SIDNEY A. FITZWATER, District Judge.
In this action seeking relief in connection with the foreclosure of residential property, defendants Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc. ("SPS") and Deutsche Bank National Trust Company, as Trustee in trust for registered holders of Long Beach Mortgage Loan Trust 2006-WL1, Asset-Backed Certificates, Series 2006-WL1 ("Deutsche Bank"), move for judgment on the pleadings on all claims. For the reasons that follow, the court grants defendants' motion and dismisses this action with prejudice.
In 2005 plaintiffs Ryan Lee Lyons and Crystal Lynette Lyons (the "Lyonses") obtained a home equity loan ("Loan") in the amount of $194,846.00 on property located in Cedar Hill, Texas (the "Property").
Id. ¶ 18 (emphasis added). The Loan was later sold or assigned to Deutsche Bank.
The Lyonses filed for chapter 13 bankruptcy in 2013. They allege that, during the bankruptcy process, SPS expressed an intent to allow the Lyonses to modify or resolve the Loan. The Lyonses maintain that SPS informed them that, once the bankruptcy case was dismissed, SPS would enter into an agreement under which the Lyonses could bring the Loan current through workout assistance. On November 10, 2015 SPS sent the Lyonses a notice of acceleration and trustee's sale scheduled for December 1, 2015. The notice stated:
Pet. Ex. B at 1. SPS sent the Lyonses a November 12, 2015 mortgage statement specifying that $180,234.48 was the total outstanding principal due on the loan. The notice included this statement: "THIS IS NOT AN ATTEMPT TO COLLECT A DEBT. THIS STATEMENT IS BEING SENT FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY." Pet. Ex. C at 1. SPS then sent the Lyonses a notice dated November 19, 2015 stating that they could cure their delinquency by paying a reinstatement amount of $67,581.72. The notice stated, in pertinent part: "This notice and any enclosed documents are for compliance and informational purposes only and do not constitute a demand for payment or an attempt to collect such obligation." Pet. Ex. D at 1.
On November 25, 2015 the Lyonses moved to dismiss their bankruptcy case, and the bankruptcy judge granted the motion. Nevertheless, the Property was sold on December 1, 2015 at a substitute trustee's sale to Deutsche Bank. Deutsche Bank then attempted to evict the Lyonses, and the Supreme Court of Texas affirmed the eviction judgment.
The Lyonses then brought the instant action in county court, alleging claims for breach of contract, money had and received, unjust enrichment, and wrongful foreclosure. They seek a judgment setting aside the foreclosure sale and enjoining defendants from evicting them or selling the Property. The Lyonses also request an accounting on the distribution and application of all foreclosure proceeds. Their claims rest on the theory that defendants abandoned acceleration and thus were not entitled to foreclose or to retain full proceeds from the foreclosure sale. After defendants removed the case to this court, they filed the instant motion under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c) for judgment on the pleadings. The Lyonses oppose the motion.
Rule 12(c) provides that "[a]fter the pleadings are closed—but early enough not to delay trial—a party may move for judgment on the pleadings." The standard for deciding a motion under Rule 12(c) is the same as the one for deciding a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). See, e.g., Hoffman v. L & M Arts, 2011 WL 3567419, at *4 (N.D. Tex. Aug. 15, 2011) (Fitzwater, C.J.) (citing Gentilello v. Rege, 627 F.3d 540, 543-44 (5th Cir. 2010)).
Under Rule 12(b)(6), the court evaluates the pleadings by "accept[ing] `all well-pleaded facts as true, viewing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff[s].'" In re Katrina Canal Breaches Litig., 495 F.3d 191, 205 (5th Cir. 2007) (quoting Martin K. Eby Constr. Co. v. Dall. Area Rapid Transit, 369 F.3d 464, 467 (5th Cir. 2004)). To survive defendants' motion, the Lyonses' pleadings must allege enough facts "to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff[s] plead[] factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). "The plausibility standard is not akin to a `probability requirement,' but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully." Id.; see also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 ("Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level [.]"). "[W]here the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged—but it has not `shown'—`that the pleader is entitled to relief.'" Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679 (alteration omitted) (quoting Rule 8(a)(2)). Furthermore, under Rule 8(a)(2), a pleading must contain "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief." Although "the pleading standard Rule 8 announces does not require `detailed factual allegations,'" it demands more than "labels and conclusions." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). And "a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do." Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).
