United States Court of Federal Claims
                                  No. 17-1263C
                               Filed: May 30, 2018
______________________________________
                                        )
ROBERT E. FEISS, M.D.,                  )
                                        )
            Plaintiff,                  )
                                        )
            v.                          )
                                        )
THE UNITED STATES,                      )
                                        )
            Defendant.                  )
______________________________________ )

Natasha A. Saggar Sheth, Nossaman, LLP, San Francisco, CA, counsel for plaintiff.

Sean King, U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Division, Washington, D.C., counsel for defendant.

                                    OPINION AND ORDER

SMITH, Senior Judge

        This is not a just decision, but it is one that the law requires. It appears that, through no
fault of his own, plaintiff has lost over $39,000 in government Medicare incentive payments that
he was entitled to by providing Family Practice services. However, 42 U.S.C. section
1395l(x)(4) prohibits judicial or administrative review of the government’s coding system, which
determines who is classified as a Family Practice physician. The evidence strongly supports
plaintiff’s argument that he was providing Family Practice services and should have been
classified as such, but a coding error denied plaintiff this status for several years. It is not the
role of this Court to dispense “justice” as it sees fit. Rather, the role of this Court is to decide
cases pursuant to the legal rules and statutes established by the legislative branch. Typically, that
leads to justice. In the rare case in which it does not, the Court cannot ignore the statute and act
above the law to impose its own view of justice. Doing so would make a mockery of the judicial
system and the separation of powers upon which liberty depends. It would also violate the
Judge’s oath. Above all, the Court must hold justice under the law as its First Commandment.

        This matter is before the Court on defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiff, Robert E.
Feiss, M.D. (“Dr. Feiss”), alleges that the government breached its contractual duty by
wrongfully withholding incentive payments owed to Dr. Feiss through the Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act’s (“ACA”) Primary Care Incentive Payment Program (“PCIP”). Dr. Feiss
seeks monetary relief in the amount of $39,709.66, plus costs and interest. The government
argues that plaintiff’s Complaint must be dismissed because the authorizing statute, 42 U.S.C.
section 1395l(x)(4) (2010), precludes judicial review, and because plaintiff’s claims are barred
by the statute of limitations. Alternatively, the government asserts that plaintiff fails to establish
the elements of a breach of implied contract claim, and thus fails to state a claim upon which
relief can be granted. After careful review and for the reasons that follow, the Court grants
defendant’s Motion to Dismiss.

I.     Background

       A. Factual History

         Plaintiff, Dr. Feiss, has been a primary care physician since 2002. Complaint (hereinafter
“Compl.”) at 1. During his practice, Dr. Feiss has been enrolled as a Medicare supplier with a
primary specialty designation of “[F]amily [P]ractice.” Compl. at 2. According to Dr. Feiss, 90
percent or more of Dr. Feiss’ allowed charges since 2002 have been for his provision of primary
care services. 

Congress enacted the ACA, which created PCIP by adding section
1833(x) to the Social Security Act (“SSA”), codified at 42 U.S.C. section 1395l(x). See
generally 42 U.S.C. § 1395l(x). Through PCIP, eligible primary care physicians may collect
incentive payments for primary care services rendered from January 1, 2011, through January 1,
2016. See § 1395l(x)(1); Compl. at 2; see also 42 C.F.R. § 414.80 (2011) (mirroring 42 U.S.C. §
1395l(x)). To qualify as an eligible “primary care practitioner,” a physician must be enrolled in
Medicare as a supplier with a “primary specialty designation of [F]amily [M]edicine, [I]nternal
[M]edicine, [G]eriatric [M]edicine, or [P]ediatric [M]edicine,” and provide primary care services
for at least 60 percent of a physician’s allowed charges per year. § 1395l(x)(2)(A); Compl. at 2.
In addition to the amount of payment that would otherwise be made for primary care services
provided, eligible physicians, under PCIP, “also shall be paid . . . an amount equal to 10 percent
of the payment amount for [their services] . . . .” § 1395l(x)(1); Motion to Dismiss (hereinafter
“MTD”) at 3. While physicians are not required to enroll in PCIP to participate, the Centers for
Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) identifies such eligible physicians through National
Provider Identifier (“NPI”) numbers, based on physicians’ histories of Medicare claims. MTD at
3.

