IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF FEDERAL CLAIMS
                       OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
                                              No. 06-469V
                                         Filed: January 7, 2013
                                            (To Be Published)

************************
TERESA FRESCO and                                   *
ANTHONY FRESCO,                                     *
as best friends of their son,                       *
DANIEL FRESCO, a minor,                             *       Autism; Causation in Fact; Expert
                     Petitioners,                   *       Qualifications; OAP Test Case
                                                    *       Theories; Misinterpretation of Records
        v.                                          *
                                                    *
SECRETARY OF HEALTH                                 *
AND HUMAN SERVICES,                                 *
              Respondent.                           *
************************

Teresa Fresco and Anthony Fresco, West Orange, NJ, pro se petitioners.
Lynn Ricciardella, Esq., U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC for respondent.

                                                DECISION 1

VOWELL, Special Master:

        On June 20, 2006, Teresa and Anthony Fresco [“Mrs. Fresco,” “Mr. Fresco” or
“petitioners”], acting pro se, timely filed a petition under the National Vaccine Injury
Compensation Program, 42 U.S.C. §300aa-10, et seq. 2 [the “Vaccine Act” or
“Program”], on behalf of their minor son, Daniel S. Fresco [“Danny”]. The petition
alleges that Danny received “numerous vaccinations at a time when his immune system
was compromised by an infection.” Petition, ¶ 4. 3 “Petitioners assert that it is more
likely than not that one of (sic) more vaccines administered to Daniel action (sic) alone


1
 Because I have designated this decision to be published, each party has 14 days to request redaction
“of any information furnished by that party: (1) that is a trade secret or commercial or financial in
substance and is privileged or confidential; or (2) that includes medical files or similar files, the disclosure
of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy.” Vaccine Rule 18(b). Otherwise, the
entire decision will be publicly available. 42 U.S.C. § 300aa12(d)(4)(B).
2
  National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-660, 100 Stat. 3755 (2006). Hereinafter,
for ease of citation, all “§” references to the Vaccine Act will be to the pertinent subparagraph of 42 U.S.C.
§ 300aa.
3
 A second copy of this petition was filed on November 3, 2010, as a part of what I later ordered
designated as Petitioners’ Exhibit [“Pet. Ex.”] 6, pp. 2-3. See Order, issued Dec. 28, 2011.
or in concert with each other or with other drugs administered to Daniel caused his
Autism.” Petition, ¶ 5; Pet. Ex. 6, p. 2.

        In order to prevail under the Program, a petitioner must prove either a “Table”
      4
injury or that a vaccine listed on the Table was the cause-in-fact of an injury. Autism is
not a Table injury, thus petitioners must show that one or more vaccinations actually
caused Danny’s autism. To do so, petitioners must demonstrate by preponderant
evidence “(1) a medical theory causally connecting the vaccination and the injury; (2) a
logical sequence of cause and effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for
the injury; and (3) a showing of a proximate temporal relationship between vaccination
and injury.” Althen v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2005); see also Grant
v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 1148 (Fed. Cir. 1992) and Hines v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 1525 (Fed. Cir. 1991).

        Although petitioners have established that Danny received routine childhood
vaccinations covered under the Vaccine Act and subsequently received a diagnosis on
the autism spectrum, the evidence in the record fails to demonstrate that any of the
vaccines Danny received can, alone or together, cause autism or that they did so in his
case. Petitioners have therefore failed to link Danny’s vaccinations to any illness,
disability, injury, or condition. See § 11(c)(1)(C)(i). After considering the record as a
whole, 5 I hold that petitioners have failed to establish Danny’s entitlement to
compensation.

        Although petitioners did not prevail in proving vaccine causation, Mrs. Fresco did
an admirable job in drafting and filing the petition, collecting and filing numerous medical
records, and finding a physician willing to opine on vaccine causation. She spent a
significant period of time reviewing Danny’s medical records and consulting reference
materials in an effort to find a cause for Danny’s condition. Like countless other parents
of children with autism spectrum disorders, she has done everything in her power to
have Danny diagnosed and appropriately treated. She cogently argued Danny’s case.
Her belief that Danny’s condition is the result of his vaccinations is sincerely held, but
inadequately supported, and ultimately rested on misinterpretations of Danny’s medical
records and some of the same theories considered and rejected in the Omnibus Autism
Proceeding test cases. 6



4
  A “Table” injury is an injury listed on the Vaccine Injury Table, 42 C.F.R. § 100.3, corresponding to the
vaccine received within the time frame specified. Autism spectrum disorders are not listed as Table
injuries for any vaccine appearing on the Table.
5
  See § 13(a) (“Compensation shall be awarded . . . if the special master or court finds on the record as a
whole–(A) that the petitioner has demonstrated by a preponderance of the evidence the matters required
in the petition by section 300aa-11(c)(1).”); see also § 13(b)(1) (indicating that the court or special master
shall consider the entire record in determining if petitioner is entitled to compensation).
6
  Mrs. Fresco participated fully in all status conferences in this case. She and her husband were unable
to find an attorney willing to take Danny’s case in spite of diligent efforts. See Pet. Ex. 1, Affidavit of
                                                        2
                                         I. Procedural History.

       This petition is one of approximately 5700 petitions filed between 1997 and 2012
alleging that various vaccines were responsible for causing a neurodevelopmental
disorder variously referred to as autism spectrum disorder or pervasive developmental
disorder or as one of several specific diagnoses contained within these umbrella terms.
Most of these cases were consolidated into the Omnibus Autism Proceeding [“OAP”].
On June 23, 2006, the special master then assigned to this case sent the parties a
“Notice Regarding Omnibus Autism Proceeding,” which indicated that this case would
be placed in the OAP.

        In the OAP, six “test cases” were tried under two theories presented by the
Petitioners’ Steering Committee. 7 The first three test cases presented the causation
theory that a combination of the measles, mumps, and rubella [“MMR”] vaccine and
thimerosal-containing vaccines caused autism spectrum disorders [“Theory 1”]. The
second group of three test cases presented the causation theory that thimerosal-
containing vaccines alone can cause autism spectrum disorders [“Theory 2”]. The three
special masters assigned to hear the test cases ruled that there was no reliable
evidence that the vaccines caused autism spectrum disorders. The courts that heard
the appeals in the test cases all agreed with the special masters that there was no
reliable evidence supporting vaccine causation. 8

        Once the final appeals in the OAP test cases were exhausted, I ordered
petitioners to inform the court whether, in light of the test case decisions, 9 they wished


Teresa Fresco. Although they found a physician willing to opine in favor of vaccine causation, his report
was inadequate to establish vaccine causation of Danny’s condition.
7
  The Petitioners’ Steering Committee was comprised of petitioners’ counsel selected by their peers to
represent the interests of all petitioners in the OAP throughout the discovery period and in the test case
hearings and appeals. Dwyer v. Sec’y, HHS, No. 03-1202V, 

, *3 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
Mar. 12, 2010).
8
 The Theory 1 cases were Cedillo v. Sec’y, HHS, No. 98-916V, 

 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
Feb. 12, 2009), aff’d, 

 (2009), aff’d, 

 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Hazlehurst v. Sec’y,
HHS, No. 03-654V, 

 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 12, 2009), aff’d, 

 (2009),
aff’d, 

 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Snyder v. Sec’y, HHS, No. 01-162V, 

 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. Feb. 12, 2009), aff’d, 

 (2009). Petitioners in Snyder did not appeal the
decision of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. The Theory 2 cases were Dwyer v. Sec’y, HHS, No. 03-
1202V, 

 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 12, 2010); King v. Sec’y, HHS, No. 03-584V, 

 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 12, 2010); Mead v. Sec’y, HHS, No. 03-215V, 

(Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 12, 2010).
9
 Unlike either class actions or multi-district litigation in state or other federal court systems, the remaining
OAP petitioners are not bound by the results in the test cases. Nevertheless, by design, the OAP test
cases produced a body of evidence available to both petitioners and respondent to use in litigating OAP
cases in which petitioners elected to go forward with their claims. Dwyer, 

 at *2;Snyder,

 at *2 – 3; see also Transcript of April 24, 2012 Oral Arguments [“Tr.”] at 6-7.

                                                       3
to pursue their claim. 10 They informed me that they intended to pursue Danny’s case
and a series of status conferences11 and orders ensued to move the case towards
resolution.

       Petitioners filed some medical records (three exhibits labeled A, B, and C) and a
declaration with their petition on June 20, 2006. Additional medical records were filed
on February 6, 2009, November 3, 2010, and July 8, 2011. These additional records
were not assigned exhibit letters or numbers by petitioners and each filing was partially
duplicative of their previous filings. To prevent confusion when the parties referenced
particular pages of Danny’s medical records, I issued an order on December 28, 2011,
that assigned exhibit numbers 1-7 to these filings. 12

       On February 14, 2011, after a status conference in which I explained why the
opinion of a medical expert on causation was needed, I ordered petitioners to file an
expert report. They did so on August 11, 2011, filing a report from Dr. Harold Buttram
(designated as Pet. Ex. 8 in my order filed Dec. 28, 2011) that is primarily comprised of
excerpts from an on-line article 13 co-authored by Dr. Buttram. Supplemental materials
from Dr. Buttram, including a biographical sketch of his background and qualifications, 14
were filed on January 26, 2012, along with Petitioners’ Exhibits 9-13. Although
respondent contended at a status conference held on August 25, 2011, that Dr.
Buttram’s report was inadequate to carry petitioners’ burden, 15 she complied with my


10
  As Danny never received a measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, the evidence from the Theory 2 test
cases has the most relevance to petitioners’ claim. Although their precise theory of causation is
somewhat amorphous, petitioners filed evidence concerning the thimerosal content of the hepatitis B
vaccine Danny received, and their expert addresses, at least in passing, the thimerosal causation theory.
11
  Most of the status conferences were digitally recorded and were followed by written orders
summarizing the matters discussed.
12
   I attached copies of all of the filed documents, identified by their new exhibit numbers and including
page numbers, to my order. The declaration and three lettered exhibits filed on June 20, 2006, were
designated by Exhibit Numbers 1-4, respectively; the February 6, 2009 filing was designated Exhibit 5;
the November 3, 2010 filing was designated Exhibit 6; and the July 8, 2011 filing was designated Exhibit
7.
13
  H. Buttram and C. Frompovich, Vaccines and Brain Inflammation, International Medical Council on
Vaccination [“IMCV”] (June 1, 2011), available at http://vaccinationcouncil.org/2011/06/01/vaccines-and-
brain-inflammation/ (last visited Jan. 4, 2013) [“Buttram Article”]. A printout of the article was included in
the materials petitioners filed on July 8, 2011. Pet. Ex. 7, pp. 9-26. IMCV is an anti-vaccination
organization. See http://www.vaccinationcouncil.org/about/ (last visited Jan. 4, 2013) (describing IMCV
as “profoundly critical of the practice of vaccination”). Doctor Buttram sits on its board of Advisors. Id.
Additionally, the article does not appear to have been peer reviewed before publication.
14
     Petitioners did not assign this biographical material an exhibit number. I will refer to it as “Buttram CV.”
15
  Doctor Buttram’s lack of qualifications to opine on causation of autism spectrum disorders is discussed
below.

                                                         4
order to file an expert report. Respondent filed the report of Dr. Max Wiznitzer and his
curriculum vitae [“CV”] on November 11, 2011, as Respondent’s Exhibits [“Res. Exs.”] A
and B, respectively. Tab A1, “Guide to Contraindications and Precautions to
Immunizations, 2009” was filed with Dr. Wiznitzer’s report.

       At status conferences, held on August 25, 2011 and December 20, 2011, we
discussed how best to resolve the contested issues in this case. I explained that once
the records were complete and the experts’ reports were filed, the next step would
ordinarily be an entitlement hearing. 16 Mrs. Fresco was nervous about her ability to
present witnesses and to cross-examine any witnesses presented by respondent at a
hearing. She also expressed concern about care for Danny during any hearing. After
considerable discussion, I presented Mrs. Fresco with options for proceeding. I
explained that she and her husband could have a hearing conducted either in person or
telephonically. Alternatively, I indicated that petitioners could present their case in the
form of written submissions to the court. I also explained that she could make oral
arguments to explain why petitioners believed they had met their burden of proof. I
noted that in a hearing, the parties would have an opportunity to question witnesses and
their experts could testify as to petitioners’ theory of causation, and that in the written or
oral submissions options the parties would present their arguments, referencing medical
records and the expert opinions, without the testimony of others. I also explained that I
would consider all of the medical records and any other evidence filed, regardless of
how petitioners wanted to proceed.

