KATHLEEN CARDONE, District Judge.
On this day, the Court considered Plaintiff's "Motion for Leave to File Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint" ("Motion"), ECF No. 41, and "Defendant's Traditional and No-Evidence Motion for Summary Judgment" ("Motion for Summary Judgment"), ECF No. 62. For the reasons set forth herein, the Court
Plaintiff was an employee of Empire Roofing, Ltd. ("Empire Roofing"). Pl.'s Original Petition ("Complaint") 2-3, ECF No. 1.
Plaintiff commenced this action on August 24, 2011, in County Court at Law No. 6 of El Paso County, Texas. See Compl. Plaintiff's Complaint alleged state law negligence and premises liability claims. Compl. 3-4. Plaintiff also claimed that Prologis Texas I LLC, Prologis Texas II LLC, Prologis NA2 Texas LLC, and Prologis Management Inc. ("PMI") owned the premises on which he was injured, and that Elizabeth Rodriguez ("Rodriguez") managed the premises.
Those Defendants removed the lawsuit to this Court on September 28, 2011, based on diversity jurisdiction. Notice of Removal Under 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b) and 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1) (Diversity of Citizenship) ("Notice of Removal"), ECF No. 1. On October 27, 2011, Plaintiff filed a motion requesting that the Court remand this action to state court for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because Rodriguez was a non-diverse defendant. Pl.'s Mot. to Remand, ECF No. 5. The Court denied this motion on January 31, 2012, and dismissed Rodriguez from the case after concluding she had been improperly joined. Order ("Remand Order") 14, ECF No. 17 (signed
The Court entered a Scheduling Order on December 8, 2011. Scheduling Order, ECF No. 9. The Scheduling Order set the deadline for Plaintiff to join parties and amend his pleadings for March 9, 2012. Id.
On April 6, 2012, Defendants filed a motion requesting leave of the Court to designate Empire Roofing as a responsible third party under section 33.004 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code.
On April 30, 2012, the parties filed a joint stipulation of dismissal of Defendants Prologis Texas I LLC, Prologis Texas II LLC, and Prologis NA2 Texas LLC. Joint Stipulation of Dismissal of Defs. Prologis Texas I LLC, Prologis Texas II LLC, and Prologis NA2 Texas LLC, ECF No. 42; Order of Dismissal, ECF No. 46. Consequently, PMI became the only remaining Defendant in this case.
Also on April 30, 2012, Plaintiff filed this Motion requesting leave to file an amended complaint. See Mot. Plaintiff filed the Motion after the deadline to join parties and amend pleadings set out in the Court's Scheduling Order. See Mot.; Scheduling Order 1. In the Motion, Plaintiff seeks leave to add three defendants: (1) Prologis, (2) Preservation Products, Inc., d/b/a Southern Roof Consultants ("Southern Roof"), and (3) Empire Roofing. See Mot. Ex. A ("Proposed Amended Complaint"), ECF No. 41-1.
PMI does not object to the addition of Prologis as a defendant. Def.'s Resp. in Opp'n to Pl.'s Mot. for Leave to File Pl.'s Second Am. Compl. ("Response") 1, ECF No. 55. However, PMI objects to the addition of Southern Roof and Empire Roofing as defendants, as well as the addition of a claim for negligent hiring. Resp. 1-2.
Rule 15(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs amendment of the pleadings before trial. Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a). Rule 15(a) permits a party to amend a pleading with the opposing party's consent
When a party seeks to file an amended pleading after the scheduling order deadline for such amendments has passed, the party must first meet the more stringent requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16(b) before the Court can apply the liberal Rule 15 standard. S & W Enters., L.L.C. v. SouthTrust Bank of Ala., NA, 315 F.3d 533, 536 (5th Cir.2003). Rule, 16(b) provides that a scheduling order "may be modified only for good cause and with the judge's consent." Fed. R.Civ.P. 16(b). Courts in the Fifth Circuit determine good cause by analyzing the following factors: (1) the explanation for the failure to timely move for leave to amend; (2) the importance of the amendment; (3) the potential prejudice in allowing the amendment; and (4) the availability of a continuance to cure such prejudice. S & W Enters., 315 F.3d at 536 (quoting Reliance Ins. Co. v. La. Land & Exploration Co., 110 F.3d 253, 257 (5th Cir.1997)). Ultimately, a party must "give a persuasive reason why the dates originally set by the scheduling order ... could not reasonably be met despite the diligence of the party seeking the extension." Argo v. Woods, 399 Fed.Appx. 1, 3 (5th Cir.2010) (internal quotations omitted).