The court first addresses the Lyonses' breach of contract claim.
"A diversity court applies the choice-of-law rules of the state in which it sits." InterFirst Bank Clifton v. Fernandez, 853 F.2d 292, 294 (5th Cir. 1988) (citing Stuart v. Spademan, 772 F.2d 1185, 1195 (5th Cir. 1985)). Because this court sits in Texas, it applies Texas choice-of-law rules. In this case, it is undisputed that Texas law applies to the Lyonses' breach of contract claim.
In Texas, a breach of contract claim requires proof of four elements: "(1) the existence of a valid contract, (2) plaintiff's performance of duties under the contract, (3) defendants' breach of contract, and (4) damages to the plaintiff resulting from the breach." Hoffman, 2011 WL 3567419, at *4 n.2 (citing Lewis v. Bank of Am. NA, 343 F.3d 540, 544-45 (5th Cir. 2003)).
In their petition, the Lyonses allege that defendants breached the deed of trust by failing to tender surplus proceeds to them after the foreclosure sale.
"[W]hether a holder has accelerated a note is a fact question[.]" Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562, 568 (Tex. 2001). Abandoning acceleration before the limitations period expires
The Lyonses maintain that the November 12, 2015 mortgage statement abandoned acceleration by informing them that the total outstanding principal due on the Loan was $180,234.48, an amount less than the full accelerated sum. The Lyonses also contend the November 19, 2015 reinstatement quote, in permitting the Lyonses to cure their default by paying an amount less than the full accelerated amount, abandoned the November 10, 2015 acceleration. Defendants maintain that the mortgage statement and the reinstatement quote are both advisory notices that are insufficient to indicate SPS's intent to abandon acceleration. They posit that they are therefore entitled to the full amount of the proceeds from the foreclosure sale.
The court agrees with defendants that the monthly mortgage statement and the reinstatement quote are insufficient as a matter of law to establish that SPS abandoned the acceleration and therefore that the Lyonses have plausibly pleaded a breach of contract claim. The court recognizes that account statements listing less than the full accelerated amount as due can suffice to abandon acceleration. See Leonard, 2014 WL 4161769 ("[t]he account statements from [defendant] stated expressly on three occasions that sums far less than the full debt were due, and thus put Plaintiffs on notice that [defendants] were no longer seeking to collect the full balance of the Note."). In this case, however, although the outstanding principal amount listed on the monthly mortgage statement ($180,234.48) is less than the principal amount of the loan ($194,846.00), the outstanding principal balance is merely one component of a total ending balance of $228,690.15 on November 12, 2015. Moreover, even assuming arguendo that this amount is less than the full accelerated amount, the indebtedness of the Lyonses, as reflected by the monthly mortgage statement, is greater than the proceeds from the sale ($217,175.00). The Lyonses have thus failed to plausibly plead, by relying on the monthly mortgage statement, that they are entitled to surplus proceeds from the foreclosure sale based on abandonment.
Nor is the court persuaded that the reinstatement quote is sufficient to establish abandonment of acceleration and, in turn, to plead a plausible breach of contract claim. The Lyonses have failed to allege sufficient facts showing that the reinstatement quote represented unequivocal intent by defendants to abandon the loan. See Riley v. CitiMortgage, Inc., 2018 WL 1899292, at *3 (N.D. Tex. Apr. 20, 2018) (Ramirez, J.) (holding there was no abandonment where reinstatement request was "subject to certain conditions," including that "if Plaintiff failed to pay the reinstatement amount, the mortgage would remain an accelerated loan, and it could continue with foreclosure proceedings."). In this case, the deed of trust makes clear that it is incumbent upon the borrower to invoke the right to reinstatement: once the borrower fulfills certain conditions, the loan is then returned to its pre-acceleration state. Because reinstatement is a right held by the buyer, defendants cannot unilaterally abandon acceleration through reinstatement. And the reinstatement quote specifies that is intended "for compliance and informational purposes only," and is not "a demand for payment or an attempt to collect such obligation." Pet. Ex. D at 1. The court thus concludes that Lyonses have failed to plead a plausible breach of contract claim on the basis that the reinstatement quote represents an unequivocal intent by defendants to abandon the loan.