        Mrs. Fresco indicated her preference for presenting her case by oral argument.
Respondent did not object to proceeding in that manner. See Order, issued Dec. 21,
2011. I therefore heard the parties’ arguments on April 17, 2012, in a digitally recorded
proceeding, with Mrs. Fresco representing petitioners and Ms. Ricciardella representing
respondent. Prior to beginning the argument, I again informed Mrs. Fresco that
petitioners could have a hearing if they desired, and she again opted to present Danny’s
case via the evidence of record and her oral arguments. 17 Tr. at 2-3.

       The issues are therefore fully joined and the case is ripe for resolution. 18 As
respondent noted during the oral argument (Tr. at 62), petitioners’ medical theory of
causation remains unclear. Their own contentions, raised in the petition and during oral
argument, differ from some of the theories raised by Dr. Buttram, and Dr. Buttram’s
report fails to address some of the issues petitioners have personally raised.


16
  Although hearings are common in causation-in-fact cases, they are not required by the Vaccine Act.
§ 12(d)(2)(D); see also Vaccine Rule 8(d).
17
  I ordered a transcript of the oral argument to be prepared; citations to “Tr.” are to the transcript of the
oral argument.
18
   Petitioners filed Exhibits 14-16 after the oral arguments. I have also considered the matters contained
in these exhibits, which are discussed infra.

                                                       5
        Petitioners contend that all of Danny’s vaccinations, coupled with his “vulnerable”
physical condition, caused his autism. Tr. at 52-53. Their theories encompass the
following contentions regarding the vaccines: (1) Danny received vaccines containing
thimerosal; (2) he received a “hot lot” diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis
[“DTaP”] vaccination; (3) he received vaccinations simultaneously that should not be
combined; and (4) he received vaccines while on antibiotics. Petitioners also make
certain factual assertions regarding Danny’s condition at the time he received his
vaccinations, maintaining that: (1) he was vaccinated shortly after birth while ill; (2) he
was vaccinated again at 11 days of age while he was spitting up; (3) he was not well on
July 16, 2004 when he received his last vaccinations; and (4) he was ill with a fever and
turned blue shortly after these last vaccinations. Their causation theory is not well
articulated, but it appears to be that vaccinations, which were administered to a
medically vulnerable child, caused brain inflammation resulting in an autism spectrum
disorder. They rely on increases in Danny’s head circumference to show this brain
inflammation and on Dr. Buttram’s report to link vaccines, brain inflammation, and
autism. Doctor Buttram’s theories largely reprise those considered and rejected in the
OAP test cases.

        I conclude that petitioners have not presented a reliable medical theory for
vaccine causation of Danny’s autism. See Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278; Veryzer v. Sec’y,
HHS, 

, 352-53 (2011). To the extent that petitioners rely on the
thimerosal, brain inflammation, and excitotoxicity theories presented in the Theory 2
OAP test cases, 19 Dr. Buttram’s report and the other evidence submitted are inadequate
to counter the body of evidence presented in those test cases. The only new evidence
Dr. Buttram discusses involves a study that has nothing to do with autism and is
inapplicable to Danny. Respondent’s expert, Dr. Wiznitzer, who is far more qualified
than Dr. Buttram to opine on autism spectrum disorders, cogently explains why Dr.
Buttram’s theories are not reliable and why the alternate theories presented by
petitioners are unsupported by the medical evidence in this case.

        Without a reliable medical theory, there can be no logical connection between
vaccines and Danny’s condition. Moreover, the factual underpinnings for many of
petitioners’ assertions regarding Danny’s condition and his vaccinations are lacking,
further undercutting any attempted link between their theory and Danny’s condition.
See Broekelschen v. Sec'y, HHS, 

, 1345 (Fed.Cir. 2010) (noting that
“[b]ecause causation is relative to the injury, a petitioner must provide a reputable
medical or scientific explanation that pertains specifically to the petitioner's case”).

       Finally, nothing in Dr. Buttram’s report or in any of the other evidence submitted
sets forth any medically appropriate temporal interval between vaccinations and onset
of the behavioral symptoms that led to Danny’s autism diagnosis. See de Bazan v.
Sec’y, HHS, 

, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (noting that “the proximate temporal


19
     See Dwyer, 

.
                                             6
relationship prong requires preponderant proof that the onset of symptoms occurred
within a timeframe for which, given the medical understanding of the disorder's etiology,
it is medically acceptable to infer causation-in-fact”).

         Based on petitioners’ presentation of evidence and arguments, I have broken
Danny’s medical history, set forth in Section II below, into three separate time frames.
First, I discuss Danny’s birth, hospital stay, and his initial pediatric visits, and address
the issues Mrs. Fresco raised in her oral argument and other submissions with regard to
Danny’s initial vaccinations and state of health. Next, I discuss the period from Danny’s
April 3, 2002 pediatric visit, where he received his first set of multiple vaccinations,
through July 16, 2003, when Danny received his last vaccinations. I also discuss the
issues Mrs. Fresco raises about vaccines in general in this subsection. The third period
involves Danny’s evaluation for and diagnosis with an autism spectrum disorder
[“ASD”]. Following each of these time frames, I set forth my analysis of the competing
positions of the parties, and my factual conclusions.

                                   II. Relevant Medical History.

A. Issues Pertaining to Danny’s Birth and Perinatal Period.

        1. Information from the Medical Records.20

       Danny was born on January 27, 2002, at St. Barnabas Medical Center in
Livingston, NJ. 21 Pet. Ex. 4, p. 8. He appeared to be a healthy and alert newborn,
weighing seven pounds, nine ounces,22 with a five minute Apgar score of 9. 23 Pet. Ex.



20
  Records pertaining to Danny’s birth were filed on a number of occasions. They appear, in whole or in
part, in Pet. Exs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 14.
21
   Danny was born at about 37 1/2 weeks of gestation, about 2 1/2 weeks before his due date. The
records variously refer to him as “preterm” “near term,” and “full term.” Compare Pet. Ex. 4, p. 13 with
Pet. Ex. 4, p. 12 and Pet. Ex. 4, p. 11. A preterm infant is one “born before the thirty-seventh completed
week (259 days) of gestation.” DORLAND’S ILLUSTRATED MEDICAL DICTIONARY (32nd ed. 2012)
                                                                   th
[“DORLAND’S”] at 933. His birth weight placed him around the 50 percentile for full term newborns. See
Pet. Ex. 5, p. 138.
22
 Danny’s birth weight is listed elsewhere as seven pounds, four ounces. See Pet Ex. 4, pp. 17-18. Both
weights would be in the average range for a full term male infant.
23
  The Apgar score is a numerical assessment of a newborn’s condition (with lower numbers indicating
problems), usually taken at one minute and five minutes after birth. The score is derived from the infant’s
heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color, with from zero to two points awarded in
each of the five categories. See DORLAND’S at 1682. The medical records are in conflict about whether
Danny’s one-minute Apgar was 8 (see Pet. Exs. 4, p. 18; 14, p. 1 (labor and delivery summary)) or 9 (see
Pet. Ex. 4, p. 17). It is not necessary to resolve this conflict, as either score would indicate that Danny
was an apparently healthy newborn.

                                                      7
4, p. 9. He was placed in the regular newborn nursery for “routine care.” Id., p. 11.
Danny’s initial physical examination found no abnormalities.24 Id., p. 8.

       A complete blood count [“CBC”] and blood cultures were ordered because Mrs.
Fresco tested positive for group B streptococcus (referred to in the records as “GBS+”)
when she presented to the hospital in active labor. Pet. Ex. 4, pp. 5, 9. At the time of
Danny’s birth, Mrs. Fresco had received one dose of penicillin 25 administered while she
was in labor, which was considered only a partial treatment for her infection. Id., pp. 4,
9. Because the amniotic membranes26 had ruptured seven hours before Danny’s birth,
he could have been exposed to the streptococcus bacteria present in Mrs. Fresco, and
the blood tests were necessary to determine if Danny had been infected by this
exposure. Pet. Ex. 4, pp. 4, 5, 9.

       Danny’s blood counts were normal. Pet. Ex. 4, p. 11. However his blood
cultures grew gram positive cocci in clusters, and he was therefore transferred to the
Newborn Intensive Care Unit [“NICU”] on January 28, 2002, where he received
antibiotics orally and intravenously to treat possible sepsis, while further tests were
performed. Id., pp. 9-10, 18. In the NICU, Danny was initially placed on oxygen and
cardiac monitors, but they were discontinued on the same day they were ordered. Id.,
p. 10.

       On the day Danny was transferred to the NICU, he was examined by two
physicians, a Dr. Franco, and a neonatologist whose signature is undecipherable.
According to the neonatologist, Danny’s vital signs were within normal limits, and he
was “not in distress.” Pet. Ex. 4, p. 12. Doctor Franco’s examination, completed on


24
   During oral argument, Mrs. Fresco contended that this form (Pet. Ex. 4, p. 8) showed Danny to have a
birth defect, referencing the scrawled signature extending upward from the “Physician’s Signature” line in
the bottom left side of the form, and extending into the “Birth Defects Registration” section immediately
above the signature line. Tr. at 11-12. I conclude that Mrs. Fresco is mistaken in her assertion. “Birth
defect” is defined as a defect present at birth, either a morphological defect or an inborn error of
metabolism. DORLAND’S at 477. This physical examination form reflects that Danny had no abnormal
physical findings. Thus, he did not have a morphological defect. See also Pet. Ex. 14, p. 1 (indicating
that the initial newborn examination found no abnormalities). Likewise, there is no evidence that Danny
has an inborn error of metabolism.
25
  During oral argument, Mrs. Fresco asserted that she received “gentamicin,” an antibiotic to which she
was allergic, and indicated that this may have contributed to Danny developing autism. Tr. at 8-9, 45, 57.
The records filed do not reflect any drug allergies, but more significantly, they reflect that she received
penicillin, not gentamicin. See Pet. Exs. 4, p. 9; 5, p. 123. Gentamicin is an antibiotic effective against a
wide range of gram negative bacteria and some gram positive bacteria. DORLAND’S at 771. Penicillin is
an antibiotic effective against many gram positive bacteria, including streptococci, and some gram
negative bacteria. DORLAND’S at 1405. Group B streptococcus bacteria are gram positive. Id. at 1782-
83. Danny, however, did receive gentamicin. Pet. Ex. 4, pp. 10, 13.
26
  During oral argument, Mrs. Fresco’s description differed from the medical records. She indicated that
her membranes had not ruptured; she was simply in labor and bleeding when her physician sent her to
the hospital to give birth. Tr. at 8. It is unnecessary to resolve this dispute.
                                                        8
Danny’s arrival at the NICU, found Danny awake, alert, and not in distress. Id., p. 13.
Danny’s head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat (abbreviated on the form as “HEENT”27)
were “normocephalic.” His anterior fontanel (abbreviated on the form as “AF”28) was
open. No bulging or swelling of the fontanel was described. Danny had positive Moro
reflex, good tone, and appropriate sucking reflex. Id., p. 13. He had been circumcised
and had passed his newborn hearing screen on the same day he was admitted to the
NICU. Id., pp. 11-12, 14. The neonatologist indicated that Danny was admitted to “rule
out” 29 sepsis, and he planned to repeat the CBC and blood cultures while continuing
antibiotic treatment. Id., p. 12. Danny received two different antibiotics, ampicillin, a
type of penicillin (see DORLAND’S at 66), and gentamicin. Id., p. 13.

     Progress notes from Danny’s second day in the NICU indicated that he was
asymptomatic.30 He was feeding well and he was otherwise stable. Pet. Ex. 4, p. 15.

       A progress note from his third day in the NICU indicated that the first blood
culture grew a “staph species,” but that the second blood culture showed no growth of
bacteria. 31 Pet. Ex. 4, p. 16. The progress note further reflected that Danny was alert,
in no apparent distress, and was feeding and voiding normally. Id. The plan was to
complete 48 hours of antibiotics and then to discharge him after a check of the blood
cultures. Id.

