defendants' identities in terms of their qualifications to apply the Protocol. However, the subject matter involved in the pending action is the constitutionality of the Protocol itself. In short, this declaratory judgment action involves a facial challenge to the constitutional validity of the Protocol as written, not as applied.
The trial court likewise failed to consider the crucial distinction between the Plaintiffs' facial challenge to the Protocol as written and any challenges the Plaintiffs may be attempting to raise to the Protocol as it hypothetically may be applied on some uncertain date in the future by currently unidentifiable persons. Consequently, both courts below erred in concluding that the John Doe Defendants' identities were relevant and discoverable under Rule 26. Cf. Abdur'Rahman v. Bredesen, 181 S.W.3d 292, 308 (Tenn.2005) (rejecting inmate's claim under the Administrative Procedures Act that the three-drug lethal injection protocol violated the Eighth Amendment by causing unnecessary pain and suffering and concluding, "[W]e cannot judge the lethal injection protocol based solely on speculation as to problems or mistakes that might occur. We must instead examine the lethal injection protocol as it exists today.").
Other appellate courts, too, have concluded that the identities of those involved in carrying out the death penalty are not relevant to lawsuits by condemned inmates seeking to challenge their executions. For instance, in a case before the Eighth Circuit in which the plaintiffs raised claims "[c]iting various constitutional, statutory, and regulatory provisions," the plaintiffs
Lombardi, 741 F.3d at 897. The Eighth Circuit held that, as to these claims, "the identities of the prescribing physician, pharmacist, and laboratory are plainly not relevant" under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 because "the merits of these claims do not depend on the identities of the physician, pharmacist, or laboratory." Id. Accordingly, the federal Court of Appeals granted the defendant's requested writ of mandamus vacating the district court's orders requiring the disclosure of these identities. Id.
Similarly, as noted above, the Georgia Supreme Court also has held that condemned inmates are not entitled to the identities of those persons involved in the execution process. See Hill, 758 S.E.2d at 805-06. Although Hill was in a different procedural posture than the instant case because the trial court had granted an interlocutory injunction, which required, inter alia, that there was a substantial likelihood that the inmate would prevail on the merits of his claim at trial, the Georgia Supreme Court correctly noted that "each of Hill's arguments ultimately centers on his claim that there is an unconstitutional risk that his execution will amount to cruel and unusual punishment." Id. at 801. Accordingly, the court concluded that the inmate had "utterly failed to show with any specificity how learning the identity of the specific compounding pharmacy involved in his case, even assuming that it has had problems producing some medications in the past, would substantially improve his factual showing in support of his underlying Eighth Amendment claim." Id. at 802-03. Stated otherwise, the identity of the compounding pharmacy was not relevant to the inmate's Eighth Amendment claim.
In this case, the trial court failed to conduct a relevance analysis based on the correct legal standard. Accordingly, the trial court erred when it granted the Plaintiffs' motion to compel because the identities of the John Doe Defendants are not relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending action. The Court of Appeals likewise utilized an incorrect analysis in reviewing and affirming the trial court's order compelling disclosure. We hold that the Plaintiffs are not entitled to the disclosure of the John Doe Defendants' identities under Rule 26.02(1) because the John Doe Defendants' identities are not relevant to a facial challenge to the Protocol.
Even if a trial court determines that information sought pursuant to
Weighing the propriety of a discovery request for sensitive information involves not just determinations about privilege and relevance, but also the balancing of additional considerations, including the "`protection of privacy, property and secret matters,'" and the "`protection of parties or persons from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense.'" Johnson v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., 146 S.W.3d 600, 605 (Tenn.Ct.App.2004) (quoting Cyc. Fed. Proc. § 25.34 (3d ed.2001)); accord Atlanta Journal-Constitution v. Jewell, 251 Ga.App. 808, 555 S.E.2d 175, 180 (2001) ("Under general discovery rules applicable to all parties, not only must a trial court determine whether the requested discovery is relevant and material, but when parties seek discovery of unprivileged but sensitive materials, the trial court must balance the requesting party's specific need for the material against the harm that would result by its disclosure."); J.L.M. v. R.L.C., Jr., 132 S.W.3d 279, 287 (Mo.Ct.App.2004) (recognizing that "[i]n addition to considering issues of whether the information sought in discovery is relevant or subject to privilege, the trial court should consider the extent to which the information sought would invade the privacy of the responding party or other individuals").