        In 2010, Dr. Feiss confirmed his PCIP eligibility, which was set to begin in 2011, through
CMS contractor Palmetto GBA (“Palmetto”), by searching for his NPI number on Palmetto’s
website. Compl. at 3. After failing to receive PCIP payments throughout most of 2011, Dr.
Feiss contacted Palmetto, which confirmed Dr. Feiss’ PCIP eligibility and informed Dr. Feiss
that such payments were forthcoming, albeit delayed. 

After 18 months of
nonpayment, Dr. Feiss was informed that he was ineligible for PCIP because his specialty
identification had been miscoded in CMS’ system as “Emergency Medicine” rather than
“Primary Care.” 

Palmetto explained that “[t]here were issues with the PCIP tool on [its]
website” and that it had “received a corrupted file that was loaded and therefore provid[ed]
incorrect information.” Plaintiff’s Exhibit (hereinafter “P’s Ex.”) 3. Palmetto indicated that Dr.
Feiss could receive his PCIP payments so long as Palmetto received authorization from CMS to
correct the coding error. Compl. at 4. On or about December 30, 2013, CMS held a phone
conference with Dr. Feiss, wherein all present CMS representatives, CMS contractors, and Dr.
Feiss agreed to the following: (1) Dr. Feiss provided primary care services during all relevant
times; (2) 94 percent of Dr. Feiss’ patient care codes were primary care codes; and (3) Dr. Feiss
had provided the services for which he was seeking PCIP payment. Compl. at 5. After Dr. Feiss

                                                  2
requested assistance from both CMS and Palmetto, which relinquished its contract to Noridian
Healthcare Solutions, LLC (“Noridian”), Dr. Feiss learned that he was ineligible for PCIP in
years prior to 2014 because his listed Medicare specialty did not qualify him for PCIP under the
SSA. See MTD at 4 (referencing 42 U.S.C. § 1395l(x)(2)(A)). Only after Dr. Feiss corrected his
specialty to “[F]amily [P]ractice,” CMS explained, did Dr. Feiss become PCIP eligible. 

5.

       Subsequently, on July 22, 2016, Dr. Feiss filed a request for a hearing before an
administrative law judge (“ALJ”) at the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”),
which was dismissed on the grounds that the SSA explicitly states that “[t]here shall be no
administrative or judicial review . . . respecting the identification of primary care practitioners
under this subsection.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395l(x)(4); MTD at 3-5. On March 17, 2017, the HHS
Departmental Appeals Board, Appellate Division, issued its Final Decision, upholding ALJ’s
dismissal of Dr. Feiss’ request for a hearing. Compl. at 7; MTD at 5.

       B. Procedural History

        On September 15, 2017, Dr. Feiss filed his Complaint in this Court against CMS and
HHS, seeking PCIP payments from 2011, 2012, 2013, and the first three quarters of 2014.
Compl. at 12. Dr. Feiss asserts that CMS, by withholding those PCIP payments, breached its
implied contract and violated 42 U.S.C. section 1395l(x) and its governing regulation, 42 C.F.R.
section 414.80. MTD at 5.

         On November 14, 2017, the government filed its Motion to Dismiss, arguing that the
Court should dismiss Dr. Feiss’ Complaint for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, or, in the
alternative, for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted, pursuant to Rules
12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) of the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC _”). 

5.
Specifically, the government asserts that 42 U.S.C. section 1395l(x)(4) explicitly precludes
judicial review of CMS’ identification of primary care practitioners. 

Although section
1395l(x)(4) allows for agency review of mathematical or clerical errors involving PCIP
eligibility, the government argues that such statutory interpretation does not open the door to
further administrative or judicial review. 

Additionally, the government alleges that
the statute of limitations has run according to 28 U.S.C. section 2501. 

(relying on 28
U.S.C. § 2501 (2004)). Finally, the government argues that, this Court should dismiss Dr. Feiss’
Complaint under RCFC 12(b)(6), as Dr. Feiss failed to establish a valid claim for breach of
implied contract. 