      On January 31, 2002, Danny was still feeding and voiding well and his vital signs
were stable. He was discharged at 2:00 PM that day, with a follow up appointment


27                                           th
     Neil M. Davis, MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS (15 Ed. 2011) [“MED. ABBREV.”], at 155.
28
     MED. ABBREV. at 39.
29
   “Rule out” is a commonly used medical term. See Hernandez v. Astrue, Commissioner of Social
Security, 

, 175 (E.D. NY 2011) citing MedicineNet, “Definition of Rule Out,” available
at http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33831 (“Term used in medicine, meaning to
eliminate or exclude something from consideration.”) As used in this context, I conclude that Danny,
although apparently healthy, was being admitted to the NICU for empirical treatment of possible sepsis,
pending more complete analysis of his blood cultures to determine what, if any, pathogen was present in
his blood. In empirical treatment, antibiotics or other drugs are administered to treat a possible or
probable disease, without a definitive diagnosis, because they have proven effective against the possible
or probable diagnosis in other cases of the suspected disease. See DORLAND’S at 1957.
30
  The date of the note reads “10-29-02.” I conclude that this date was recorded in error, and should read
1-29-02, based on the content of the note and Danny’s (identified as “Fresco Boy”) medical bar code and
header at the top of the page. A Case Management checklist at the bottom of this page (Pet Ex. 4, p. 15)
contains the correct date (“1/29/02”). The checklist indicates that there were “[n]o continuum of care
needs identified at present.” Id.
31
   Mrs. Fresco tested positive for a form of streptococcus, not staphylococcus, bacteria. As respondent’s
expert, Dr. Max Wiznitzer, indicated in his report, the growth of “staph” bacteria in Danny’s culture most
likely represented a contaminant of the culture. Res. Ex. A at 7. The second culture showed no bacterial
growth, further indicating that the first test result was an anomaly. Id.

                                                    9
scheduled for February 8, 2002. Pet. Ex. 4, pp. 16-17. On discharge, Mr. Fresco
signed a document which indicated he would like to participate in the New Jersey
Immunization Information System [“NJIIS”] program. The two page form explained that
the program’s purpose was to keep a centralized record of all of Danny’s immunizations
and to remind his parents when immunizations were due. 32 Pet. Ex. 4, pp. 19-20.

       Danny visited his pediatrician on February 8, 2002. Pet. Ex. 12, p. 1. The
pediatrician examined Danny, noted that he was a well baby, and administered a
hepatitis B vaccine. 33 At Danny’s next health care provider visit on February 22, 2002,
the nurse who examined him indicated that he appeared to be in good health, and made
an appointment for Danny’s two month immunizations. 34

        2. Matters in Dispute during this Period.

                 a. Was a Hepatitis B Vaccination Administered at the Hospital?

                         (1) Petitioners’ Position.

      Petitioners contend that Danny received a hepatitis B vaccination as an ill
newborn and that this vaccination began the cascade of events that resulted in Danny’s
autism diagnosis. In support of their position that Danny actually received this
vaccination, petitioners point to the standard newborn orders (Pet. Ex. 4, p. 5), the
consent to participate in the NJIIS form signed by Mr. Fresco (Id., pp. 19-20), and Mrs.
Fresco’s arguments that, when she tried to obtain Danny’s records for filing, a hospital
employee was unable to tell her for certain whether Danny actually received the
vaccination. Tr. at 10-11, 20, 50-51.



32
   Comments made by Mrs. Fresco during the oral arguments in this case suggest that she considered
this form as a consent form for administration of the hepatitis B vaccine in the hospital. See Tr. at 11. It
is not a consent form.
33
   According to Pet. Ex. 16, pp. 5-6, the hepatitis B vaccine Danny received contained thimerosal.
However, the list of ingredients contains an asterisk after “thimerosal,” which is explained at id., p. 9:
“Where ‘thimerosal’ is marked with an asterisk (*) it indicates that the product should be considered
equivalent to thimerosal-free products. This vaccine may contain trace amounts (<0.3 mcg [micrograms])
of mercury left after post-production thimerosal removal, but these amounts have no biological effect.” In
contrast, children used to receive, on average, 187.5 mcg of mercury from the thimerosal in the vaccines
administered to them in their first six months of life, and the children in the test cases received 12.5 mcg
of mercury in each of their hepatitis B vaccinations. Dwyer, 

 at *82.
34
   Although the month of this visit is cut off on the exhibit, the initial entry refers to Danny as a “3 wk old
baby.” Pet. Ex. 5, p. 149. The form itself does not reflect whether this was another visit to Danny’s
pediatrician’s office or to the health clinic where Danny received his immunizations. Based on later
entries following one by this same nurse (an “RN” appears after the signature) referring Mrs. Fresco to
her private physician (see second entry on Pet. Ex. 5, p. 150) and the fact that the notes from Danny’s
private physician jump from February 8, 2002 to May 4, 2002 (see Pet. Ex. 12, p. 1), it is likely that these
records were created by the health clinic.
                                                        10
                         (2) Respondent’s Position.

       Respondent contends that the weight of the evidence is that Danny did not
receive a hepatitis B vaccination in the hospital. Tr. at 67.

                         (3) Analysis and Conclusions.

        As noted by petitioners (Tr. at 10), a “Doctor’s Order Sheet” containing pre-
printed routine newborn nursery orders and dated January 27, 2002, indicated that
Danny was to receive his initial hepatitis B vaccination prior to discharge. See Pet. Ex.
4, p. 5. However, a similar sheet dated January 28, 2002, includes a handwritten order
reading “NO Hepatitis B Vaccine.” Id., p. 6 (emphasis original). The January 28, 2002
sheet contains the signature of a registered nurse and another signature without a title.
There is no record showing the administration of a hepatitis B vaccination during
Danny’s newborn hospitalization. 35 Danny’s vaccination records, Pet. Ex. 2, do not
reflect receipt of a hepatitis B vaccination during his neonatal hospitalization.

        Apparently Danny’s pediatrician did not think he received a hepatitis B
vaccination as a newborn, because, on February 8, 2002, Danny received a hepatitis B
vaccine at his pediatrician’s office. 36 See Pet. Exs. 2, p. 1; 12, p. 1. The recommended
dosing schedule for hepatitis B vaccinations in infants includes an initial vaccination at
birth, followed by a second vaccination one month later, and a third vaccination six
months after the initial vaccination. Pet. Ex. 14 at 4 (Table 1). Thus, if Danny had
actually received the newborn hepatitis B vaccination as petitioners allege, it is unlikely
that his pediatrician would have administered another one just 12 days after his birth. 37

        Moreover, petitioners’ own expert expressed doubts that Danny received a
hepatitis B vaccination when hospitalized as a newborn. In his report, Dr. Buttram
referred to Mrs. Fresco’s contention that Danny received such a vaccination, and noted
that “a careful review (including nurse’s notes) failed to reveal that it was administered.”
Pet. Ex. 8 at 1. 38


35
  By law, health care providers are required to record the manufacturer, lot number, and the name of the
person administering the vaccine for each vaccination given. § 25(a). No hospital record filed contains
that information.
36
  Danny’s subsequent vaccinations were all administered at the town health clinic, as petitioners’
insurance did not cover vaccinations. Tr. at 21; Pet. Ex. 2.
37
  One of petitioners’ causation theories involves the administration of a “double dose” of hepatitis B
vaccine, based on this vaccination, plus one received as a newborn at the hospital. Doctor Buttram’s
expert report, filed as Pet. Ex. 8, at 1. This theory is discussed below in Section III.
38
  Within this decision, citations to petitioners’ exhibit 8 refer to the printed numbers on the pages within
Dr. Buttram’s report. Unlike petitioners’ other exhibits, the cover page Mrs. Fresco included with the filing
was not assigned a page number in my December 28, 2011 order.

                                                     11
       The weight of the evidence is that Danny did not receive a hepatitis B vaccine
while hospitalized after his birth, and I so conclude.

                b. Was Danny Ill at the Time of Discharge?

                         (1) Petitioners’ Position.

       In support of her claim that Danny was ill at the time of his hospital discharge,
Mrs. Fresco points to his transfer to the NICU, his receipt of antibiotics, and various
entries on the discharge face sheet (filed as Pet. Ex. 7, p. 4). See Tr. at 13, 15.

        Mrs. Fresco claims that Danny was not fully recovered at the time of his
discharge from the hospital because the discharge face sheet indicates that his
condition was “improved,” not “recovered.” See Pet. Ex. 7, pp. 1, 4; Tr. at 15. She also
relies on codes appearing on the discharge face sheet (Pet. Ex. 7, p. 4) to establish that
Danny suffered from “viral encephalitis transmitted by other and unspecified arthropods”
(Pet. Ex. 7, p. 1), as well as infections specific to the perinatal period and septicemia 39
(see handwritten notations on Pet Ex. 7, p. 4 and attached code sheets 40 at id., pp. 5-8).

                         (2) Respondent’s Position.

       Respondent argues that the claim Danny suffered from encephalitis during his
hospital stay is without support. Tr. at 70-71. An infant suffering from encephalitis
would display symptoms of an impaired consciousness, such as impaired feeding and
abnormal tone and reflexes. Res. Ex. A at 7. During the four days Danny was
hospitalized, he was alert with normal vital signs and was feeding by his mouth. Res.
Ex. A at 7.




39
   Septicemia is a systemic disease associated with pathogens (or their toxins) in the blood. DORLAND’S
at 1693. It is sometimes called sepsis or blood poisoning. Id. I note that the medical records reflect that
Danny was being tested to rule out sepsis. See Pet. Ex. 4, p. 12 (admission to NICU to rule out sepsis).
40
   The code sheets in petitioners’ exhibit 7 contain pages from volumes 1 and 2 of the ICD-9-CM
(International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification). The ICD-9-CM codes are
used by medical providers and insurers to code medical diagnoses (diseases and injuries) and clinical
procedures, with volumes 1 and 2 containing the diagnostic codes and volume 3 containing the procedure
codes. The ICD-9-CM codes are overseen by the National Center for Health Statistics and the Centers
for Medicare and Medicaid Services. See http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd9cm.htm (last visited Jan. 4,
2013). The ICD-9-CM codes are based on the ICD-9 codes, which are used internationally to standardize
the coding of a person’s cause of death, as reported on a death certificate, and the generation of mortality
statistics. See http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd9.htm (last visited Jan. 4, 2013). The nature of the ICD-9-
CM codes and their relevance to petitioner’s contentions are discussed in more detail below.

                                                    12
                        (3) Analysis and Conclusions.

                                 (a) The Discharge Face Sheet.

        Mrs. Fresco’s claims that Danny was not well when he was discharged are
primarily based on the codes that appear on a form called a “Discharge Face Sheet.” 41
The discharge face sheet consists of a header (which includes the notation “FRESCO
BOY”), followed by a section including the date of discharge and a list of possible
outcomes or reasons for discharge. Additional sections of the form are devoted to
“principal diagnosis,” “other diagnosis,” and “principal procedure,” all of which contain
either handwritten notations accompanied by codes or simply codes. It appears that
Mrs. Fresco has also made handwritten notations in these sections reflecting her
interpretations of the codes on the copy designated as Pet. Ex. 7, p. 4. I review this
form, section by section.

        Mrs. Fresco is correct in her assertion that on this discharge form Danny was
listed as “Improved” and that “Recovered” was not checked. The significance of or
distinction between these two blocks is not further elucidated on the form or elsewhere
in the records. This is the only entry anywhere in Danny’s hospital records that provides
any support for her contention that he was not completely well when discharged. Other
evidence, however, establishes that Danny was in good health when he left the hospital.

        The principal diagnosis section contains the hand written notation “FT Male NB,”
which, based on my experience in reviewing medical records and a review of a medical
abbreviations handbook, most likely translates to “Full Term Male Newborn.” MED.
ABBREV. at 140, 222. The code that accompanies the principal diagnosis can be read
as either “V30.00” or “130.00.” See Pet. Exs. 7, p. 4; 9, p. 1. There are also faint
handwritten notations on the copy filed as Pet. Ex. 7, p. 4 that appear to read “single live
birth”. These do not appear on the copy filed as Pet. Ex. 9, p. 1.