As discussed, Plaintiff seeks to amend his Complaint in four ways. See Mot.; Proposed Am. Compl. First, Plaintiff seeks to add Prologis as a party. See Proposed Am. Compl. Second, Plaintiff seeks to add Empire Roofing as a party. See id.; Mot. 1. Third, Plaintiff seeks to add Southern Roof as a party. See Proposed Am. Compl.; Mot. 1. Finally, Plaintiff seeks to add a negligent hiring claim against Prologis. See Proposed Am. Compl. 4. As PMI does not oppose Plaintiff's request to add Prologis as a party to the case, the Court grants Plaintiff's Motion with respect to Prologis. See Resp. 1. The Court therefore turns to Plaintiff's request to add Empire Roofing, Southern Roof, and a negligent hiring claim.
PMI objects to Plaintiff's Motion to amend with respect to Empire Roofing on three grounds. Resp. 3-12; Sur-Reply 1-5. First, PMI claims that joining Empire Roofing would destroy the Court's jurisdiction and, therefore, the Court should deny Plaintiff's request to add Empire Roofing for failing to meet the standards of § 1447(e). Sur-Reply 1-3. Second, PMI claims that Plaintiff has not shown good cause for permitting amendment after the expiration of the Court's Scheduling Order deadline. Resp. 3-11; Sur-Reply 3-4. Finally, PMI asserts that Plaintiff's claims against Empire Roofing are futile, and thus do not meet the Rule 15 standard for amendment. Resp. 11-12; Sur-Reply 5.
A court must have jurisdiction before determining the validity of a claim. Moran v. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 27 F.3d 169, 172 (5th Cir.1994). Consequently, the Court first addresses PMI's argument that adding Empire Roofing would destroy the Court's jurisdiction.
When a court has jurisdiction based on diversity of citizenship under 28 U.S.C. § 1332, as is the case here, a party's request to amend a complaint in order to add a non-diverse defendant implicates concerns beyond those in the usual Rule 15 motion because the addition of a non-diverse defendant destroys a court's diversity jurisdiction. See Hensgens v. Deere & Co., 833 F.2d 1179, 1181-82 (5th Cir.1987). Thus, "[a] motion for leave to amend to add a nondiverse party whose inclusion would destroy diversity and divest the court of jurisdiction is governed by 28 U.S.C. § 1447(e), not Rule 15(a)." Gallegos v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Ind., No. H-09-2777, 2009 WL 4730570, at *2 (S.D.Tex. Dec. 7 2009) (quoting Arthur v. Stern, No. H-07-3742, 2008 WL 2620116, at *3 (S.D.Tex. June 26, 2008)); see Hensgens, 833 F.2d at 1182; Whitworth v. TNT Bestway Transp. Inc., 914 F.Supp. 1434, 1435 (E.D.Tex.1996).
Title 28 U.S.C. § 1447(e) states that "[i]f after removal the plaintiff seeks to join additional defendants whose joinder would destroy subject matter jurisdiction, the court may deny joinder, or permit joinder and remand the action to the State court." 28 U.S.C. § 1447(e). Thus, § 1447(e) gives federal district courts discretion to permit or deny joinder of non-diverse parties after removal. See 28 U.S.C. § 1447(e); Tillman v. CSX Transp., Inc., 929 F.2d 1023, 1029 (5th Cir.1991). In such circumstances, courts must "scrutinize" an amendment that destroys diversity jurisdiction "more closely than an ordinary amendment." Hensgens, 833 F.2d at 1182.
In deciding whether or not to permit joinder of a non-diverse defendant, courts are confronted with two "competing interests": the policy to avoid parallel judicial proceedings, and a defendant's interest in retaining the federal forum. See id. As stated above, courts balance these interests by considering four factors: (1) whether the primary purpose of the amendment is to defeat diversity jurisdiction, (2) whether the plaintiff was diligent in requesting the amendment, (3) whether the plaintiff will be prejudiced if the amendment is denied, and (4) "any other factors bearing on the equities." Id. The Court considers each factor in turn.