        In his Response, Dr. Feiss argues the following three points: (1) the government
mischaracterizes the claims made in his Complaint; (2) the government’s representation that the
PCIP payments were delayed but forthcoming postponed Dr. Feiss’ realization of his potential
claims; and (3) section 1395l(x) falls within the narrow category of statutes that bind the
government in contract. Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (hereinafter
“P’s Resp.”) at 6, 9-12. In its Reply, the government argues that Dr. Feiss “mischaracterizes his
suit as one simply requesting payments that he is owed, stating that there is no dispute as to his
identification as a qualifying primary care practitioner.” Defendant’s Reply in Support of its
Motion to Dismiss (hereinafter “D’s Reply”) at 2. Additionally, the government reiterates its

                                                  3
arguments that the statute of limitations has run and that section 1395l(x)(4) does not bind the
government in contract. D’s Reply at 7-8 (referencing ARRA Energy, 

, 27 (2011)
(citing Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Atchison Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 

, 465-66
(1985)); Moda Health Plan, Inc. v. United States, 

, 463 (2017)). The
government further bolsters this assertion by stating that “PCIP is nothing more than a statute
and accompanying regulation that CMS may be obligated to follow without any contractual duty
to perform.” 

(citing Land of Lincoln Mut. Health Ins. Co. v. United States, 

, 112 (2016)). The Court held Oral Argument on defendant’s Motion to Dismiss on February
12, 2018. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is fully briefed and ripe for review.

II.    Discussion

        This Court’s jurisdictional grant is found primarily in the Tucker Act, which provides the
Court of Federal Claims with the power “to render judgment upon any claim against the United
States founded either upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress or any regulation of an
executive department, or upon any express or implied contract with the United States . . . in cases
not sounding in tort.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1) (2012). Although the Tucker Act explicitly
waives the sovereign immunity of the United States against such claims, it “does not create any
substantive right enforceable against the United States for money damages.” United States v.
Testan, 

, 398 (1976). Rather, to fall within the scope of the Tucker Act, “a plaintiff
must identify a separate source of substantive law that creates the right to money damages.”
Fisher v. United States, 

, 1172 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc in relevant part).

       A. Statutory Bar Under 42 U.S.C. § 1395l(x)(4)

        Subject-matter jurisdiction is a threshold matter that must be addressed before the Court
evaluates the merits of plaintiff’s claims. See Deponte Invs., Inc. v. United States, 

, 114 (2002) (referencing Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 

, 94-95 (1998)).
When considering a motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, the Court must
accept as true all undisputed facts asserted in plaintiff’s complaint and draw all reasonable
inferences in plaintiff’s favor. See Trusted Integration, Inc. v. United States, 

,
1163 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (citing Henke v. United States, 

, 797 (Fed. Cir. 1995)).
Plaintiff bears the burden of establishing subject-matter jurisdiction by a preponderance of the
evidence. See Grayton v. United States, 

, 331 (referencing Reynolds v. Army &
Air Force Exch. Serv., 

, 748 (Fed. Cir. 1988)). “If the [C]ourt determines at any
time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the [C]ourt must dismiss the action.” RCFC
12(h)(3).

        The government contends that this Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction to entertain Dr.
Feiss’ Complaint because, pursuant to the SSA, which governs the provision of PCIP payments
at issue, “[t]here shall be no administrative or judicial review . . . respecting the identification of
primary care practitioners under this subsection.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395l(x)(4) (emphasis added).
Dr. Feiss asserts that his cause of action is based on CMS’ nonpayment of PCIP incentive
payments, stemming from an unspecified clerical error by CMS wherein Dr. Feiss’ primary
special designation was miscoded. Compl. at 10; P’s Resp. at 6. Dr. Feiss alleges that the
statutory bar under section 1395l(x)(4) is inapplicable to his claims because he is not seeking

                                                   4
review of CMS’ “identification of primary care practitioners,” but, rather, a review of CMS’
nonpayment of PCIP payments. P’s Resp. at 6. While the government acknowledges this
nonpayment, the government explains that it is due to the misidentification of Dr. Feiss’ primary
specialty, cementing the applicability of that statutory bar to Dr. Feiss’ claims. MTD at 5.