       Although petitioners filed an ICD-9-CM code sheet as Pet. Ex. 7, p. 6, that
implies (based on a check mark next to the entry) that code 130.0 is used to reflect
“Meningoencephalitis due to toxoplasmosis,” 42 I find that this page is not relevant to an
interpretation of Pet. Ex. 7, p. 4. There is nothing in the medical records filed that


41
  This form appears in several exhibits. Petitioners’ Ex. 7, p. 4 is a poor copy of the Discharge Face
Sheet that appeared in petitioners’ July 8, 2011 filing. In that filing, the pages were unnumbered and no
exhibit number was assigned. Another copy of the Discharge Face Sheet, without the handwritten
notations (presumably made by Mrs. Fresco), appears as Pet. Ex. 9, p. 1, filed on January 26, 2012.
42
   Toxoplasmic meningoencephalitis is a form of meningoencephalitis (an inflammation of the brain and
the meninges that surround it) that sometimes occurs in toxoplasmosis (an infection with protozoa found
in cat feces). DORLAND’S at 1133 (meningoencephalitis); 1944 (toxoplasmosis). Toxoplasmic
meningoencephalitis is characterized by seizures and mental confusion which may result in coma and
death. See id. at 1134. Danny had no symptoms associated with any form of encephalitis. See Res. Ex.
A at 7.

                                                    13
suggests Danny had toxoplasmic meningoencephalitis during his newborn stay at the
hospital. Although a fetus may be infected with this disease based on in utero exposure
of the mother (see DORLAND’S at 1134), it is extremely unlikely, in view of the notations
accompanying the coding on Pet. Ex. 7, p. 4, the benign clinical course Danny
experienced perinatally, and the lack of any other reference in his medical records to
such an infection or treatment for such an infection, that this code means what
petitioners interpret it to mean.

         Notwithstanding petitioners’ interpretations, there is a more logical explanation
for the code. V30 is the prefix for the ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes that cover single live
births. 43 Specifically, V30.00 is the code for a “single liveborn, born in hospital,
delivered without mention of cesarean section.” 44 This code would be consistent with
the section heading, as Danny’s birth would be the “principal diagnosis” for Danny’s
hospitalization. I thus conclude that the code should be read as “V30.00,” a reference
to a single live birth.

       The “other diagnosis” section of Pet. Ex. 7, p. 4 contains two codes, 771.8 and
038.9, along with a notation I am unable to decipher, followed by “R/O.” Faint
handwritten notations appear on the copy of this document found in petitioners’ July 8,
2011 filing, and appear to read “infection specific to the perinatal period” (next to code
771.8) and “septicemia” (next to code 038.9). These handwritten notations do not
appear on the copy of the discharge face sheet filed as Pet. Ex. 9, p. 1, and I thus
conclude that they were likely made by Mrs. Fresco. 45 The ICD-9-CM code “771.8” is,
according to Pet. Ex. 7, p. 7, “Other infection specific to the perinatal period.” ICD-9-CM
code “038.9” is, according to id., p. 8, “Unspecified septicemia.”

        Although petitioners rely on these codes to establish that Danny was ill during his
stay in the newborn nursery and NICU, the notation “R/O” accompanying these codes
indicates that Danny was not actually ill. He was treated to “rule out” a possible
infection or septicemia. This interpretation is supported by other notations in the
medical records regarding Danny’s test results and by his benign clinical course.

      Finally, in the section of Pet. Ex. 7, p. 4 regarding principal procedure, there is a
machine-printed parenthetical reference reading “the procedure most related to the


43
     Other ICD-9-CM prefixes denote other types of childbirth. For example, V31 is used for twins.
44
   The numbers after the decimal point in the ICD-9-CM code reflect whether the child was born in a
hospital (.0), born before admission to hospital (.1), born outside the hospital and not hospitalized (.2),
and whether the child was born without mention of cesarean section (._0) or born by cesarean section
(._1). See ICD-9-CM; see also MJ Bowie and RM Schaffer, Understanding ICD-9-CM Coding: A
Worktext (3rd ed., 2012) at 348.
45
   I do not mean to imply that Mrs. Fresco altered these records with any nefarious purpose. Rather, it
appears that she was making notes to assist herself in understanding the codes on Danny’s records, and
either inadvertently or unknowingly filed with the court the medical records containing her personal notes.

                                                      14
principal diagnosis, performed for definite treatment.” The code “64.0” follows.
Although they are entirely illegible on Pet. Ex. 7, p. 4, in the copy of this discharge face
sheet filed on July 8, 2011, there are faint handwritten notations reading “viral
encephalitis,” although the rest of the of the entry remains undecipherable. These
notations do not appear on the copy of the same document filed as Pet. Ex. 9, p. 1.

       Based on the ICD-9-CM coding sheet found at Pet. Ex. 7, p. 5, petitioners
contend that this reference means that Danny had “viral encephalitis transmitted by
other and unspecified arthropods.”46 In this instance, petitioners mistakenly used the
ICD-9-CM code for medical diagnoses (found in volumes 1 and 2 of the ICD-9-CM)
instead of the ICD-9-CM code for medical procedures (found in volume 3). The ICD-9-
CM code for a circumcision, a procedure performed the same day Danny was
transferred to the NICU, is 64.0. I note that there is no evidence in the medical records
suggesting that Danny (or Mrs. Fresco) had been exposed to a virus, much less one
transmitted by an insect, spider, or tick bite. The concern about possible transmission
of group B streptococcus from Mrs. Fresco to Danny that prompted his transfer to the
NICU involved a bacterial, not a viral, infection. I thus conclude that this reference on
the discharge face sheet was to Danny’s circumcision, not to viral encephalitis.

                                  (b) Regarding the Treatment Records.

       Putting the ICD codes aside, nothing in the hospital records supports a finding
that Danny was actually ill at the time of his transfer to the NICU. His physical
examination in the NICU was normal in every respect. He had no fever, lethargy, or
other signs of illness. There is no notation reflecting a diagnosis of sepsis, encephalitis,
encephalopathy, 47 or any other illness. Although his initial blood tests showed the
presence of bacteria, when a second blood culture grew no pathogens, the physicians
concluded that the initial positive culture represented a contaminant.

       Danny’s treating physicians came to similar conclusions regarding Danny’s NICU
stay. In January 2004, Dr. Barbie Zimmerman-Bier, the Director of Child Development
at the New Jersey Medical School, performed a neurodevelopmental evaluation of


46
     Arthropods include spiders and insects. DORLAND’S at 158.
47
   Mrs. Fresco argued that Danny had an encephalopathy at this point, and points to a prescription written
in 2010 (Pet. Ex. 10, p. 1) in which Danny is diagnosed with encephalopathy as well as autism, as
evidence that he was ill at birth and that the encephalopathic condition persisted. Tr. at 16; see also Pet.
Ex. 7, p. 1. Her expert, Dr. Buttram, does not opine that Danny had an encephalopathy at any point.
Respondent’s expert, Dr. Wiznitzer, opines that “there is no history of an acute encephalopathy within
days of any of the immunizations that Daniel Fresco received.” Res. Ex. A at 4. In the absence of any
medical record reflecting that Danny had an encephalopathy at or near birth, I cannot credit Mrs. Fresco’s
argument in this regard. Doctor Wiznitzer, a pediatric neurologist, opined that Danny’s condition after
birth was “not consistent with a neonatal encephalopathy (sustained impairment in consciousness with
abnormal tone and reflexes, impaired feeding and seizures).” Res. Ex. A at 7. His report is not rebutted
by anything in Dr. Buttram’s report.

                                                    15
Danny. She reviewed the records from Danny’s hospitalization after birth and noted
that:

        [Danny] was essentially asymptomatic and he had no fever [or] distress
        and[] was feeding well. After 48 hours [of] treatment was completed, the
        cultures were identified as a staphylococcal species. Based on that and
        repeat cultures taken in the NICU which [were] negative at the time,
        antibiotics were discontinued. Bacteremia was ruled out and the patient
        was discharged on January 31, 2002.

Pet Ex. 5, p. 36.

       Doctor Ling Yu Shih, the geneticist who evaluated Danny in 2006, also recited
Danny’s birth history and indicated that there were no complications. Pet. Ex. 5, p. 57.
Doctor Buttram, who relied upon Mrs. Fresco’s report that both she and Danny tested
positive for Group B strep, 48 noted that while in the NICU, Danny was “asymptomatic,
afebrile and feeding well.” Pet. Ex. 8 at 1.

        Finally, Danny was seen by his pediatrician 12 days after his birth (eight days
after his discharge from the hospital). After examining Danny and noting his food intake
and elimination patterns, the pediatrician called him a “Well Baby.” Pet. Ex.12, p. 1.
Similarly, the nurse who examined him when he was three weeks old indicated that he
appeared to be in good health. Pet. Ex. 5, p. 149.

        Furthermore, Dr. Wiznitzer notes that Danny did not have any evidence of
infection shortly after birth. Res. Ex. A at 7. He points out that Danny had an elective
medical procedure, circumcision, and intimates that such a procedure would not have
been performed if Danny had been acutely ill at the time. Id. He also opined that
Danny’s clinical presentation and history were not consistent with viral encephalitis. Id.

       I find that Danny was not ill when he was placed in the NICU and was not ill at
the time of his discharge. He was well at the time he received his initial hepatitis B
vaccination, which occurred on February 8, 2002.

B. Danny’s Care and Treatment between April 3, 2002 and July 16, 2003.

        1. Information from the Medical Records.

      There were no records filed for any medical visits between Danny’s February 22,
2002 visit and his two month well child visit on April 3, 2002. At this April visit, Danny’s
hearing and vision were within normal limits. He had a slight runny nose, but was


48
  Although the medical records establish that Mrs. Fresco was positive for Group B strep, there are no
records supporting such a finding with regard to Danny.

                                                   16
assessed as a well child. An entry indicated that Danny had no reactions to his earlier
vaccination, which was the hepatitis B vaccination received on February 8, 2002.
Danny received his initial DTaP, 49 polio [“IPV”], haemophilus influenzae B [“Hib”], and
pneumonococcal conjugate [“Prevnar”] vaccinations, and his second hepatitis B
vaccination at this visit. Pet. Exs. 2, p. 1; 5, pp. 142, 149.

       His next visit was his four month well child visit on June 5, 2002. Danny was
reported to have been cranky and running a slight fever after his last set of vaccinations
two months earlier. On examination, Danny was alert, smiling, and following objects.
He was taking cereal and soy formula. Mrs. Fresco reported he was constipated and
“not eating great.” Pet. Ex. 5, pp. 143, 149. A second set of vaccinations was
administered, which included Danny’s second DTaP, IPV, Hib, and Prevnar
vaccinations. Id., p. 143; Pet. Ex. 2, p. 1.

       Twelve days later, Danny was seen by his primary physician for foreskin
adhesions and a rash on his face. He was reported to be feeding well on formula,
cereal, and fruits. Pet. Ex. 5, p. 4.

        At Danny’s six month well child visit on August 7, 2002, Mrs. Fresco reported that
he had no reactions to his last set of immunizations. Danny was smiling and alert, and
his development was assessed as grossly within normal limits. Mrs. Fresco reported
that his head always seemed warm and requested that his temperature be taken. It
was recorded as 98.6° Fahrenheit. Pet. Ex. 5, pp. 144, 149. Danny received his third
DTaP, IPV, Hib, and Prevnar vaccines at this visit. Pet. Exs. 2, p. 1; 5, p. 149.

       Danny’s next visit was on September 23, 2002, nearly six weeks after the six
month immunizations. Danny was reported to be vomiting with his meals and had
experienced diarrhea for three days the previous week. He did not have fever or
appear to be in pain and was diagnosed with a viral infection. Pet. Ex, 5, p. 4. Danny
missed his next scheduled appointment on October 9, 2002. Id., pp. 145, 149.

       At a well child visit on December 4, 2002, Danny had sniffles and was teething.
His hearing and vision appeared to be normal. Danny was reported to babble, to say a
few words, and to pull himself to standing. He was eating a varied diet, including meat,
cereal, vegetables, and fruit, along with soy-based formula. He was sleeping well.
Danny was observed to be active and verbal, and a “high forehead” was noted. He
received his third hepatitis B vaccination at this visit. Pet. Exs. 2, p. 1; 5, pp 146, 149-
50.

