JAMES L. ROBART, District Judge.
This matter comes before the court on Defendant Systems in Motion's ("SIM") motion to stay the action and to compel arbitration. (Mot. (Dkt. # 8).) Having considered the submissions of the parties, the balance of the record, and the relevant law, and considering itself fully advised,
SIM and Plaintiff OwnZones Media Network, Inc. ("OwnZones") entered into an agreement that SIM would provide certain website development services for OwnZones' website. (Compl. (Dkt. # 1) ¶ 6.) The parties' contract included an ownership clause that provided, "when payment in full for all services rendered hereunder has been made by [OwnZones], [OwnZones] shall have all right, title and interest in and to any work product, patents, inventions or copyrightable material resulting from the performance of any of [SIM's] services under this Agreement." (Nivsarkar Decl. (Dkt. # 9) Ex. A ("Contract") ¶ 4(b).)
The contract also provided that OwnZones would supply SIM with certain proprietary information necessary for SIM to complete the development services. (Id. ¶ 3(a).) A nondisclosure clause required SIM to treat that information as confidential: "Neither [SIM] ... nor [its] officers, employees, directors, or advisors shall disclose to any third party any such confidential information without [OwnZones'] prior written approval." (Id.) SIM was also required to return the confidential information to OwnZones upon termination of the contract. (Id. ¶ 4(c).) In accordance with the contract, OwnZones provided SIM a copy of its proprietary source code to enable SIM to further develop OwnZones' website. (Compl. ¶ 9.)
The contract also contained a survival clause that provided, in the event the contract was terminated, the termination would be "without prejudice to any rights or obligations of either party arising or existing up to the effective date of such termination, or to paragraphs 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 which are intended by this Agreement to survive for a period of three (3) years after the termination of this Agreement." (Contract ¶ 13(b)(vii).) The referenced paragraphs include the ownership and nondisclosure provisions discussed above. (See id. ¶ 3-4.)
Finally, the contract contained an arbitration clause, which provided:
(Id. ¶ 15.)
Over time, the parties' relationship soured. On February 21, 2014, OwnZones terminated the contract due to SIM's alleged failure to meet various contractual obligations. (Compl. ¶ 11.) In March, 2014, OwnZones initiated arbitration against SIM for breach of contract. (Id. ¶ 12.) In the arbitration proceedings, OwnZones alleges that SIM failed to meet numerous development milestones, failed to implement certain code functionality, and provided otherwise defective work. (See generally Farbstein Decl. (Dkt. # 10) Ex. A ("Am. Arb. Stmt").) SIM, for its part, has asserted a counterclaim in the arbitration proceedings that OwnZones has failed to pay amounts due under the contract. (Nivsarkar Decl. ¶ 3.)
In addition to the pending arbitration proceedings, OwnZones also brings this suit in federal court. In its complaint, OwnZones alleges that SIM posted the code developed under the contract—which incorporates OwnZones' proprietary source code—on a website without OwnZones' permission. (Compl. ¶ 13.) Specifically, a SIM employee uploaded the code to a GitHub account on or around January 30, 2014. (Id.; see also SIM 6/6/14 Letter (Dkt. # 15-1) (admitting that SIM copied code developed for OwnZones to GitHub).) GitHub is an online repository for website developers to share code both publicly and privately. (Compl. ¶ 13.) The account, which was described on GitHub as a "Best Buy game demo website," was apparently created for the purpose of demonstrating the code to the company Best Buy, which contracts with SIM for web development services. (Compl. ¶ 13, 17; see also SIM 6/6/14 Letter (conceding that the account was created for the purpose of demonstrating the code to Best Buy); SIM 6/20/14 Letter (Dkt. # 15-2); GitHub Screen Shot (Dkt. # 14-2).)
It is undisputed that the code SIM uploaded to GitHub was publicly accessible for some period of time; what is disputed is the length of time that the code was public. OwnZones alleges in both its complaint and its arbitration statement that SIM made the code public in January, 2014. (Compl. ¶ 13; Am. Arb. Stmt. ¶ 25.) Yet letters from SIM's counsel, which OwnZones now relies upon in opposing SIM's motion to compel arbitration, peg the date of publication as May, 2014. (See SIM 6/6/14 Letter; SIM 6/20/14 Letter.) At any rate, by June, 2014, SIM had removed the code from GitHub. (Compl. ¶ 15.)
OwnZones also alleges that, in February 2014, SIM "shared" the developed code—which included OwnZones' proprietary code—with Best Buy without OwnZones' permission. (Compl. ¶ 18.) SIM's counsel admitted in a letter to OwnZones that SIM "demonstrated" the code to Best Buy between February 4 and February 17, 2014. (See SIM 6/6/14 Letter.)