        Absent CMS’ misidentification of his Medicare specialty, Dr. Feiss would have received
PCIP payments for eligible services rendered throughout the period at issue, as a qualified
primary service provider under the SSA. Thus, CMS’ miscoding of Dr. Feiss’ specialty as
“Emergency Medicine” rather than “Primary Care” was a clerical error that caused the
nonpayment of PCIP payments currently at issue. The Court recognizes that Dr. Feiss is not at
fault for this misidentification and appreciates his attempts to rectify the error. However, his
Complaint, which exclusively involves his identification as a primary care practitioner, is the
very type of complaint Congress precludes this Court from reviewing under section 1395l(x)(4).
In order to entertain Dr. Feiss’ Complaint, this Court must examine Dr. Feiss’ designation as an
ineligible PCIP primary care practitioner, which section 1395l(x)(4) expressly prohibits.
Accordingly, this Court lacks the necessary subject-matter jurisdiction to entertain plaintiff’s
claims, and review of those claims is statutorily barred by 42 U.S.C. section 1395l(x)(4).

       B. Breach of Implied Contract Claim

        It is well-settled that a complaint should be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon
which relief can be granted “when the facts asserted by the claimant do not entitle him to a legal
remedy.” Lindsay v. United States, 

, 1257 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (citing Boyle v. United
States, 

, 1372 (Fed. Cir. 2000)). When considering a motion to dismiss brought
under RCFC 12(b)(6), “the allegations of the complaint should be construed favorably to the
pleader.” Scheuer v. Rhodes, 

, 236 (1974). Still, the Court must inquire whether
the complaint meets the “plausibility” standard described by the U.S. Supreme Court, i.e.,
whether the complaint adequately states a claim and provides a “showing [of] any set of facts
consistent with the allegations in the complaint.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 

, 560,
563 (2007). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

, 678 (2009) (quoting 

). Additionally, pursuant to the Tucker
Act, this Court has jurisdiction to hear claims brought against the government based upon
“express or implied contract[s].” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1); see also Mendez v. United States, 

, 378 (2015). The following elements are necessary for the formation of a valid
government contract: (1) offer; (2) acceptance; (3) consideration; and (4) government agent
authority. MTD at 9 (referencing Hanlin v. United States, 

, 1329-31 (Fed. Cir.
2003) and Harbert/Lummus Agrifuels Projects v. United States, 

, 1434 (Fed. Cir.
1998)).

         Plaintiff alleges that the SSA and its regulations created an implied contract between Dr.
Feiss and CMS, wherein Dr. Feiss served as a supplier of primary care services in exchange for
full, timely payments for those services provided. Compl. at 11. Dr. Feiss asserts that the
implied contract was confirmed by statements and actions of both parties. Id.; P’s Resp. at 13
(referencing Moda Health 

(“In short, statutes or regulations show the
[g]overnment’s intent to contract if they have the following implicit structure: if you participate

                                                  5
in this program and follow its rules, we promise you will receive a specific incentive.”)).
Specifically, Dr. Feiss alleges that, having fully performed his contractual obligations by
submitting proper billing for the primary care services provided to Medicare recipients, he is
entitled to PCIP payments for the services provided throughout the period at issue. Compl. at 11.
Dr. Feiss further contends that CMS has breached its contractual duty by failing to make such
payments. 

Feiss argues that section 1395l(x) falls within the narrow category of
statutes that bind the government in contract, and CMS lacked the discretion to withhold PCIP
payments once Dr. Feiss accepted CMS’ offer by performance.1 P’s Resp. at 12-14.

        In response, the government argues that, as “[t]here is a general presumption that statutes
are not intended to create any vested contractual rights,” Dr. Feiss has failed to allege the
elements of a contract with the government under RCFC 12(b)(6). See MTD at 9 (quoting ARRA
Energy, 97 Fed. Cl. at27 (citing Nat’l R.R. Passenger 

)). Dr. Feiss
attempts to distinguish this case from ARRA Energy, alleging that ARRA Energy involved no
continuing services or benefits, as plaintiffs’ mere filling in the blanks of a government-prepared
form does not constitute acceptance by performance, while the present case involves ongoing
primary care services, which demonstrate the parties’ mutual intent to contract. See P’s Resp. at
13-14 (citing Moda Health 

(finding that the ACA created an incentive
program for insurers and thereby the government intended to enter into contracts with insurers);
Molina 

(finding that the government entered into an implied
contract with plaintiff by agreeing to pay plaintiff a specified portion of its losses if plaintiff sold
Qualified Health Plans to eligible purchasers)).