The trial court failed to give adequate consideration to the State's need to protect the privacy of those involved in the execution of condemned inmates and its need to protect those persons from annoyance, embarrassment, and/or oppression. By basing its ruling on an erroneous assessment of the relevant factors, the trial court erred when it ordered the State to disclose to the Plaintiffs the identities of the John Doe Defendants. See State v. Garrett, 331 S.W.3d 392, 401 (Tenn.2011) ("This Court will also find an abuse of discretion when the trial court has failed to consider the relevant factors provided by higher courts as guidance for determining an issue."). The Court of Appeals likewise failed to undertake this crucial balancing of competing interests based on its erroneous conclusion that, "[w]ith regard to discovery, a court engages in a balancing of the parties' interests only after a threshold determination that a privilege applies." Stephen Michael West, 2014 WL 4815957, at *11.
We must remain mindful that the United States Constitution and the Tennessee Constitution both permit the execution of those convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to capital punishment. See Baze, 553 U.S. at 47, 128 S.Ct. 1520; State v. Henretta, 325 S.W.3d 112, 143 (Tenn. 2010). The State must have a means of carrying out these constitutional sentences. Any constitutionally valid means of execution requires the participation of numerous individuals (collectively, "the Participants"). Nevertheless, the execution of condemned inmates remains a highly divisive and emotionally charged topic in Tennessee. Revealing the identities of the Participants, even subject to a protective order, creates a risk that the Participants would be deterred from performing their lawful duties.
In addition to challenging the constitutionality of the Protocol as written, the Plaintiffs also have raised some allegations asserting that the Protocol may be unconstitutional as applied in the future. For instance, Count II alleges that "there is a substantial risk that Defendants will use pentobarbital from a source, i.e. Defendant Pharmacist(s), that compounds A[ctive] P[harmaceutical] I[ngredient]s obtained from non-FDA-approved facilities" and that "[t]he substantial risk that the compounded pentobarbital will not be the concentration required under the Lethal Injection Protocol due to the use of A[ctive] P[harmaceutical] I[ngredient]s obtained from non-FDA-approved facilities increases the already substantial risk that the Plaintiffs will not receive an adequate dose of pentobarbital. . . thereby inflicting unnecessary pain." Count IV alleges that there "is a substantial risk that persons performing the medical procedures incorporated into the Lethal Injection Protocol will be impaired during Plaintiffs' executions." The Complaint also contains a specific prayer for relief from the Protocol "as applied to Plaintiffs."
The Complaint asserts that the chancery court "has jurisdiction pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 29-14-103, 29-14-113." Both of these provisions are included in our Declaratory Judgments Act, Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 29-14-101 to -113 (2000, Supp.2011, & 2012). Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-14-103 provides as follows:
Tenn.Code Ann. § 29-14-103 (2012). Section 113 provides that "[t]his chapter is declared to be remedial; its purpose is to settle and to afford relief from uncertainty and insecurity with respect to rights, status, and other legal relations; and is to be liberally construed and administered." Id. § 29-14-113 (2012).