"When district courts in the Fifth Circuit analyze the first Hensgens factor, `they consider whether the plaintiffs knew or should have known the identity of the nondiverse defendant when the state court complaint was filed.'" Mia Reed & Co., Ltd. v. United Fire & Cas. Co., No. H-10-4440, 2012 WL 2499932, at *7 (S.D.Tex. June 27, 2012) (quoting Gallegos, 2009 WL 4730570, at *3); Lowe v. Singh, No. H-10-1811, 2010 WL 3359525, at *2 (S.D.Tex. Aug. 23, 2010); Irigoyen v. State Farm Lloyds, No. CA-C-03-324-H, 2004 WL 398553, at *3 (S.D.Tex. Jan. 5, 2004); Connoisseur Doors, Inc. v. Haney Corp., No. SA-96-CA-146, 1996 WL 156557, at *2 (W.D.Tex. Apr. 1, 1996); In re Norplant Contraceptive Prods. Liab. Litig., 898 F.Supp. 433, 435 (E.D.Tex.1995). Here, it is undisputed that Plaintiff knew of Empire
In Lowe v. Singh, the court found that the first Hensgens factor weighed in favor of amendment because although the plaintiff "surely knew [the proposed defendant's] identity as of the time of the accident... discovery has raised facts supporting the claims raised." No. H-10-1811, 2010 WL 3359525, at *2 (S.D.Tex. Aug. 23, 2010). Here, however, Plaintiff knew of the facts allegedly supporting a claim against Empire Roofing well before discovery commenced and before PMI sought leave to designate Empire Roofing as a responsible third party. Plaintiff claims that Empire Roofing's liability rests on the fact that Plaintiff was a "`borrowed employee' ... hired by Empire through G & A Partners [("G & A")], a staff leasing firm." Reply 3. Plaintiff argues that this supports a claim against Empire Roofing because if Plaintiff is a "borrowed employee," rather than a traditional employee, Empire Roofing may not be immune to suit under the Texas Workers' Compensation Act. See id.; cf. W. Steel Co. v. Altenburg, 206 S.W.3d 121, 123 (Tex.2006) (stating employers who subscribe to workers' compensation insurance are immune from negligence suits by their employees). Plaintiff appears to imply that he did not have sufficient facts to state a claim against Empire Roofing prior to the Scheduling Order deadline because he had previously thought Empire Roofing was immune from suit. See id.
However, it appears that Plaintiff has known of the facts supporting Empire Roofing's alleged liability since the beginning of the litigation. The record reveals that Plaintiff has received workers' compensation benefits pursuant to an insurance policy held by G & A. Resp. Ex. D ("Insurance Policy") 1, ECF No. 55. Plaintiff has known of this policy and its holder since at least October 11, 2011, when a copy of the policy was faxed to Plaintiff's counsel. Id. (revealing that the insurance company faxed the policy naming G & A as the policy holder to Plaintiff's counsel on October 11, 2011). Further, the Court doubts that, prior to commencing suit, Plaintiff was oblivious to the fact that he had received his position with Empire Roofing through G & A. Accordingly, Plaintiff appears to have known that he was a borrowed employee, and that G & A's insurance policy covered Empire Roofing since the beginning of the suit. These are the same facts that Plaintiff now claims support Empire Roofing's liability. Reply 3-4.
Additionally, Plaintiff's argument that he was unaware of Empire Roofing's potential liability until PMI motioned for leave to designate Empire Roofing as a responsible third party is unavailing. Reply 4. First, the fact that Empire Roofing has been designated as a responsible third party does not necessarily create liability. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 33.004(i) ("The filing or granting of a motion for leave to designate a person as a responsible third party or a finding of fault against the person ... does not by itself impose liability on the person."). Additionally, PMI motioned to add Empire Roofing as a responsible third party almost a full month before Plaintiff filed his Motion to amend. Compare RTP Mot. (filed April 6, 2012), with Mot. (filed April 30, 2012). Thus, the fact that Plaintiff waited until this late date to attempt to
Further, "[i]ntertwined with [the first Hensgens] inquiry is the viability of plaintiffs' claims against the proposed defendants."