       Although, in limited circumstances, this Court has held that statutes and regulations may
bind the government in contract, PCIP does not fall into such an exception. As this Court has
previously stated, “HHS’s obligation to make . . . payments when certain conditions are met
represents the agency’s independent authority and obligation as directed by Congress, not any
promissory undertaking or offer . . . . Thus there is no apparent mutuality of intent to contract.”
Land of 

. Dr. Feiss’ allegations that an implied contract existed are


1
  In support of his argument, Dr. Feiss relies on two “Risk-Corridor” cases that are currently
under appeal. See P’s Resp. at 12-14 (citing Moda Health 

; Molina
Healthcare of California, Inc. v. United States, 

, 45 (2017)). The government
relies on a separate Risk-Corridor case, also currently under appeal, throughout its brief to
support its legal theory. See generally Land of Lincoln, 

. The Court would note
that, while these cases directly oppose one another, they are distinguishable from the case at bar.
Moda Health Plan, Molina Healthcare, and Land of Lincoln deal with the relationship between
the authorizing statute and the insurers. See, e.g., Molina 

n.1 (The
Risk-Corridor concept deals with sharing the risk of new health insurance endeavors between
insurers and the government in order to encourage more insurers to participate in the new ACA
endeavor. Reimbursing certain revenue losses would allow insurers to maintain health insurance
premiums for consumers at a lower and more reasonable rate. The insurance companies
voluntarily entered into the program based upon the government’s promise terms.). The
forthcoming decisions from the Federal Circuit are related to the case at bar but not dispositive of
the Court’s ultimate decision here. This complaint concerns doctors’ PCIP payments, rather than
the rate of insurance premiums.
                                                   6
merely conclusory and, thus, insufficient to rebut the general presumption that statutes do not
automatically create vested contractual rights. Accordingly, Dr. Feiss has failed to allege that an
implied contract exists, and that CMS breached that contract by withholding PCIP payments. As
plaintiff has failed to establish a valid breach of implied contract claim or assert facts that entitle
him to a legal remedy, he has not sufficiently stated a claim upon which relief can be granted.

       C. Statute of Limitations

        Every claim over which this Court has jurisdiction is subject to a six-year statute of
limitations from the date such claim first accrues. 28 U.S.C. § 2501. Pursuant to the Tucker Act,
a claim accrues when a claimant knew or should have known that his claim existed. 28 U.S.C. §
1491(a)(1); Banks v. United States, 

, 1279-80 (Fed. Cir. 2014). In other words,
“[a] cause of action cognizable in a Tucker Act suit accrues as soon as all events have occurred
that are necessary to enable the [claimant] to bring suit, [i.e.,] when ‘all events have occurred to
fix the government’s alleged liability, entitling the claimant to demand payment and sue [to
recover] his money.’” Martinez v. United States, 

, 1303 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (en banc)
(quoting Nager Elec. Co. v. United States, 

, 851 (Ct. Cl. 1966)).

        Here, the government argues that Dr. Feiss knew or should have known about his claim
in early- to mid-2011, and, as such, his September 15, 2017 Complaint runs afoul of the six-year
statute of limitations. D’s Reply at 5. While the Court does not agree with the government’s
statute of limitations argument, this Court must nevertheless dismiss Dr. Feiss’ Complaint for
lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and failure to state a claim. As the Court lacks subject-matter
jurisdiction to entertain Dr. Feiss’ statutorily barred claims, the Court need not analyze the
government’s argument under 28 U.S.C. section 2501 or evaluate when the statute of limitations
began to run.

       D. Conclusion

        Construing the facts in the light most favorable to Dr. Feiss, the nonmoving party, the
Court finds that 42 U.S.C. section 1395l(x)(4) prohibits administrative or judicial review of
plaintiff’s claims. Further, plaintiff has failed to allege the elements of an implied contract, or
that the government breached such contract by withholding plaintiff’s PCIP payments.
Accordingly, this Court lacks the requisite subject-matter jurisdiction to consider Dr. Feiss’
Complaint, and Dr. Feiss has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

       For the reasons set forth above, defendant’s MOTION to Dismiss is GRANTED. The
Court directs the Clerk of Court to enter judgment in favor of defendant, consistent with this
Order.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.
                                                       s/   Loren A. Smith
                                                    Loren A. Smith,
                                                    Senior Judge



                                                   7