      The next chronological entry in the medical records is comprised of notes from a
conversation between Mrs. Fresco and a public health nurse at the clinic where Danny


49
  Danny received “Infanrix,” the trade name for GlaxoSmithKline’s formulation of DTaP, at this visit and at
the two subsequent visits. See Pet. Ex. 2, p. 1; DORLAND’S at 933. The formulation of his fourth DTaP
vaccination is discussed in 2.b. below.
                                                    17
received his vaccinations. The note is dated, but the month is cut off on the filed copy.
The day and year read “25/03.” From context, the note was written prior to March 26,
2003, as it indicates Mrs. Fresco wanted to delay the vaccinations scheduled for March
26, 2003 to August 2003, when her husband would be on vacation. The conversation
included a disagreement between Mrs. Fresco and the public health nurse about
following the American Academy of Pediatrics’ recommended vaccination schedule,
with Mrs. Fresco indicating that she had “read differently” regarding scheduling
vaccinations. The nurse referred Mrs. Fresco to her private physician for his
recommendations on vaccination scheduling. It concluded with the notation that Mrs.
Fresco wanted to withhold additional vaccinations. Pet. Ex. 5, p. 150.

        Another telephone call is also documented, and once again, the month of the call
is not legible, although the day and year are reflected as “26/03.” The note indicates
that Mrs. Fresco called to schedule an appointment for vaccination. Id. During oral
argument, Mrs. Fresco indicated that she was concerned about vaccinations at this
point because of Danny’s “spitting up” and differences in his development from that of
his older brother. Tr. at 55-56. From context, I conclude that this call most likely took
place on either March 26 or April 26, 2003.

      At Danny’s 15 month well child visit on April 23, 2003, he was walking, saying a
few words, eating well, and beginning to drink from a cup. He had not yet cut any teeth.
A note indicated that Mrs. Fresco had spoken with the doctor regarding vaccines, and
would return for them. Pet. Ex. 5, pp. 147, 150.

        The first reference in the medical records that Danny might be developmentally
delayed appears in the records from a July 14, 2003 visit. 50 Danny was reported to be
teething, with no teeth yet, and very cranky. He was still saying only a few words. His
pediatrician diagnosed speech delay and delayed tooth eruption, and referred Danny for
early intervention evaluation. Pet. Ex. 5, p. 5. Blood tests were ordered. Most of the
results were within the reference ranges, but his polymorpholeukocyte count was low. 51
Id., pp. 153-55.

        Danny received his last two vaccinations two days later, on July 16, 2003. He
was noted to have occasional fever after receiving his vaccinations. He was described
at this visit as crying a lot and unmanageable, with inadequate language development.
The health care provider observed that he was irritable, running back and forth
“inappropriately,” and failing to follow commands, but there is no indication in the


50
  I accept Mrs. Fresco’s assertions that her concerns about Danny’s development prompted her to
question the vaccine schedule at least three months before this visit. This record, however, is the first
one in which concerns by one of Danny’s health care providers were recorded.
51
   Petitioners’ expert, Dr. Buttram, considers the “low polymorpholeukocyte count” on this test to be
significant for his opinion on causation. See II.B.2.a. infra. No physician, including Dr. Buttram, attached
any significance to any of the other out-of-range test results on this blood test.

                                                     18
records that Danny was ill, and the assessment was “well child.” Pet. Ex. 5, pp. 148,
150.

        The record from this visit contained a notation that Danny’s immunizations had
been delayed pending the results of the lead and liver profile testing done by his
pediatrician two days earlier. He received his fourth DTaP and Hib vaccinations 52 at
this visit, suggesting that the lab results did not indicate any problems. Pet. Exs. 2, p. 1,
5, pp. 148, 150. Although there was a notation that the initial MMR and varicella
vaccines were being postponed until August at his mother’s request, there is no record
that Danny ever received these vaccinations. Pet. Ex. 5, p. 150.

        2. Matters in Dispute during this Period.

       Petitioners assert that Danny received vaccinations when he was ill or on
antibiotics, and that his vaccinations were improperly “mixed.” Petitioners also contend
that the final DTaP vaccination on July 16, 2003 was from a “hot lot”53 and that he
experienced fever and other ill effects after it. Additionally, during oral argument Mrs.
Fresco contended that Danny’s head circumference inappropriately increased over
time, constituting evidence of brain inflammation. See Tr. at 28.

                a. Were Vaccines Administered when Danny was Ill or on Antibiotics?

        I have already indicated that Danny showed no signs of illness at the time he
received his initial hepatitis B vaccination. A review of the medical records establishes
the following facts regarding Danny’s health at the time of administration of his other
vaccinations:

                   (1) Danny’s two month vaccinations were administered at a time
when he had a slight runny nose, but was otherwise assessed as a well child.

                    (2) Danny’s four month vaccinations were administered when he
was assessed as smiling and alert, but having some problems with feeding and
constipation. There is no indication that Danny was ill.

                   (3) Danny’s six month vaccinations were administered when Danny
was well. His temperature was not elevated, and there was no indication in the records
of any illness.


52
  Petitioners identified these two vaccines as causal in a filing made on November 3, 2010. However,
during oral argument, Mrs. Fresco was clear that she considered all of Danny’s vaccinations as causal.
Tr. at 52-53.
53
  “Hot lot” is a term used to refer to a vaccine lot with an unusual number of reported side effects,
suggesting a possible problem in the vaccine manufacturing process for that particular lot. See Grimes v.
Sec’y, HHS, No. 02-1491V, 

 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 31, 2007) at *4, n.11.

                                                   19
                      (4) Danny’s third hepatitis B vaccination was administered when he
was a little over 10 months of age. 54 He was teething and had “sniffles” at the time.
Nevertheless, Danny was assessed as a well child.

                     (5) His final vaccinations (DTaP and Hib) were received when
Danny was assessed as a well child. Although he was crying and described as
“unmanageable,” there is no indication that these conditions were attributable to illness
rather than simply to behavioral problems.

                      (6) On August 6, 2003, about three weeks after his last
vaccinations, Danny was seen for a middle ear infection. Pet. Ex. 5, p. 5. He was
diagnosed with a mild cold and mild serous otitis media. There is no indication in the
filed records that Danny had a fever or that the cold and ear infection were somehow
related to his July 16, 2003 vaccinations.

                    (7) There is no evidence that Danny was on antibiotics at the time
he received any of his vaccinations.

         I thus conclude that Danny did not receive any vaccinations while he was acutely
ill or on antibiotics. At most, Danny had a runny nose or “sniffles” when he received his
final vaccinations.

                  b. “Mixing” Vaccines or Vaccinations.

       Mrs. Fresco argued that “mixing” vaccines was improper and could cause a
“problem.” See Tr. at 14, 17. Her argument appears to be based on the portions of Pet.
Ex. 14 that contain package inserts for hepatitis B and the DTaP vaccines. With regard
to hepatitis B, the package insert states: “When concomitant administration of other
vaccines or immune globulin is required, they should be given with different syringes
and at different injections sites. Do not mix [brand name of hepatitis B vaccine Danny
received] with any other vaccine or product in the same syringe or vial.” Pet. Ex. 14 at
9. It appears that some portions of the last line of these instructions are underlined by
hand.

       With regard to the DTaP vaccine, Mrs. Fresco has underlined and starred the
following passage: “Sufficient data are not available on the safety and effectiveness of
interchanging INFANRIX [the brand name of the DTaP vaccine Danny received at his
two, four, and six month vaccination appointments] and [DTaP] vaccines from different
manufacturers for successive doses of the DTaP vaccination series.” Id. at 16. This
package insert also contains information on studies conducted involving concurrently
administered vaccines.



54
     Danny was recorded as a “no show” for the vaccination appointment scheduled for October 9, 2002.
                                                    20
       Based on these package inserts and her comments during the oral argument
(see Tr. at 14, 17), it appears that Mrs. Fresco has confused concurrent administration
of vaccines with mixing different vaccines in the same syringe. An examination of
Danny’s medical records shows concurrent administration of Danny’s second hepatitis
B vaccine with his initial DTaP, IPV, Hib, and Prevnar vaccines. 55 This is in accordance
with the recommended childhood vaccination schedule. 56 However, there is no
indication anywhere in Danny’s records that the vaccines were mixed in the same vial or
syringe or injected into the same spot. 57

       Alternatively, Mrs. Fresco may be concerned about mixing DTaP vaccines from
different manufacturers. See Pet. Ex. 14 at 16 (starred and underlined portion).
Danny’s first three DTaP vaccinations all list the same brand name, Infanrix, on his shot
record. See Pet. Ex. 2, p. 1. According to Pet. Ex. 14, Infanrix is manufactured by
GlaxoSmithKline. The shot record at Pet. Ex. 2, p. 1 lists a different manufacturer
(Merck) for Danny’s fourth DTaP vaccine. However, other copies of the shot record for
this vaccination have “Merck” crossed out and various versions of “GlaxoSmithKline”
handwritten in its place. Pet. Exs. 5, p. 133; 6, p. 8. Based on information from the
CDC and the Physicians’ Desk Reference [“PDR”], it does not appear that Merck
manufactured a DTaP vaccine during the relevant period. 58 Additionally, the lot number
for Danny’s fourth DTaP vaccine is very similar in configuration to the lot numbers for
the other DTaP vaccines he received. 59 Pet. Ex. 2, p. 1. I thus conclude that Danny
received all four DTaP vaccinations based on vaccines from the same manufacturer.

      In any event, there is absolutely no evidence anywhere in the record that
causally links concurrent administration, mixed administration, or using vaccines from


55
  When Danny received his first and third hepatitis B vaccines, on February 8 and December 4, 2002,
respectively, they were the only vaccinations administered on those days. See Pet. Ex. 2, p. 1.
56
  See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [“CDC”] Recommended Immunization Schedule,
available at http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/child/0-6yrs-schedule-pr.pdf (last visited
Jan. 4, 2013).
57
  Doctor Buttram asserts that a child should never receive more than two vaccinations at a time. Buttram
Article, filed as Pet. Ex. 7, at 17. However, he does not attribute any specific ill effect to the concurrent
receipt of more than two vaccines at once, and does not assert that concurrent receipt of multiple
vaccines causes autism spectrum disorders.
58
   See 2002 and 2003 CDC’s Vaccines for Children Program Price Lists, available at
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/awardees/vaccine-management/price-list/archive.html (last
visited Jan. 4, 2013)(noting the only DTaP manufacturers were GlaxoSmithKline and Aventis Pasteur);
PDR at 201 (58th ed. 2004) (table of contents listing 10 vaccines manufactured by Merck; none of which
were DTaP).
59
  Different manufacturers use very different conventions for lot numbers. For example, compare the lot
numbers for the Hib vaccines manufactured by Merck (1548K, 1416L, 1136L) with those for the
pneumococcal vaccines manufactured by Wyeth (484-857, 485-995, 485-047), as reflected on Pet. Ex. 2.

                                                     21
different manufacturers to autism spectrum disorders. In other words, even if Mrs.
Fresco’s arguments about Danny receiving mixed vaccines are factually correct, those
facts are without medical or legal consequence.

                c. Did Danny Receive a “Hot Lot” DTaP Vaccine?

       There is no reliable evidence in this record that Danny’s fourth DTaP vaccine
was from a so-called “hot lot.” 60 The only support for Mrs. Fresco’s assertions is a
printout from a website maintained by the National Vaccine Information Center, 61 filed
as Pet. Ex. 11. This printout lists the lot number 575A2 for Danny’s fourth vaccine
under the heading “Hot Lot” for GlaxoSmithKline vaccines.

         I do not consider this printout to be reliable evidence of problems with this lot
number of the GlaxoSmithKline DTaP vaccine. The printout indicates that there were
12 complaints of an unspecified nature among recipients of vaccine lot number 575A2.
Pet. Exs. 11, p. 1; 2, p. 1. It does not indicate how many total recipients of this lot there
were. Thus, it is impossible to determine what percentage of the recipients experienced
ill effects or what those ill effects were. Furthermore, there is no evidence whether
these were passive reports, such as those made to the Vaccine Adverse Event
Reporting System, or were collected in some more controlled fashion. 62

        The nature of the website where the “hot lot” list was posted is also a matter
affecting its reliability. Although its mission statement states that it “does not advocate
for or against the use of vaccines,” the content on the website suggests that the
National Vaccine Information Center is an anti-vaccine organization. Moreover, even if I
considered this printout as reliable evidence of problems with this lot number of the
DTaP vaccine, there is still no evidence that causally links Danny’s fourth DTaP vaccine
to autism spectrum disorders.