Like in Arthur, Plaintiff commenced this action in state court. See Compl. After Defendants removed the action, Plaintiff filed a motion to remand. See Pl.'s Mot. to Remand. The Court denied this motion on January 31, 2012, because Plaintiff had joined a non-diverse defendant against which there was no reasonable possibility of recovery. Remand Order 14. These facts are nearly identical to the facts on which the Arthur court based its conclusion regarding the first Hensgens factor. See Arthur, 2008 WL 2620116, at *4-5. Indeed, Plaintiff's motive is even more apparent than the plaintiff's motive in Arthur because Plaintiff knew about Empire Roofing throughout the case. Plaintiff's clear desire to litigate this case in state court, coupled with the fact that Plaintiff has known of Empire Roofing's identity and role in this case since the beginning of the case, all would trump the fact that the Proposed Amended Complaint asserts cognizable claims against Empire Roof. See id. at *1-2, *4-5. The Court therefore finds that the first Hensgens factor weighs against joinder.
PMI argues that Plaintiff's request to amend a pleading to add a non-diverse party was not diligent "if the plaintiff knew of the facts that supported his claims against the non-diverse defendant at the time he filed in state court." Sur-Reply 2-3. Plaintiff, on the other hand, argues that even though he may have known that "Empire Roofing was Plaintiff's employer," Plaintiff waited to request leave to add Empire Roofing in order to "exercise[] diligence in discovery and in determining potential liability of ... Empire Roofing." Reply 3.
As discussed, Plaintiff knew of Empire Roofing's identity and potential liability for the entirety of this case. See Reply 3; Compl. 2. Plaintiff, however, did not seek to add Empire Roofing until eight months after he filed the case in state court, seven months after Defendants removed the case to this Court, and nearly two months after the Court's deadline to amend the pleadings and join parties had expired. Compare Compl. 1 (filed August 24, 2011), Notice of Removal (filed September 28, 2011), and Scheduling Order (setting the deadline for the Plaintiff to join parties and amend his pleading for March 9, 2012), with Mot. (filed April 30, 2012). Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff was not diligent in requesting amendment. Therefore, the second Hensgens factor weighs against granting leave to join Empire Roofing as a party.
The parties appear to combine their arguments with respect to the third and fourth factors. Reply 3-5; Sur-Reply 3. The Court therefore discusses these factors together.
Plaintiff argues that he will be prejudiced if the Court denies his request to join Empire Roofing because Plaintiff will be forced to pursue his claims against Empire Roofing in state court. Reply 5. PMI counters that they have a "compelling interest in retaining the federal forum" which the Court should weigh against Plaintiff's lack of diligence and the case's advanced procedural posture. Sur-Reply 3.
In determining prejudice to the plaintiff under the third Hensgens factor, courts consider "whether a plaintiff can be afforded complete relief in the absence of the amendment." Lowe, 2010 WL 3359525, at *3 (quoting Jerido v. Am. Gen. Life and Acc. Ins. Co., 127 F.Supp.2d 1322, 1325 (M.D.Ala.2001)). Courts have found there to be no prejudice to the plaintiff when the current defendant would be able to satisfy a future judgment. Irigoyen, 2004 WL 398553, at *5 (finding no prejudice against the plaintiff in denying joinder because "[t]here is no indication that [the current defendant] will be unable to fully satisfy a future judgment."); O'Connor, 846 F.Supp. at 41 ("[T]he Court finds O'Connor will not suffer any serious prejudice if the amendment is denied. There is absolutely nothing to indicate that [the current defendants] would be unable to satisfy a future judgment.").
Here, Plaintiff has not argued, nor is there any indication, that PMI would be unable to satisfy a judgment. However,
The Court discerns no other equities that favor either party's position. Moreover, the parties have not asserted any other equitable factors. Accordingly, the fourth Hensgens factor is neutral. See Lowe, 2010 WL 3359525, at *3.
In sum, three Hensgens factors counsel against amendment, and one factor is neutral. The Court notes that the purpose of the Hensgens factors is to balance the "danger" of parallel judicial proceedings with a defendant's interest in retaining the federal forum. See Hensgens, 833 F.2d at 1182. In this case, it would be patently unfair to PMI to remand this case to state court at this stage in the proceedings. See Scheduling Order 2; Trial Preparation Order 1, ECF No. 10. The Court cannot discern a reasonable explanation for why Plaintiff delayed in seeking to add Empire Roofing as a party, especially since Plaintiff knew about Empire Roofing's potential role in this case for the entirety of the litigation. "When an amendment would destroy jurisdiction, most authorities agree that leave should be denied unless there exist strong equities in its favor." Whitworth, 914 F.Supp. at 1435 (citing Hensgens, 833 F.2d at 1182). Here, any equitable concerns regarding avoidance of parallel judicial proceedings are not strong enough to warrant remand. Consequently, the Court denies Plaintiff's Motion to amend his Complaint with respect to adding Empire Roofing as a defendant.