OwnZones did not learn of the GitHub posting or the demonstrations to BestBuy until June, 2014. (Compl. ¶ 13.) Upon learning of those events, OwnZones amended its statement of claims in the arbitration proceedings to include the facts surrounding the GitHub account and Best Buy demonstrations, as well as a claim for breach of the nondisclosure provision of the contract. (See Am. Arb. Stmt. ¶¶ 23-30, 38-44.) OwnZones also filed this suit in this court, bringing claims for misappropriation of trade secrets and conversion. (Compl. ¶¶ 20-34.) SIM now moves to stay the case, arguing that the trade secret and conversion claims should join the rest of the parties' dispute in arbitration. (See generally Mot.)
"Federal substantive law governs the question of arbitrability." Simula, Inc. v. Autoliv, Inc., 175 F.3d 716, 719 (9th Cir. 1999). The Federal Arbitration Act mandates that written agreements to arbitrate disputes "shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the avoidance of any contract." 9 U.S.C. § 2. "By its terms, the Act `leaves no place for the exercise of discretion by a district court, but instead mandates that district courts shall direct the parties to proceed to arbitration on issues as to which an arbitration agreement has been signed.'" Chiron Corp. v. Ortho Diagnostic Sys., Inc., 207 F.3d 1126, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000). Accordingly, a court's role is limited to determining: (1) whether the parties agreed to arbitrate, and, if so, (2) whether the scope of that agreement to arbitrate encompasses the claims at issue. Id. If a party seeking arbitration establishes these two factors, the court must compel arbitration. 9 U.S.C. § 4; Chiron, 207 F.3d at 1130. If a contract contains an arbitration clause, there is a presumption of arbitrability. AT&T Techs., Inc. v. Comm'ns Workers of America, 475 U.S. 643, 650 (1986). In that case, "any doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration." Simula, 175 F.3d at 719.
The arbitrability of OwnZones' claims is complicated somewhat by the fact that the claims are predicated on acts that occurred or were discovered after the parties' contract was terminated. The post-expiration effectiveness of the arbitration clause is discussed in Section III.C, infra. Before reaching that issue, however, the first step is to determine whether the claims ordinarily would have been arbitrable under the parties' contract. See Nolde Bros. v. Local No. 358, Bakery & Confectionery Workers Union, AFL-CIO, 430 U.S. 243, 252 (1977). The court concludes that OwnZones' claims fall within the scope of the contract's arbitration clause.
The parties agreed to arbitrate "[a]ny and all disputes, controversy or claims related to or arising in connection with this Agreement." (Contract ¶ 15.) When evaluating arbitration agreements, courts give the language "arising in connection with" the broadest possible interpretation. See Kiskadee Commc'ns (Bermuda), Ltd. v. Father, No. C 10-05277 WHA, 2011 WL 1044241, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 22, 2011). The Ninth Circuit has concluded that "the language `arising in connection with' reaches every dispute between the parties having a significant relationship to the contract and all disputes having their origin or genesis in the contract." Simula, 175 F.3d at 721. To meet this standard, the plaintiff's factual allegations need only "touch matters covered by the contract." Id. With that standard in mind, the court turns to OwnZones' claims.
OwnZones first alleges a claim for misappropriation of trade secrets. Faced with a similar situation in Simula, the Ninth Circuit held that a claim for misappropriation of trade secrets fell within an arbitration clause that applied to "all disputes arising in connection with" the parties' agreement. 175 F.3d at 724-25. The Ninth Circuit reasoned that the dispute touched matters covered by the contract because resolving the claim required determining to what extent the nondisclosure provision of the parties' agreement prohibited the defendants' use of the allegedly confidential information. See id. at 725. In compelling arbitration, the Ninth Circuit also relied on that fact that, as defined by their agreement, the parties' "entire business relationship" was predicated on sharing proprietary information pursuant to a confidentiality obligation. See id.
So, too, here. The parties have agreed to the same broad arbitration language at issue in Simula, and their business relationship requires the sharing of OwnZones' proprietary information pursuant to a confidentiality obligation. See id.; also Atlas Int'l Mktg., LLC v. Car-E Diagnostics, Inc., No. 5:13-CV-02664-EJD, 2014 WL 3371842, at *4-5 (N.D. Cal. July 9, 2014) (finding trade secrets claim was arbitrable because the defendants' alleged theft and use of confidential information stored on the plaintiff's computers was "related to the same business relationship that is governed by the [parties' nondisclosure] agreement").