With respect to the Declaratory Judgments Act, this Court has asserted:
State v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 18 S.W.3d 186, 193 (Tenn.2000) (emphases added); see also UT Med. Group, Inc. v. Vogt, 235 S.W.3d 110, 119 (Tenn. 2007) ("To be justiciable, a case must involve presently existing rights, live issues that are within a court's jurisdiction, and parties who have a legally cognizable interest in the issues. A case is not justiciable if it does not involve a genuine, existing controversy requiring the adjudication of presently existing rights.") (citing Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 18 S.W.3d at 193; State ex rel. Lewis v. State, 208 Tenn. 534, 347 S.W.2d 47, 48-49 (1961)); S. Ry. Co. v. Dunn, 483 S.W.2d 101, 103-04 (Tenn.1972); Mills v. Shelby Cnty Election Comm'n, 218 S.W.3d 33, 39-40 (Tenn.Ct. App.2006) (affirming trial court's dismissal of complaint for declaratory judgment because plaintiff "present[ed] a theoretical question of what may happen in future elections, which question does not rise to the level of a justiciable controversy") (citing Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 18 S.W.3d at 193); Campbell v. Sundquist, 926 S.W.2d 250, 257 (Tenn.Ct.App.1996) ("The existence of a justiciable controversy is also a jurisdictional prerequisite to the maintenance of an action under the [Declaratory Judgments] Act."), abrogated on other grounds by Colonial Pipeline Co. v. Morgan, 263 S.W.3d 827, 853 (Tenn.2008). Indeed, as our Court of Appeals recognized many years ago:
Parks v. Alexander, 608 S.W.2d 881, 891-92 (Tenn.Ct.App.1980) (citations omitted).
Preliminarily, we note that the Complaint contains no specific allegation as to how the Protocol is unconstitutional as applied
We are mindful that public officials in Tennessee are presumed to discharge their duties in good faith and in accordance with the law. See, e.g., Reeder v. Holt, 220 Tenn: 428, 418 S.W.2d 249, 252 (1967); Mayes v. Bailey, 209 Tenn. 186, 352 S.W.2d 220, 223 (1961) ("There is a presumption of good faith ordinarily accorded to public officials and quasi public officials."); Jackson v. Aldridge, 6 S.W.3d 501, 503 (Tenn.Ct.App. 1999) (recognizing the presumption that "public officials perform their duties in the manner prescribed by law"); State ex rel. Witcher v. Bilbrey, 878 S.W.2d 567, 576 (Tenn.Ct.App. 1994) ("Public officials . . . are presumed to perform their duties in good faith and are also presumed to know and act in accordance with the law.") (internal citations omitted).
Even assuming, arguendo, that the Plaintiffs sufficiently have alleged that the Protocol is somehow unconstitutional as applied to one or more of them, or that one or more individuals may cause the Protocol to be carried out in an unconstitutional manner in the future, these claims are hypothetical and speculative and do not constitute a justiciable controversy under the Declaratory Judgments Act.
For the reasons set forth above, we hold that the trial court committed reversible error when it granted the Plaintiffs' motion to compel and ordered the State to provide the Plaintiffs with the identities of the John Doe Defendants. Accordingly, the trial court's order granting the Plaintiffs' motion to compel and the Court of Appeals' judgment affirming that order are reversed. This matter is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion and in compliance with the timelines set forth in the judgment order filed contemporaneously with this Opinion.
Sharon G. Lee, C.J., concurred in results only. Gary R. Wade, J., filed a separate opinion concurring in the judgment only.
Gary R. Wade, J., concurring in the judgment only.
I concur in the conclusion reached by my colleagues that the identities of the John Doe defendants are not discoverable under Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 26.02(1). In my view, however, the majority opinion contains dicta that unnecessarily addresses several issues with far-reaching implications in death penalty litigation. Therefore, I must respectfully concur in the result only.
Thirty-six death row inmates (the "inmates") in Tennessee have joined in a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the new one-drug lethal injection protocol adopted by the Department of Correction. The inmates have presented a facial challenge, which involves the constitutionality of a statute as written, and as-applied challenges, which involve how a statute "operates in practice against the particular litigant[s] and under the facts of the instant case." State v. Crank, No. E2012-01189-SC-R11-CD, ___ S.W.3d ___, ___ n. 5, 2015 WL 603158, at *7 n. 5 (Tenn. Feb. 13, 2015) (quoting City of Memphis v. Hargett, 414 S.W.3d 88, 107 (Tenn. 2013)); see also 16 C.J.S. Constitutional Law § 187, at 274 (2005). During the discovery process, the inmates filed a motion to compel the State to disclose the identities and locations of the physicians, pharmacists, medical examiners, medical personnel, and executioners who are, had been, or might be involved in the creation, production, or administration of the lethal injection protocol. The trial court granted the motion to compel, ordering the State to provide the information subject only to the terms of an agreed protective order. The Court of Appeals affirmed. West v. Schofield, No. M2014-00320-COA-R9-CV, 2014 WL 4815957, at *1 (Tenn.Ct.App. Sept. 29, 2014). Because of the critical importance of this issue, this Court granted review on the State's interlocutory appeal.