       I also note that Danny was displaying behavioral and developmental symptoms
that concerned his mother before the end of March, 2003, and that were documented by
his physician in July, 2003, two days before this vaccine was administered. Danny had


60
   During oral argument, Mrs. Fresco also asserted that this vaccine lot had been recalled. When pressed
to cite to something in the evidentiary record that demonstrated this recall, she switched her argument to
it being a “hot lot.”
61
   The complete website address is not included at the bottom of the printout, but it appears to be the
results from a search conducted on medalerts.org, which is a website maintained by the National Vaccine
Information Center.
62
   VAERS reports are inadequate evidentiary sources to establish vaccine causation of any injury. See
e.g. Manville v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 494 (2004); Capizzano v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 231
(2004)(placing limited value on VAERS reports due to the manner in which they are completed); Ryman
v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 40 (2005)(commenting that VAERS reports tend to be biased toward
prevailing concepts of adverse events); Analla v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 558 (2006) (noting VAERS
reports offer very little with regards to causality).
                                                      22
evidence of delays in expressive speech (speech delay), receptive speech (responding
to verbal commands), and uncontrollable behavior, all of which are symptoms of an
emergence of autism spectrum disorder. See Res. Ex. A. at 5.

              d. Illness Following the Fourth DTaP Vaccination.

       Although Mrs. Fresco asserted that Danny had fever and possible seizures after
this vaccination (Pet. Exs. 6, p.1; 7, p.1; Tr. at 22-23), the only medical record reflecting
a concern about fever and seizures referred to a visit when Danny was 25 months of
age. See Pet. Ex. 5, p. 8. Although the exact date of this visit does not appear in the
medical records, based on Danny’s birth date it likely took place in February or March,
2004, at least six months after the fourth DTaP vaccine was administered. Danny did
not have any documented illness shortly after his fourth DTaP vaccination on July 16,
2003, other than a middle ear infection three weeks later. Pet. Ex. 5, p. 5. He had
recovered from this ear infection by August 26, 2003.

       I have no doubts as to Mrs. Fresco’s sincerity in temporally linking Danny’s last
DTaP vaccination with a febrile illness, turning blue, and possible seizures, but I am
convinced by the medical records and, in particular, the reference to Danny’s age at the
time of the visit where these symptoms were recorded, that at least six months had
expired between his July 2003 vaccinations and this event in February or March, 2004.
See Shapiro v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 537-38 (2011) (“There is little doubt that
the decisional law in the vaccine area favors medical records created
contemporaneously with events they describe over subsequent recollections.”); see also
Cucuras, 993 F.3d at 1528 (holding that “oral testimony in conflict with
contemporaneous documentary evidence deserves little weight”).

              e. “Inappropriate Increases” in Head Circumference.

        During oral argument, Mrs. Fresco asserted that a health care provider had noted
that Danny’s head circumference was growing more rapidly than would typically be
expected, and that the provider did not seem concerned about the increase nor did the
provider suggest it could be a marker of a problem. Tr. at 28. However, in hindsight,
Mrs. Fresco asserts that the changes in Danny’s head circumference were a sign of
inflammation and an indication that he should not have received additional vaccinations.
Id. The only evidence of Danny’s increasing head circumference is on a chart
appearing at Pet. Ex. 5, p. 135. The chart demonstrates that Danny’s head
circumference was 15 inches when first measured on April 3, 2002, and 18.5 inches at
the final measurement recorded, on April 23, 2003. Id. However, there is no evidence
that this increase is abnormal, unusual in any respect, or particularly alarming. Danny’s
height and weight likewise increased over this time period. Id. at 138-39. Growth
charts that appear elsewhere in Danny’s pediatric records plot his increased stature and
weight over time, but do not plot his head circumference. See Pet. Ex. 5, pp. 138-40
(growth charts).


                                             23
       The CDC provides growth charts to use in plotting height, weight, and head
circumference of infants over time which are similar to those used by Danny’s
pediatrician. 63 When Danny’s head circumference measurements are plotted on the
CDC chart for head circumference, his measurements do not appear to be markedly
abnormal. 64

C. Danny’s Autism Spectrum Disorder Evaluations and Diagnosis.

       There do not appear to be any issues pertaining to Danny’s subsequent
evaluations and treatment for autism. In summary, Danny was initially evaluated at the
Children’s Hospital of New Jersey by Dr. Vinod Goyal, a developmental pediatrician, on
September 29, 2003. See Pet. Ex. 5, pp. 18-20. Doctor Goyal concluded that Danny,
then 20 months of age, had a significant communication disorder, with delays in
expressive and receptive language. Danny had poor oral motor skills and was unable
to handle solid food. Doctor Goyal noted that, in addition to the speech problems he
displayed, Danny had other behaviors “consistent with ASD.” She diagnosed Danny
with pervasive developmental delay, not otherwise specified [“PDD-NOS”]. She also
commented that Mrs. Fresco seemed to be well aware of Danny’s problems. Pet. Ex. 5,
p. 20.

       Danny continued to be followed by Dr. Goyal. See Pet. Ex. 5, pp. 24-26 (noting
improvement in eye contact, interaction, and vocabulary, but continued problems with
feeding, drooling, balance and coordination); Pet. Ex. 3, pp. 1-2 (noting diagnoses of
autism with hypotonia, failure to thrive, and global developmental delay, as well as
continued problems with language, toe walking, and fine motor skills).

       Danny was also evaluated at The Autism Center, a part of the New Jersey
Medical School in Newark, NJ in January, 2004. Mrs. Fresco reported at this visit that
she became concerned about Danny’s development when he was 18 months old in that
he did not always respond to his name or follow commands. Pet. Ex. 5, p. 36. 65 She


63
   The CDC has growth charts designed for use by medical professionals. See
http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/clinical_charts.htm and http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/charts.htm.
(last accessed Jan. 4, 2013).
64                                             th                                                th
   Danny’s head circumference was at the 10 percentile at two months of age, just under the 50
                                                      th       th
percentile at four months of age, and between the 50 and 75 percentiles between six and fourteen
months of age. I note that evidence in the Theory 2 OAP test cases indicated that many children with
autism spectrum disorders have heads of normal size or smaller than normal at birth, but head
circumference increases disproportionally between birth and one year of age. The disproportionate
increase in brain circumference of children with autism was attributed to an elaboration of neural
interconnections at a time when the brains of typically developing children are not experiencing the same
elaboration. Dwyer, 

 at *44. See the discussion of the brain inflammation theory in
Section III.B.1.
65
     The pages of Exhibit 5 from The Autism Center (pp. 36-40) appear to be paginated out of order.

                                                     24
also provided a history of allergies to milk and soy and symptoms of autism, such as
head banging, echolalia, lack of functional or imaginative play, a fixation on strings,
problems with textures, hand splaying, and bringing objects close to his eyes for
observation. Id., p. 39. Doctor Barbie Zimmerman-Bier, a developmental pediatrician,
indicated that a diagnosis of PDD-NOS was appropriate. Id., p. 40. She noted that
Danny was receiving speech, occupational, and behavioral therapy through an early
intervention program. Pet. Ex 5, p. 39. He was seen again by Dr. Zimmerman-Bier in
October, 2005, who, noting diagnoses of ASD, failure to thrive, and hypotonia,
described Danny as “medically fragile” 66 and observed continued limited speech,
fixation on objects, and echolalia. Pet. Ex. 5, pp. 30-32.

       Danny was seen by several other specialists, including an immunologist, an
endocrinologist, a nutritionist, and a pediatric gastroenterologist for issues involving his
short stature, low weight, and feeding difficulties. Pet. Exs. 5, pp. 7, 24; 12, p. 4.

        Danny received genetic and metabolic evaluations in December 2005 and
January 2006 for his failure to thrive. In a summary addressed to Dr. Zimmerman-Bier,
the evaluation team noted that Danny was in the 1st percentile for height and the 9th
percentile for weight, and, per Mrs. Fresco, that his growth had started to slow at 18
months of age. The letter also noted that Danny’s had delayed tooth eruption and a
bone age younger than his calendar age. Danny’s older brother was reported to stutter
and have some possible attention deficits. A screening for possible metabolic disorders
found slight elevations in some tests, but these are “most likely of no clinical
significance.” His genetic testing was all normal. Pet. Ex. 5, pp. 57-58.

       Although Mrs. Fresco indicated that Danny’s immune system was somehow
deficient (Pet. Ex. 6, p. 2), there were no medical records filed that reflected any
immune dysfunction. Danny’s relatively good health was remarked upon during his
genetics and metabolic evaluation. Id., p. 57.

       Doctor Buttram evaluated Danny on June 23, 2006, 67 and wrote a brief note to
an attorney who frequently represents petitioners in the Vaccine Program indicating that
he believed that Danny’s autism was caused by his vaccines. Pet. Ex. 8, 1-2. He did
not provide any reasons for his conclusion.

       Medical records for any subsequent treatment were not filed. During the oral
argument, Mrs. Fresco indicated that Danny currently attends school, looks young for
his age, and is very active. Tr. at 58. She also noted that he remains diagnosed with


66
  The characterization as medically fragile appears to apply to problems with Danny’s weight, often in the
  th
10 percentile or below, and his small stature. There were no indications in the records filed that Danny
had any immune system dysfunction or other problems that might account for this characterization.
67
  In an email to Mrs. Fresco, Dr. Buttram also referenced an evaluation that occurred on July 14, 2006,
but no record was filed for a visit on that date. Pet. Ex. 7, p. 2.

                                                   25
autism and also has been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Tr. at
59.

                                         III. Expert Opinions.

A. Contrasting Qualifications.

        The two physicians who opined in this case differed markedly in their
qualifications to opine on a neurological disorder and their experience in diagnosing and
treating autism spectrum disorders. This difference was reflected in the quality of the
opinions they provided, and the support for those opinions in the medical literature
referenced.

        Doctor Buttram, who is board certified in environmental medicine, 68 had the
advantage of seeing Danny once in 2006 before opining in a letter that Danny’s
vaccinations were responsible for his autism spectrum disorder. Pet. Ex. 8 at 1-2. The
letter was addressed to an attorney who represents petitioners in the Program, and I
thus do not consider Dr. Buttram to be a treating doctor. 69 The nine page opinion of Dr.
Buttram filed in this case in August 2011 70 is poorly written, inadequately supported,
and largely irrelevant to a conclusion that Danny’s vaccines were responsible for his
autism diagnosis.71 As indicated earlier, much of it consists largely of excerpts from a
June 2011 article he co-authored.



68
  The biographical information provided in lieu of a CV in petitioners’ January 26, 2012 filings reflects that
Dr. Buttram practices in the areas of internal and family medicine. He has received some additional
unspecified training in complementary and integrative medicine, nutritional medicine, allergies, chelation
therapy, bio oxidative therapies, and preventive and functional medicine. Buttram CV at 1.
69
  Doctor Buttram acknowledged that after his 2006 evaluation he “had no further role as Daniel’s treating
physician.” Pet. Ex. 8 at 2.
70
  On January 26, 2012, Mrs. Fresco filed a short note from Dr. Buttram to herself , along with three
supplemental pages to his expert report and identified the filing as Pet. Ex. 8, pages 10 -13. The
additional pages are replacement pages for pages 7-9 of his original report. The last two pages primarily
contain his list of references. The revised reference list includes one additional source: The Age of Autism
– Mercury, Medicine, and a Man-made Epidemic, a 2010 book authored by Dan Olmsted and Mark
Blaxill. On the new page seven, Dr. Buttram added a short section describing the autism free zones
discussed in the book (which was not filed as an exhibit in this case). He suggests that reports of a low
incidence of autism in Amish communities, home-schooling families in Florida, and non-vaccinated
families in Chicago is a result of parents in those areas declining vaccinations for their children. Without
more information regarding these assertions, I decline to accord them any weight.
71
  I note that expert opinions of Dr. Buttram in other vaccine cases have been similarly described. See
e.g., Meyers v. Sec’y, HHS, No. 04-1771V, 

, *5-7 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 22, 2006)
(commenting that his report primarily relied on articles and theories previously rejected as unreliable and
based on flawed methodologies and discussed causation theories unrelated to the injury alleged in the
case).