Because the Court denies leave to amend to join Empire Roofing, the Court turns to Plaintiff's other proposed amendments without analyzing whether Empire Roofing may be joined under Rule 15 or Rule 16.
Plaintiff seeks to amend their pleadings to name Southern Roof as a party. Mot. 1. PMI argues that the Court should deny leave to amend because (1) Plaintiff has failed to show good cause under Rule 16 for amending the Court's Scheduling Order, and (2) the amendment is futile, and therefore Rule 15 does not permit amendment. Resp. 2-4, 11-13; Sur-Reply 3-5. The Court first turns to whether Plaintiff has satisfied the requirements of Rule 16.
When a party files an untimely motion for leave to amend and does not provide an explanation containing good
Nevertheless, Plaintiff's Reply contains numerous arguments that attempt to explain his delay and assert good cause for amendment. Reply 3-5. Therefore, the Court discusses whether Plaintiff has met the Rule 16 standard.
As discussed above, courts evaluate the following factors to determine whether a party seeking amendment has shown good cause under Rule 16: "(1) the explanation for the failure to timely move for leave to amend; (2) the importance of the amendment; (3) potential prejudice in allowing the amendment; and (4) the availability of a continuance to cure such prejudice." S & W Enters., 315 F.3d at 536 (quoting Reliance Ins. Co., 110 F.3d at 257). The Court examines each factor in turn.
PMI argues that Plaintiff knew about Southern Roof's alleged role in this case two months before filing this case in state court, and therefore had ample time to investigate and decide whether to add Southern Roof as a party. Resp. 3-4. PMI offers as evidence of Plaintiff's knowledge a report Plaintiff received through the Freedom of Information Act from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ("OSHA"). Resp. Ex. A ("OSHA Report") 25-26, ECF No. 51-2.
Plaintiff argues that he only became aware of Southern Roof on April 17, 2012, through deposition testimony. Reply 4. Although Plaintiff acknowledges that he was in possession of the OSHA Report, Plaintiff claims that "`Southern Roof Consultants' is buried in small typeface at the bottom of the document," and therefore, the OSHA Report did not alert him to Southern Roof's potential liability in this case. See Reply 4. Plaintiff also explains that he diligently performed the necessary discovery to obtain such information. Reply 4.
At first glance, Plaintiff's explanation appears to be inadequate. Not only is Southern Roof's full name (Southern Roof Consultants), address, and phone number twice included in the footer of the document, but Southern Roof is referred to by its initials in the substance of the report. OSHA Report 25-26 ("[D]ue to the puncture in the membrane SRC believes there are leaks.") (emphasis added). Nevertheless, in reviewing the document, it is true that Southern Roof's name is printed in small type, and is therefore difficult to
Additionally, Plaintiff appears to have been diligent in scheduling the deposition that alerted him to Southern Roof's liability. Plaintiff explains that "Plaintiff's counsel immediately sent discovery and requested deposition dates upon filing suit in state court." Reply 4. However, Defendant removed the case in late September of 2011, and substituted counsel in early December, and Plaintiff therefore did not seek to schedule depositions until after the holiday season "as a courtesy to new counsel." Id. "Depositions were then set in February that were rescheduled to March at Defendant's counsel's request," and then rescheduled to April upon Plaintiff's counsel's request. Id. Although Plaintiff's actions may have caused some delay in the scheduling of depositions, it appears defense counsel also contributed to this delay. In addition, the docket reflects that during this time, Plaintiff's counsel was actively engaged in obtaining discovery from opposing counsel.
"The `good cause' standard focuses on the diligence of the party seeking to modify the scheduling order." See Grimsley, 2011 WL 825749, at *5 (quoting Cut-Heal Animal Care Prods., Inc. v. Agri-Sales Assocs., Inc., No. 3:07-CV-1816-D, 2009 WL 305994, at *1 (N.D.Tex. Feb. 9, 2009)). Here, Plaintiff was diligent in seeking discovery, despite the fact that Plaintiff failed to read the "small typeface" in the OSHA Report. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff has met the first prong of the Rule 16 standard.