When there is a pretrial discovery dispute, the trial court is afforded discretionary authority. Lee Med., Inc. v. Beecher, 312 S.W.3d 515, 524 (Tenn. 2010). Absent an abuse of that discretion, the appellate courts should not interfere with the orderly processes leading to trial. "`A court
The general scope and limits of discovery are governed by Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 26.02(1), which provides as follows:
Although Rule 26.02(1) "reflect[s] a broad policy favoring discovery of all relevant, non-privileged information," Lee Med., Inc., 312 S.W.3d at 525, "[a]nalyzing whether a discovery request is proper requires the balancing of numerous considerations," which, in addition to privilege and relevance, include "protection of privacy, property and secret matters[,] and protection of parties or persons from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense," Johnson v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., 146 S.W.3d 600, 605 (Tenn.Ct. App. 2004) (quoting Clark A. Nichols et al., Cyclopedia of Federal Procedure § 25.34 (3d ed. 2001)).
By the application of these principles, I can agree with the majority that the identities of the John Doe defendants are not relevant to the inmates' facial challenge to the constitutionality of the lethal injection protocol. In this regard, I am able to concur that the trial court applied an incorrect legal standard in the consideration of the motion to compel. Insofar as the inmates have asserted as-applied challenges to the protocol, I would find that even if the identities of the John Doe defendants were relevant, the protection of these persons or entities from annoyance, embarrassment, or harassment sufficiently outweighs the request by the inmates to have knowledge of their identities or their locations. In this regard, I would hold that the trial court exceeded its discretionary authority by compelling disclosure of the requested information. This is particularly so because the State has offered to provide the professional qualifications of the John Doe defendants and to make these individuals available for screened depositions, thereby permitting the inmates to effectively cross-examine the persons responsible for the creation, production, and administration of the one-drug protocol.
In my view, this ruling pretermits any consideration of whether the requested information qualifies as privileged. A significant portion of the majority opinion, however, addresses common law privilege and public policy concerns. This is simply not necessary. Furthermore, I am unable to concur with the majority as to the justiciability of an as-applied challenge in the death penalty context.
Initially, I fully agree with the majority that "the trial court, by granting the [inmates'] motion to compel, clearly concluded that the identities of the John Doe
First, the majority neither cites nor considers prior opinions of this Court which would provide general guidance in whether to adopt a common law privilege. See, e.g., Schneider v. City of Jackson, 226 S.W.3d 332, 342-44 (Tenn. 2007) (explaining that the Court of Appeals erred by recognizing a law enforcement privilege, in part because it "relied exclusively upon federal court decisions and decisions of other state courts"); Quarles v. Sutherland, 215 Tenn. 651, 389 S.W.2d 249, 251 (1965) (declining to recognize a physician-patient privilege in civil litigation despite acknowledging physicians' ethical requirements to preserve the privacy of their patients). Second, it does not appear that any other jurisdiction has recognized an executioner-identity privilege as a matter of common law; while the majority cites opinions from other states preventing the disclosure of executioners' identities, all of those rulings are based in statutory law. Finally, I cannot agree with the majority that "[t]hese authorities make clear that, not only has our legislature declared the public policy of Tennessee to favor the anonymity of those involved in carrying out capital punishment, but there is neither a statutory nor a constitutional barrier to the adoption of a common law privilege."
A privilege is "[a] special legal right, exemption, or immunity granted to a person or class of persons" in certain limited circumstances. Black's Law Dictionary 1316 (9th ed. 2009) (emphasis added).