                                                     26
        In contrast, respondent’s expert, Dr. Max Wiznitzer, is truly an expert on autism
spectrum disorders. He is board certified in both pediatrics and neurology, with special
qualifications in both child neurology and neurodevelopmental disorders. He has
published many articles in peer reviewed medical journals concerning the diagnosis and
treatment of such disorders, and serves as a reviewer and on the editorial boards of
several journals. He has an active clinical practice involving individuals with autism and
related conditions, and has participated in National Institutes of Health funded research
on autism. He holds a medical school appointment as an associate professor of
pediatrics, neurology, and international health, and teaches medical students, residents,
and fellows. He lectures locally, nationally, and internationally on autism spectrum
disorders, sits on the board of directors for autism support groups, and is a member of
autism committees for the Departments of Education and Health. Res. Ex. A (Expert
Report of Dr. Wiznitzer) at 1-2; Res. Ex. B (CV of Dr. Wiznitzer).

       Although special masters can decline to consider an expert’s opinion based on
lack of qualifications and other factors, such cases are rare. Veryzer v. Sec’y, HHS, No.
06-522V, 

 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 15, 2010) (granting
respondent’s motion to exclude petitioner’s expert report). More frequently, special
masters consider all of the evidence and testimony produced by the parties, and rather
than using the Daubert criteria to screen out evidence at the gate to the courthouse,
they use the non-exhaustive Daubert criteria to determine what, if any, weight to give to
expert opinions. Terran v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 1999)
(approving a special master’s use of the Daubert factors “as a tool or framework for
conducting the inquiry into the reliability of the evidence”); Cedillo v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (noting that special masters are to consider all
relevant and reliable evidence filed in a case and may use Daubert factors in their
evaluation of expert testimony); Davis v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 67 (2010)
(describing the Daubert factors as an “acceptable evidentiary-gauging tool with respect
to persuasiveness of expert testimony already admitted . . . by special masters in
vaccine cases”). Doctor Buttram’s opinion falls quite close to the line between these
two alternatives. I considered his opinion, but did not accord it much weight.

        When experts disagree, many factors influence a fact-finder to accept some
testimony and reject other contrary testimony. As the Federal Circuit noted,
“[a]ssessments as to the reliability of expert testimony often turn on credibility
determinations, particularly in cases . . . where there is little supporting evidence for the
expert’s opinion.” Moberly v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 1325-26 (Fed. Cir. 2010).
Objective factors, including the qualifications, training, and experience of the expert
witnesses; the extent to which their proffered opinions are supported by reliable medical
research and other testimony; and the factual basis for their opinions are all significant
factors in determining what testimony to credit and what to reject. Neither expert
testified, therefore the objective standards were applied to evaluate their expert reports.

       In finding Dr. Wiznitzer’s opinion to be more reliable than Dr. Buttram’s, I have
carefully considered their relative qualifications to opine, as well as the substance of
and support for their conclusions, addressed below. Because this is an OAP case, I
                                             27
have considered these opinions in light of the impressive body of evidence adduced in
the OAP test cases as well. I add that the result would be the same, even if I had not
considered the OAP test case evidence.

B. The Causation Opinions.

       1. Doctor Buttram’s Report.

       The substance of and problems with Dr. Buttram’s causation opinion are set forth
below. Doctor Buttram does not address the assertions made in the petition in this
case. Rather, he attempts to resurrect theories considered and rejected in the OAP test
cases, notably that autism is the result of brain inflammation caused by immune system
responses to vaccines, and that children with autism have difficulty excreting mercury,
without providing any new evidence on these theories. He relies primarily upon a 2007
study by Massroor Pourcyrous 72 that is, at best, only tangentially relevant to whether
vaccines can cause autism and whether they did so in Danny’s case.

       In a continuation of his shotgun approach to vaccines in general, he asserts that
vaccine adjuvants overstimulate brain cells, that toxic chemicals in combination are
more toxic than each is separately, and that the hepatitis B vaccine has many reported
complications, without specifically asserting that autism or autism spectrum disorders
are the probable result of adjuvants, combined chemical reactions, and/or the hepatitis
B vaccine.

        Much of Dr. Buttram’s report (Pet. Ex. 8) consists of an anti-vaccine polemic
which is simply not relevant to this case. He devotes one and one half pages to
discussing “gross deficiencies” in vaccine safety testing. Pet. Ex. 8 at 2-3. He
discusses brain hemorrhages and shaken baby syndrome. Id. at 5. He alleges that
children who have received a full set of vaccinations have higher rates of asthma than
those with some or no vaccinations. Id. He claims that combinations of toxic chemicals
cause increased health risks, and blames adjuvants in vaccines for various problems.
Id. at 6-7. These inadequately supported allegations are not causally linked in any way
to autism or the facts of Danny’s case.

      Less than two pages of his report are specific to Danny. He briefly recites
Danny’s medical history, and appears to rely on Mrs. Fresco’s statements for his
conclusion that Danny tested positive for Group B streptococcus at birth, an assertion
contradicted by the medical records filed. Pet. Ex. 8 at 1; see II.A. above for a
discussion of Danny’s birth and treatment. He mentions laboratory tests performed at a
time when Danny was already displaying some symptoms of autism and asserts that a
low percentage of a particular type of white blood cells is a “marker for ongoing vaccine


72
  M. Pourcyrous et al., Primary Immunization of Premature Infants with Gestational Age < 35 Weeks:
Cardiorespiratory Complications and C-reactive Protein Responses Associated with Administration of
Single and Multiple Separate Vaccines Simultaneously, J. PEDIATRICS 151:167-172 (2007).
                                                   28
reaction.” Pet. Ex. 8 at 2. He notes that Danny’s genetic test and amino acid profiles
were normal. Id. Although he agrees that it is unlikely that Danny received a hepatitis B
vaccination at birth (id. at 1), he calls it “unjustifiable” to administer hepatitis B to
newborns. Id. at 7. He asserts that a “double dose” of hepatitis B vaccine (referring to
Mrs. Fresco’s assertion that a hepatitis B vaccine was administered shortly after birth, in
addition to the hepatitis B vaccination administered on February 8, 2002) provides “valid
grounds for suspecting that the double dose may have played a causal role in Daniel’s
autism.” Id. at 1. He never elucidates those “valid grounds.”

       Doctor Buttram’s theory of causation does not directly address autism. Rather,
he asserts that “adverse vaccine reactions” can be explained by a “unified theory.” Pet.
Ex. 8, p. 4. He explains that theory thusly: vaccines cause brain inflammation, resulting
in brain swelling, triggering potentially lethal cardiorespiratory events and brain
hemorrhages. Id.

       Doctor Buttram primarily based this theory on a study of vaccines administered to
premature, low birth-weight infants. The Pourcyrous study examined cardiorespiratory
events and measured C-reactive protein [“CRP”] levels 73 in premature infants with birth
weights under 1000 grams who were administered either single vaccines or multiple
vaccines at two months of age. Doctor Buttram reported that this study found
elevations of CRP in 70% of these infants administered single vaccinations and in 85%
of those administered multiply vaccines. Abnormally high levels of CRP were found in
43% of the infants. He contends that this finding is a marker for brain inflammation and
that brain inflammation produces swelling or edema.

       Doctor Buttram also reported that about 16% of the infants in the Pourcyrous
study had “vaccine-associated” cardiorespiratory events, including apnea and
bradycardia, and characterized these problems as “potentially lethal” events. He also
claimed that intraventricular brain hemorrhages occurred in 17% of the infants receiving
single vaccinations and in 24% of those receiving multiple vaccines. Id. at 4. Doctor
Buttram acknowledged that brain hemorrhages in infants may have causes other than
vaccines, such as the use of surfactants in premature infants and may be a
complication of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation or the use of mechanical ventilators. Id.
at 5.

        In asserting that it “can only be a matter of time until vaccine-induced brain
inflammation becomes recognized as a primary cause of the current epidemic of autism
spectrum disorders” (Pet. Ex. 8 at 5), Dr. Buttram implicitly acknowledges that his theory
of inflammation being responsible for autism is not accepted by the medical community
at large. He relies on the Vargas study 74 to draw a connection between brain

73
  C-reactive protein’ [“CRP”] is a protein used as a marker for inflammatory illness. K. & T. Pagana
MOSBY’S MANUAL OF DIAGNOSTIC AND LABORATORY TESTS [“MOSBY’S LABS”] at 197 (4th ed. 2010). It is
primarily used as a marker for cardiac problems. Id.
74
     D. Vargas et al., Brain Inflammation Found in Autism, ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY 57:67-81 (2005).
                                                       29
inflammation and autism. He also relies on studies by Blaylock 75 to assert that
adjuvants in vaccines are responsible for “intense reactions of microglial and astrocyte
cells, which serve as the brain’s immune system, with each successive series of
vaccinations.” Id. at 6. Doctor Buttram contends that this process results in over-
activation of proinflammatory cytokines, and increases in excitotoxins and glutamate in
the brain, resulting in autism. Id. at 7.

       Although he acknowledges that vaccines no longer contain “large amounts” of
thimerosal, he relies on a study by Dr. Amy Holmes76 to show that autistic children have
more difficulty excreting heavy metals. Pet. Ex. 8 at 4-5. He then goes on to argue that
mercury is still used as a preservative in multi-dose vials of tetanus booster vaccines,77
and in trace amounts in other vaccines. Added to aluminum adjuvants present in
vaccines, the combined toxic effect of even very small amounts of these metals “can be
dangerous,” according to Dr. Buttram. Id. at 8. He relies on a rat study involving
combined doses of two heavy metals, lead and mercury, for this assertion. 78 He does
not assert that autism is the result of this danger.

      In summary, Dr. Buttram’s report reprises nearly all of the mechanisms by which
vaccines purportedly cause or contribute to autism that were considered and rejected in
the OAP test cases.




Petitioners did not provide a copy of this study to the court. However, this study was included in the
medical literature filed in the Theory 2 OAP test cases. See Dwyer, 

 at *49-50.
(discussing the key findings of the study).
75
  R. Blaylock, The Danger of Excessive Vaccination During Brain Development, MEDICAL VERITAS 5(1):
1727-41 (2008); R. Blaylock , Chronic microglial activation and excitotoxicity secondary to excessive
immune stimulation: possible factors in Gulf War Syndrome and autism, J. AM. PHYSICIANS AND
SURGEONS, 9(2):46-52 (2004); R. Blaylock, Vaccines, depression, and neurodegeneration after age 50:
Another reason to avoid the recommended vaccines, Vaccine Risk Awareness Network (VRAN)
Newsletter, Spring 2008.
76
   He did not cite directly to the study, but rather to a presentation made at an autism conference. A.
Holmes, Impaired Mercury Excretion, Defeat Autism Now [DAN!] Conference, Syllabus Spring 2004, April
16-19, page 22, Washington, DC. The actual study was filed in the Theory 2 OAP test cases, where its
findings and conclusions were questioned because they could not be duplicated. Dwyer, 

 at *102-03.
77
  He also asserts that mercury is present in multi-dose vials of flu vaccines. As there is no evidence that
Danny ever received an influenza vaccine, Dr. Buttram’s assertions about this are irrelevant to Danny’s
case.
78
     I note that aluminum is not classified as a “heavy metal,” although lead and mercury are.
                                                        30
      2. Doctor Wiznitzer’s Report.

       Doctor Wiznitzer opined that Dr. Buttram’s hypothesis was not supported by his
references and was inapplicable to Danny. Res. Ex. A at 5 -7.

             a. Blood Tests as Evidence of Immunosuppression.

      Doctor Wiznitzer opined that Danny’s white blood cell and leukocyte tests on July
14, 2003, were normal, and thus not supportive of Dr. Buttram’s “speculation” about
immunosuppression and an on-going vaccine reaction. Res. Ex. A at 5. The white cell
count Dr. Buttram found abnormal was actually in the normal range (2300, with a
normal range of 1500-7100). Although the percentage of total white cells was low, the
absolute value was the important finding, and thus there is no evidence of immune
suppression.

        I place more reliance on Dr. Wiznitzer’s report than Dr. Buttram’s. I note that
none of Danny’s treating physicians recorded any concerns about Danny’s immune
status or functioning, and that Danny’s pediatric records reflect very few illnesses prior
to his autism diagnosis. See Res. Ex. A at 7-8 (noting that Danny had a normal number
of illnesses for a child of his age).

             b. The Pourcyrous Study.