Plaintiff makes no argument regarding the importance of joining Southern Roof. Accordingly, the Court finds Plaintiff does not meet the second factor of the test. See Manley v. Invesco, No. H-11-2408, 2012 WL 2994402, at *3 (S.D.Tex. July 20, 2012); King v. Life Sch., No. 3:10-CV-42-BH, 2011 WL 5242464, at *2 (N.D.Tex. Nov. 3, 2011).
Plaintiff does not make any argument with respect to the third or fourth Rule 16 factors. PMI, on the other hand, argues that they will suffer prejudice if the Court grants the Motion. Resp. 6-7. Specifically, PMI claims that the addition of Southern Roof "will inevitably result in the need for additional discovery, increased costs and attorney's fees, an unnecessary expenditure of judicial resources, and an unnecessary delay of the lawsuit." Resp. 6. As support for this assertion, PMI argues that it will be required to exchange discovery
The Court agrees with PMI that their litigation expenses would increase as a result of granting the Motion. Indeed, Plaintiff does not dispute this in his Reply. See Reply. However, as discussed above, Plaintiff diligently moved to amend his Complaint to add Southern Roof upon finding facts that suggest Southern Roof could potentially be liable. "Balancing both parties interests, this Court finds that [an extension of the Scheduling Order deadlines and] a continuance of the trial is the appropriate resolution." C.R. Pittman Const. Co., Inc. v. Transcon. Ins. Co., No. 07-4534, 2012 WL 2597560, at *2 (E.D.La. July 5, 2012) (weighing "[the p]laintiffs' expeditious attempt to amend their Complaint" against the "prejudice the Defendant in its trial preparation, discovery and/or motion practice" and finding a continuance of the trial date was justified). Accordingly, the Court finds that a continuance of the Scheduling Order deadlines would cure any alleged prejudice to PMI. The third and fourth factors therefore weigh in favor of amendment.
A party moving for amendment must show that "despite his diligence, he could not have reasonably met the scheduling deadline." Am. Tourmaline Fields v. Int'l Paper Co., No. 3-96-3363, 1998 WL 874825, at *1 (N.D.Tex. Dec. 7, 1998). Although Plaintiff may not have proceeded perfectly in this case, Plaintiff has satisfied his burden under Rule 16. Consequently, the Court turns to PMI's argument that Southern Roof may not be joined under Rule 15.
PMI argues that the Court should not grant Plaintiff's motion to amend with respect to Southern Roof because Plaintiff's claims against Southern Roof are futile. Resp. 12. Specifically, PMI claims that Southern Roof did not owe Plaintiff a duty of care, and therefore Plaintiff's negligence and premises liability claims against Southern Roof fail as a matter of law. Resp. 12-13. Plaintiff does not address this argument.
As discussed, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) directs courts to "freely give leave [to amend] when justice so requires." Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a)(2). This language "evinces a bias in favor of granting leave to amend." Chitimacha, 690 F.2d at 1163. "Denial of leave to amend may be warranted for undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies, undue prejudice to the opposing party, or futility of a proposed amendment." United States ex rel. Steury v. Cardinal Health, Inc., 625 F.3d 262, 270 (5th Cir.2010).
PMI's futility argument does not persuade the Court to deny leave to amend. It is true that the existence of a duty of care is a necessary component of Plaintiff's negligence and premises liability claims. See, e.g., Strunk v. Belt Line Rd. Realty Co., 225 S.W.3d 91, 98 (Tex.App. 2005) ("As with any cause of action based on negligence, the threshold question in a premises liability case is the existence and violation of a duty."). Moreover, "[w]hether a legal duty exists under a given set of facts and circumstances is a question of law for the court." Wyatt v. Kroger Co., 891 S.W.2d 749, 751 (Tex.App.1994) (citing Greater Houston Transp. Co. v. Phillips, 801 S.W.2d 523, 525 (Tex.1990); Producers Grain Corp. v. Lindsay, 603 S.W.2d 326, 329 (Tex.Civ.App.1980)). As PMI explains, however, whether or not Southern
Here, Plaintiff alleges that Southern Roof is one of the entities that "owned, maintained and operated" the premises. Proposed Am. Compl. 2. Further, Plaintiff alleges Southern Roof "owed a duty to Plaintiff" and that Southern Roof had "control of the premises." Id. at 3. Because Plaintiff has alleged that Southern Roof had a duty of care and control over the premises, and because Southern Roof's control of the premises is a question of fact, the Court does not find that Plaintiff's claim is futile under the Rule 15 standard. See Stripling v. Jordan Prod. Co., 234 F.3d 863, 873 (5th Cir.2000) (applying Rule 12(b)(6) standard to decide futility of amendment and taking facts alleged in proposed amendments as true);
As for the other factors that would warrant denial of leave to amend, there is no evidence that Plaintiff acted in bad faith. See United States ex rel. Steury, 625 F.3d at 270. Additionally, as the Court discussed, although leave to amend may cause prejudice to PMI, this prejudice can be cured by a continuance of the deadlines. While this may delay the proceedings, this delay is not an "undue" delay. See id. Finally, Plaintiff has not repeatedly failed to cure deficiencies in his pleadings. See id. Accordingly, the Court finds Plaintiff's leave to amend his Complaint with respect to adding Southern Roof as a party is not futile.