In consequence, I depart from the language offered by my colleagues on the question of common law privilege. See, e.g., PDK Labs. Inc. v. U.S. DEA, 362 F.3d 786, 799 (D.C.Cir. 2004) (Roberts, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (relying upon "the cardinal principle of judicial restraint" that "if it is not necessary to decide more, it is necessary not to decide more"); Jordan v. Knox Cnty., 213 S.W.3d 751, 780 (Tenn. 2007) (recognizing that appellate judges should refrain from commenting sua sponte on matters of public policy).
I am likewise unable to concur in the majority's discussion as to when and how a death row inmate may raise a justiciable challenge to the application of an execution protocol. While the majority "question[s] whether the allegations of the [c]omplaint actually are sufficient to constitute an as applied challenge to the [p]rotocol," the opinion denies the inmates "discovery of information as to claims that are merely speculative and do not present a justiciable controversy." Thus, it is not clear whether the majority believes that the inmates have simply failed to raise any as-applied challenges, or that the inmates have raised as-applied challenges that are non-justiciable because they "hypothetically may be applied on some uncertain date in the future by currently unidentifiable persons." In my view, the analysis of the majority injects confusion into the adjudication of an as-applied challenge in death penalty litigation.
While the majority refers to justiciability in general, there are several varieties of the doctrine. See Norma Faye Pyles Lynch Family Purpose LLC v. Putnam Cnty., 301 S.W.3d 196, 203 (Tenn. 2009) (listing the justiciability doctrines recognized by Tennessee courts to include the prohibition against advisory opinions, standing, ripeness, mootness, the political question doctrine, and the exhaustion of administrative remedies). Based on the numerous references to the inmates' claims as "hypothetical," "in the future," and "speculative," the majority appears to be applying the doctrine of ripeness. See, e.g., B & B Enters. of Wilson Cnty., LLC v. City of Lebanon, 318 S.W.3d 839, 848 (Tenn. 2010) ("The central concern of the ripeness doctrine is whether the case involves uncertain or contingent future events that may or may not occur as anticipated or, indeed, may not occur at all."). This is an important clarification because the doctrine of ripeness involves additional considerations not mentioned by the majority. As our Court of Appeals has explained,
Consol. Waste Sys., LLC v. Metro. Gov't of Nashville & Davidson Cnty., No. M2002-02582-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 1541860, at *26 (Tenn.Ct.App. June 30, 2005) (emphasis added) (citations omitted).
Because it rejects as premature the inmates' attempt to challenge the lethal injection protocol on an as-applied basis, the majority appears to create a procedural dilemma. By describing the inmates' claims as "hypothetical" because the protocol "may be applied on some uncertain date in the future by currently unidentifiable persons," the question left unanswered by the majority is, if not ripe now, when? In my view, because some of the inmates in this litigation currently have dates of execution set, their executions cannot be described as occurring "on some uncertain date in the future." As to those inmates whose execution dates have been postponed during the pendency of this very litigation, the fact that their execution dates have been rendered "uncertain" by order of this Court should not preclude the consideration of their claims. Moreover, because the State has offered to produce the professional qualifications of the John Doe defendants and to make them available for screened depositions, it is apparent that they are not "currently unidentifiable."
In my view, any as-applied challenges raised by the inmates in this litigation are ripe for adjudication. Moreover, deciding all of the claims at this time would further the interests of judicial economy. For these reasons, I cannot join with my colleagues on the question of justiciability.
I agree that the identities of the John Doe defendants are not subject to discovery under Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 26.02(1). Because, however, I am unable to concur in the other portions of the majority opinion, I must respectfully concur in the result only.
State v. Stephen Michael West, No. M1987-000130-SC-DPE-DD, at 3 (Tenn. Nov. 29, 2010) ("the West Order"); see also Wellons v. Comm'r, Ga. Dep't of Corr., 754 F.3d 1260, 1266 (11th Cir.2014); Mann v. Palmer, 713 F.3d 1306, 1315 (11th Cir.2013).
Boyd v. Comdata Network, Inc., 88 S.W.3d 203, 219 n. 24 (Tenn.Ct.App.2002). That is, the federal rules have been amended to narrow the scope of discovery that is available without prior judicial approval.