       Doctor Wiznitzer called Dr. Buttram’s reliance on the Pourcyrous study “flawed
and incorrect.” Id. at 5. According to Dr. Wiznitzer, Dr. Buttram misrepresented some
of the study’s findings. Doctor Wiznitzer reported that the study did not find any
evidence of brain swelling after vaccinations, and that the brain hemorrhages Dr.
Buttram mentioned predated the administration of the vaccines. He noted that the
study’s authors did not conclude that the CRP elevations were a marker for brain
inflammation. Res. Ex. A at 5-6. Doctor Wiznitzer noted that this study involved
premature infants who were still hospitalized two months after their birth, and asserted
that the study’s findings and conclusions could not be applied to Danny. Although
neither expert filed a copy of the Pourcyrous study as evidence, I place more reliance
on Dr. Wiznitzer’s interpretation of what the study said. I note that, in particular, Dr.
Wiznitzer’s comments about the pre-existing nature of brain hemorrhages in premature
infants track evidence in other cases. See, e.g., Huffman v. Sec’y, HHS, No. 07-81V,

, *23-24 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 28, 2011). In any event, the study
does not appear to address autism at all.

             c. The Vargas Study.

        As Dr. Wiznitzer pointed out, there was no evidence linking Danny’s case to any
of the findings in the Vargas study. Res. Ex. A at 6. The Vargas study was filed in the
OAP test cases, and thus is available to petitioners or respondent in any OAP case.
The authors did find, as Dr. Buttram reports, evidence of activation of microglia and
astroglia based on brain autopsies of children with autism that were absent in
                                            31
neurotypical controls. However, as the Vargas study authors noted, they could not
determine if the inflammation was the result of autism or somehow causally related to
autism. Dwyer, 

 at *49-50.

              d. Metal Toxicity.

        According to Dr. Wiznitzer, there is no evidence that metals in vaccines are
linked to autism. Res. Ex. A at 6. This was also the finding in the OAP test cases. The
Holmes study, relied upon by Dr. Buttram, purported to show that children with autism
had difficulty excreting mercury, but it was thoroughly discredited in the OAP test cases
(five separate studies were unable to duplicate the results and the mercury levels
reported in the children used as controls were approximately 15 times the average for
children of similar ages). Dwyer, 

 at *102. Moreover, Danny received,
in total, less than 0.10 micrograms of mercury in his three hepatitis B vaccines. The
children in the OAP test cases received 37.5 micrograms of mercury in the same three
vaccines, as they received their vaccinations prior to the removal of thimerosal as a
preservative in multi-dose vials of hepatitis B vaccines. Each of the special masters
who heard this evidence in the OAP test cases concluded that there was inadequate
evidence to link mercury in vaccines to autism. 79 As Dr. Wiznitzer noted, the 2004
Institutes of Medicine report by the Immunization Safety Review Committee “concluded
that the body of evidence favors rejection of a causal relationship between thimerosal-
containing vaccines and autism.” Res. Ex. A at 6.

        Assuming that Danny received vaccines containing aluminum adjuvants,
petitioners produced no reliable evidence that aluminum adjuvants can cause autism or
that they did so in Danny’s case. There is also no evidence that mercury and aluminum
in vaccines potentiate in their effects so as to cause autism.

              e. Excitotoxins and Glutamate.

       Although Dr. Wiznitzer did not directly address Dr. Buttram’s vague assertions
about vaccines producing imbalances in pro-inflammatory cytokines, excitotoxins, and
glutamate in the brain, these theories were also considered and rejected in the OAP test
cases. See Dwyer, 

 at *163. There is no evidence in Dr. Buttram’s
report or otherwise in this record that there is an excess of excitotoxins or glutamate in
the brains of children with autism, much less that they are present in Danny’s brain.

C. Legal Standards and Conclusions on Causation.

       To establish legal cause in an off-Table case, Vaccine Act petitioners must
establish each of the three Althen factors: (1) a medical theory causally connecting the
vaccination and the injury; (2) a logical sequence of cause and effect showing that the


79
  Cedillo, 

; Hazlehurst, 

; Snyder, 

; Dwyer, 

; King, 

; Mead, 

.
                                                32
vaccination was the reason for the injury; and (3) a proximate temporal relationship
between vaccination and injury. 

, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2005). The applicable
level of proof is the “traditional tort standard of ‘preponderant evidence.’” Moberly, 592
F.3d at 1322 (citing de Bazan v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2008);
Pafford v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2006); Capizzano v. Sec’y, HHS,

, 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2006); Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278). The preponderance
standard “requires the trier of fact to believe that the existence of a fact is more
probable than its nonexistence.” In re Winship, 

, 371 (1970) (Harlan, J.,
concurring) (internal quotation and citation omitted).

         An alternate formulation of the causation requirement in off-Table cases is the
“Can it cause?” and “Did it cause?” inquiry used in toxic tort litigation. Prong 1 of Althen
has been characterized as an alternative formulation of the “Can it cause?” query.
Prong 2 of Althen, the requirement for a logical sequence of cause and effect between
the vaccine and the injury, has been characterized as addressing the “Did it cause?”
query. See Pafford v. Sec’y, HHS, No. 01-165V, 

, at *4 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. July 16, 2004), aff’d, 

 (2005), aff’d, 

 (Fed. Cir.
2006). Even if a vaccine has been causally associated with an injury, petitioner must
still establish facts and circumstances that make it more likely than not that the vaccine
caused his particular injury. The third Althen factor is subsumed into the “Did it cause?”
inquiry.

        Regardless of whether a case is analyzed under Althen or the “Can it cause?”
formulation, petitioners are not required to establish identification and proof of specific
biological mechanisms, as “the purpose of the Vaccine Act’s preponderance standard is
to allow the finding of causation in a field bereft of complete and direct proof of how
vaccines affect the human body.” Althen, 418 F.3d at 1280. The petitioner need not
show that the vaccination was the sole cause, or even the predominant cause, of the
injury or condition; showing that the vaccination was a “substantial factor” 80 in causing
the condition and was a “but for” cause are sufficient for recovery. Shyface v. Sec’y,
HHS, 

, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 1999); see also Pafford, 451 F.3d at 1355
(petitioner must establish that a vaccination was a substantial factor and that harm
would not have occurred in the absence of vaccination). Petitioners cannot be required
to show “epidemiologic studies, rechallenge, the presence of pathological markers or
genetic disposition, or general acceptance in the scientific or medical communities to
establish a logical sequence of cause and effect . . . .” Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1325.
Causation is determined on a case by case basis, with “no hard and fast per se
scientific or medical rules.” Knudsen v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 548 (Fed. Cir. 1994).


80
   The recently approved Restatement (Third) of Torts has eliminated “substantial factor” in the factual
cause analysis. § 26 cmt. j (2010). Because the Federal Circuit has held that the causation analysis in
Restatement (Second) of Torts applies to off-Table Vaccine Act cases (see Walther v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 1151 (Fed. Cir. 2007); Shyface v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 1999)), this
change does not affect the determination of legal cause in Vaccine Act cases: whether the vaccination is
a “substantial factor” is still a consideration in determining whether it is the legal cause of an injury.

                                                    33
Close calls regarding causation must be resolved in favor of the petitioner. Althen, 418
F.3d at 1280. But see Knudsen, 35 F.3d at 550 (stating that when evidence is in
equipoise, the party with the burden of proof fails to meet that burden).

        The medical theory must be a reputable one, although it need only be “legally
probable, not medically or scientifically certain.” Knudsen, 35 F.3d at 548-49. The
Supreme Court’s opinion in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., likewise
requires that courts determine expert opinions to be reliable before they may be
considered as evidence. “In short, the requirement that an expert’s testimony pertain to
‘scientific knowledge’ establishes a standard of evidentiary reliability.” 

,
590 (1993) (footnote omitted). The Federal Circuit has stated that a “special master is
entitled to require some indicia of reliability to support the assertion of the expert
witness.” Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1324.

        Here, there is really no contest between the experts. Doctor Buttram and his
report barely pass the very generous standards applied in Vaccine Act cases in favor of
hearing nearly any evidence a party submits. Were I to have conducted a Daubert 81
hearing in this case, I would not have permitted Dr. Buttram to testify. His “board
certification”82 in environmental medicine does not qualify him to opine on the causes of
autism, a neurological disorder, particularly in the absence of any training or research
credentials in the field of neurology or neurological disorders in children. Although he
cites to some mainstream and peer reviewed medical journals for the assertions in his
report, he also cites to an article about subdural infusion of blood and horseradish
peroxidase in pigs; a “telephone survey” conducted by an organization that has publicly
espoused support for vaccine causation of autism; and articles linking autism, a disorder
manifesting in early childhood, and Gulf War syndrome, which manifests in adults. To
say that I find Dr. Buttram’s assertions unreliable is a serious understatement.




81
     Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 

 (1993).
82
  Doctor Buttram is a Fellow of the American Academy of Environmental Medicine [“AAEM”]. To become
a Physician Member of AAEM one must possess a doctorate degree, a current medical license, and meet
unspecified additional requirements which may be imposed by the Board of Directors. To become a
Fellow, a Physician Member must request the title, which is awarded after “successful completion of the
requirements as determined by the Board of Directors” and represents “recognition of their contribution to
the Academy.” AAEM Membership Information, available at http://aaemonline.org/Membership.html (last
visited Jan. 4, 2013). By contrast, Dr. Witnitzer’s board certifications are overseen by the American Board
of Medical Specialties [“ABMS”], the principal credentialing body for physicians. To obtain board
certifications from ABMS one must possess a medical degree, complete a three to five year residency
training program, and pass a written and oral examination. Additionally, to maintain and keep a board
certification, a physician must attend continuing medical education programs and complete additional
examinations. ABMS Certification Information, available at
http://www.abms.org/About_Board_Certification/means.aspx and
http://www.abms.org/Maintenance_of_Certification/MOC_competencies.aspx (last visited Jan. 4, 2013).
See also JK Iglehart and RB Baron, Ensuring Physicians’ Competence – Is Maintenance of Certification
the Answer?, New Eng. J. Med. 367:2543 (Dec. 27, 2012).
                                                      34
        I also note that no treating physician—and I do not include Dr. Buttram in this
category, as his 2006 evaluation of Danny was clearly for the purpose of litigation not
treatment—has linked Danny’s autism to his vaccines. While circumstantial evidence
and medical opinions may be sufficient to satisfy Althen’s second prong, and opinions of
treating physicians may also provide the logical connection, there are none providing
that link in this case. See Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1325-26; Andreu v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2009); Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1323.

        The requirement of temporal connection necessitates a showing that the injury
occurred in a medically or scientifically reasonable period after the vaccination, not too
soon (see de Bazan, 539 F.3d at 1352) and not too late (see Pafford, 451 F.3d at 1358).
Merely showing a proximate temporal connection between a vaccination and an injury is
insufficient, standing alone, to establish causation. Grant v. Sec’y, HHS, 

, 1148 (Fed. Cir. 1992). A proximate temporal relationship, even when coupled
with the absence of any other identified cause for the injury, is not enough to
demonstrate probable cause under the Vaccine Act’s preponderance standard.
Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1323 (citing Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278). Here, Dr. Buttram does not
provide any information regarding a medically appropriate interval between any
vaccination and onset of autism. Moreover, Danny displayed symptoms of autism
before the last set of vaccinations in July, 2006. These were the vaccines that
petitioners primarily relied upon in the filing of their petition, although they later extended
their causation arguments to all of the vaccines Danny received.

                                      IV. Conclusion.

        Petitioners are required by the Vaccine Act to produce preponderant evidence of
vaccine causation in an off-Table injury case. § 13(a). The claims set forth in their
petition are not supported by the medical records filed or by Dr. Buttram’s report. In
turn, Dr. Buttram’s opinions are largely irrelevant to the facts of Danny’s case,
unsupported by reliable scientific research, and set forth theories already considered
and rejected in the OAP test cases.

        I conclude that petitioners failed to demonstrate any of the Althen factors by
preponderant evidence. Petitioners have not demonstrated that Danny’s autism was
either caused in fact or significantly aggravated by the vaccinations he received. The
petition for compensation is therefore DENIED. The clerk is directed to enter judgment
accordingly.


IT IS SO ORDERED.


                                           ___________________
                                           Denise K. Vowell
                                           Special Master

                                              35