Not only that, but the factual allegations in OwnZones' trade secrets claim also "touch matters covered by the contract"—namely, SIM's obligation under the contract to keep OwnZones' code confidential. See Simula, 175 F.3d at 721. Under both Washington and California law, misappropriation of trade secrets is defined in part as "disclosure or use of a trade secret of another" by a person who "knew or had reason to know that his or her knowledge of the trade secret was ... acquired under circumstances giving rise to a duty to maintain its secrecy or limit its use." RCW 19.108.010(2); Cal. Civ. Code § 3426.1(2). OwnZones alleges that SIM had a duty to maintain the secrecy of OwnZones' proprietary code based on the contract's "confidentiality and non-disclosure provision, which prohibits defendant from sharing any information and/or data that is owned by plaintiff unless sharing such information is expressly authorized by plaintiff." (Compl. ¶¶ 8, 24.) Because the parties' dispute over SIM's use and publication of the code turns in part on the contracts' nondisclosure clause, the dispute has a "significant relationship" to the parties' contract. See Simula, 175 F.3d at 721. As such, the dispute is arbitrable. See id.
OwnZones also alleges a claim for conversion. Under both Washington and California state law, conversion comprises willful interference with a plaintiff's ownership or right to possession of personal property. See Brown ex rel. Richards v. Brown, 239 P.3d 602, 609 (Wash. Ct. App. 2010); PCO, Inc. v. Christensen, Miller, Fink, Jacobs, Glaser, Weil & Shapiro, LLP, 58 Cal.Rptr.3d 516, 524 (Cal. Ct. App. 2007). The first element in a conversion claim is plaintiff's ownership or possession of the property. See Moore v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 793 P.2d 479, 488 (Cal. Ct. App. 1990); Meyers Way Dev. Ltd. P'ship v. Univ. Sav. Bank, 910 P.2d 1308, 1320 (Wash. Ct. App. 1996).
The parties dispute who owns the source code at issue. Specifically, OwnZones alleges that it is the sole owner of the code SIM posted to GitHub. (Compl. ¶ 29.) But SIM points out that, pursuant to the contract, OwnZones does not receive ownership of the code until "payment in full for all services rendered ... has been made." (See Contract ¶ 4(b).) SIM contends that OwnZones is delinquent on payments to SIM by over $600,000.00, and therefore does not own the code. (See Nivsarkar Decl. ¶ 3. Moreover, according to the contract, SIM retains ownership of its own preexisting proprietary software that is embedded into the deliverables. (Mot. at 8 (quoting Contract ¶ 4(a).) The parties dispute the extent to which the code at issue consists of OwnZones' preexisting proprietary information, SIM's preexisting proprietary information, and code SIM developed for OwnZones pursuant to the contract. (See Goman Decl. (Dkt. # 14) ¶ 10 (claiming that 75% of the code is OwnZones' proprietary code); Reply (Dkt. # 17) at 2 (disagreeing with OwnZones' projection).) As such, ownership of the code turns on the extent to which the parties have fulfilled their respective obligations under the contract. (See, e.g., Contract at 11-26 (appendices describing SIM's deliverables).) Because determining ownership requires reference to the contract governing creation of the code, OwnZones' factual allegations necessarily "touch matters covered by the contract." See Simula, 175 F.3d at 721. Under Simula, the parties' dispute over SIM's alleged conversion of the code has a "significant relationship" to the parties' contract; therefore, the dispute is arbitrable. See id.
Because both of OwnZones' claims fall within the scope of the parties' arbitration clause, the court would ordinarily direct the parties to proceed to arbitration immediately. See Chiron Corp, 207 F.3d at 1130. OwnZones, however, argues that the arbitration clause is inapplicable because OwnZones' claims "arose" after the contract was terminated.
Termination of a contract "does not necessarily extinguish a party's duty to arbitrate grievances arising under the contract." O'Connor Co. v. Carpenters Local Union No. 1408 of United Bhd. of Carpenters & Joiners of Am., AFL-CIO, 702 F.2d 824, 825 (9th Cir. 1983) (citing Nolde Brothers, 430 U.S. at 251). Rather, when a post-expiration dispute arises under the contract, a presumption arises that the duty to arbitrate outlasts the date of the contract's termination. Litton Fin. Printing Div., a Div. of Litton Bus. Sys., Inc. v. N.L.R.B., 501 U.S. 190, 205-06 (1991) (citing Nolde Bros., 430 U.S. at 253-55). "A postexpiration grievance can be said to arise under the contract only where it involves facts and occurrences that arose before expiration, where an action taken after expiration infringes a right that accrued or vested under the agreement, or where, under normal principles of contract interpretation, the disputed contractual right survives expiration of the remainder of the agreement." Id. If the dispute meets one of these three criteria, "the presumptions favoring arbitrability must be negated expressly or by clear implication." Nolde Bros., 430 U.S. at 255. Otherwise, the dispute is arbitrable.