The Court finds that Plaintiff has shown good cause under Rule 16, and that amendment with respect to Southern Roof would not be futile. Accordingly, the Court grants Plaintiff's motion with respect to adding Southern Roof as a party.
Although not mentioned in the Motion, it is clear from Plaintiff's Proposed Amended Complaint that he seeks leave to amend his pleadings to add a negligent hiring claim against Prologis for retaining Southern Roof and Empire Roofing. Proposed Am. Compl. 4; see Reply 1. The Court first addresses whether amendment is proper under Rule 16.
Plaintiff does not provide a specific explanation for failing to add his proposed negligent hiring claim with respect to hiring Southern Roof earlier in the litigation; however, any explanation would necessarily be intertwined with Plaintiff's explanation for failing to timely move to amend to join Southern Roof. Plaintiff asserts that he did not timely move for leave to join Southern Roof because he did not know of Southern Roof until April 17, 2012. Reply 4. Logically, Plaintiff could not have requested leave to amend to add a claim alleging that PMI negligently hired Southern Roof without knowing about Southern Roof's existence. See id. As Plaintiff's explanation for failing to timely bring a negligent hiring claim would be the same as his explanation for failing to timely move to amend to join Southern Roof, the Court holds that this factor weighs in favor of granting the Motion to amend for the same reasons as discussed with regard to joining Southern Roof.
Additionally, Plaintiff makes no argument regarding the importance of adding a negligent hiring claim. Accordingly, Plaintiff does not meet the second factor of the test. King, 2011 WL 5242464, at *2; Manley, 2012 WL 2994402, at *3.
Finally, Plaintiff does not make any argument regarding the potential prejudice of amendment. PMI, however, asserts that it would be prejudicial to add a new claim against them so late in the litigation. Resp. 7 ("PMI will ... require additional discovery related to this new factual issue in order to properly prepare a defense prior to trial.").
However, Plaintiff's proposed negligent hiring claim is not against PMI; instead, Plaintiff asserts that Prologis negligently hired Southern Roof. Proposed Am. Compl. 4. Nevertheless, the addition of another claim would likely lead to increased litigation expenses, an outcome that Plaintiff does not dispute in his Reply. For the same reasons as stated above, a continuance of the Scheduling Order deadlines would cure such prejudice. See C.R. Pittman, 2012 WL 2597560, at *2. Consequently, the Court finds the third and fourth Rule 16 factors weigh in favor of amendment.
Plaintiff has satisfied his burden under Rule 16. Consequently, the Court turns to whether amendment is permissible under Rule 15.
Plaintiff does not address Rule 15 with respect to adding a negligent hiring claim. PMI also makes no separate argument regarding whether the Court should grant leave to amend the Complaint to add a negligent hiring claim. Rather, PMI's argument seems intertwined with PMI's futility argument concerning leave to amend to add Southern Roof as a party. Consequently, the Court grants Plaintiff leave to amend under Rule 15 for the same
For the reasons stated above, the Court
Instead, Rule 15(a)(2) governs this case. Under Rule 15(a)(2), Plaintiff must receive leave of court or the written consent of opposing parties in order to amend a pleading. Fed. R.Civ.P. 15(a)(2). Plaintiff failed to obtain leave of the Court or the written consent of opposing parties. When a party is required to obtain leave to amend but fails to do so, the amended complaint has no legal effect. United States ex rel. Mathews v. HealthSouth Corp., 332 F.3d 293, 296 (5th Cir.2003). Accordingly, the Court only considers Plaintiff's original Complaint in reciting the facts of the case.