Because the Lyonses have failed to allege sufficient facts to enable the court to draw the reasonable inference that defendants breached the deed of trust by retaining surplus proceeds, the court holds that the Lyonses have not stated a claim for breach of contract that is plausible on its face.
The court dismisses the Lyonses' claims for money had and received and unjust enrichment for the same reasons set forth in § III.
The purpose of a wrongful foreclosure action is to protect mortgagors against mistake, fraud, and unfairness in foreclosure proceedings. See In re Keener, 268 B.R. 912, 921 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2001) (Jones, J.) (citing 30 Tex. Jur. 3d Deeds of Trusts and Mortgages § 177 (1998)). In Texas, "a debtor may recover for wrongful foreclosure when an irregularity in the foreclosure sale contributes to recovery of an inadequate price of the property." Matthews v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 2011 WL 3347920, at *2 (N.D. Tex. Aug.1, 2011) (Lynn, J.). To recover on this claim, the Lyonses must prove: "(1) a defect in the foreclosure sale proceedings; (2) a grossly inadequate selling price; and (3) a causal connection between the defect and the grossly inadequate selling price." Hurd v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP, 880 F.Supp.2d 747, 766 (N.D. Tex. 2012) (Lynn, J.) (citing Sauceda v. GMAC Mortg. Corp., 268 S.W.3d 135, 139 (Tex. App. 2008, no pet.)). A procedural defect may occur when the foreclosing party either "fails to comply with statutory or contractual terms," or "complies with such terms, yet takes affirmative action that detrimentally affects the fairness of the foreclosure proceedings." Matthews, 2011 WL 3347920, at *2. Recovery is not available merely by showing a defect in the foreclosure process; "it is also necessary that there be an inadequate selling price resulting from the defect." Biggers v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP, 767 F.Supp.2d 725, 729 (N.D. Tex. 2011) (Fitzwater, C.J.). "The plaintiff must allege a grossly inadequate selling price in all but a specific category of cases where the plaintiff alleges that the defendant deliberately chilled the bidding at the foreclosure sale." Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 814 F.3d 763, 768 (5th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
The court concludes that the Lyonses have failed to plead a plausible claim for wrongful foreclosure. The Lyonses allege only that defendants "wrongfully foreclosed" on the Property because they failed to properly accelerate the Loan prior to the foreclosure sale. This allegation alone could not plausibly entitle them to relief because they do not allege any facts showing the Property was sold for a grossly inadequate price, or a causal connection between a procedural defect and any grossly inadequate selling price. See Biggers, 767 F.Supp.2d at 729. Nor have the Lyonses plausibly pleaded that defendants deliberately chilled the bidding at the foreclosure sale. The court therefore concludes that the Lyonses' wrongful foreclosure claim fails and should be dismissed. See Byrd v. Chase Home Fin. LLC, 2011 WL 5220421, at *4 (N.D. Tex. Oct. 31, 2011) (McBryde, J.) (dismissing wrongful foreclosure claim where the plaintiffs alleged a procedural defect but they failed to assert any facts showing a grossly inadequate selling price resulted from the defect); see also Pollett v. Aurora Loan Servs., 455 Fed. Appx. 413, 415 (5th Cir. 2011) (per curiam) (affirming dismissal of wrongful foreclosure claim where the plaintiff "failed to allege . . . a grossly inadequate selling price and [] a causal connection between a defect in the foreclosure sale proceedings and the grossly inadequate selling price").
Accordingly, the court dismisses the Lyonses' wrongful foreclosure claim.
For the reasons stated, the court grants defendants' motion for judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(c) and dismisses this action with prejudice by judgment filed today.