OwnZones' claims meet all three of these criteria. With respect to the first criteria, the Ninth Circuit has held that, when events related to a claim occur both before and after the contract's termination, "the determinative issue is not necessarily the relative importance of the facts that took place before the [agreement's] expiration, but whether those facts and the dispute over them is one that the parties agreed to arbitrate." Operating Eng'rs Local Union No. 3 v. Newmont Min. Corp., 476 F.3d 690, 693 (9th Cir. 2007). "Although the pre-expiration facts or occurrences to be arbitrated must be of some significance in the dispute, the dispute must be arbitrated if the parties agreed to arbitrate those facts or occurrences." Id. It is immaterial whether the plaintiff discovered the alleged misconduct before or after the expiration of the contract. Id. at 694, n.1.
Here, OwnZones alleges that SIM (1) posted OwnZones' proprietary source code on GitHub in January, 2013, and (2) "shared" this code with Best Buy in February, 2014, all without OwnZones' permission. (Compl. ¶¶ 11, 13, 18.) These acts occurred before OwnZones terminated the contract on February 21, 2014. (See id. ¶ 11; SIM 6/6/14 Letter (explaining that the demonstrations occurred between February 4 and February 17, 2014).) Under both Washington and California trade secrets law, misappropriation occurs by "disclosure or use of a trade secret of another without express or implied consent." RCW 19.108.010(2); Cal. Civ. Code § 3426.1(2). And under both Washington and California law, conversion occurs by interference with a plaintiff's ownership or right to possession of personal property. See Brown, 239 P.3d at 609; PCO, Inc., 58 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 524. SIM's alleged pre-termination actions meet both of these definitions. In addition, both parties' pre-termination acts are relevant to determining ownership of the code, which is an element of both causes of action. See Moore, 793 P.2d at 488; Meyers Way Dev., 910 P.2d at 1320; RCW 19.108.010(2); Cal. Civ. Code § 3426.1(2). As such, these events events are of "some significance" to OwnZones' trade secrets and conversion claims.
As discussed above in Section III(B), SIM's alleged pre-termination actions of posting and sharing the code are arbitrable because they "touch on" matters covered by the contract—namely, the confidentiality and ownership of the code. Under Ninth Circuit law, because the parties have agreed to arbitrate these pre-expiration occurrences, and because these pre-expiration occurrences are of "some significance" to the parties' dispute, the presumption of arbitration applies to the entire dispute. See Operating Engineers Local Union No. 3, 476 F.3d at 693; Litton, 501 U.S. at 205-06.
With respect to the second criteria, which concerns post-expiration actions that infringe a right that accrued under the agreement, OwnZones' ownership and confidentiality rights in the code have allegedly already accrued under the agreement. (See Compl. ¶¶ 8, 24, 29.) Because SIM's alleged post-termination action of publicly posting the code interferes with those rights, the presumption of arbitrability applies to OwnZones' trade secret and conversion claims. See Litton, 501 U.S. at 205-206.
With respect to the third criteria, concerning situations in which the disputed contractual right survives the agreement's expiration, the survival clause of the parties' contract explicitly states that the nondisclosure and ownership provisions survive for three years after the termination of the contract. (Contract ¶ 13(vii).) As such, both SIM's obligation to keep OwnZones' pre-existing code confidential and OwnZones' ownership rights to code developed pursuant to the contract survive. (See id. ¶¶ 3, 4.) Because these contractual rights are disputed within the context of OwnZones' trade secret and conversion claims, the presumption of arbitration applies to those claims. See Litton, 501 U.S. at 207-08 ("And of course, if a collective-bargaining agreement provides in explicit terms that certain benefits continue after the agreement's expiration, disputes as to such continuing benefits may be found to arise under the agreement, and so become subject to the contract's arbitration provisions.")
Having determined that OwnZones' claims are presumptively arbitrable, the final inquiry is whether this presumption is "negated expressly or by clear implication" in the contract. Nolde Bros., 430 U.S. at 255. Here, as in Nolde Brothers, there is "nothing in the arbitration clause that expressly exclude[s] from its operation a dispute arising under the contract but based upon events occurring after its termination." 430 U.S. at 253. On the other hand, the contract's survival clause does not include the arbitrability clause in its list of the contract sections that explicitly survive termination of the contract. (See Contract ¶ 13(vii).) One interpretation of this omission is that the parties did not intend the arbitration clause to have post-expiration effect.
Considering the contract as a whole, however, it is not clear that this list is intended to be an exhaustive inventory of the contract provisions that survive termination of the contract. After all, in addition to an explicit list of contract provisions, the survival clause also incorporates other unnamed rights and obligations, providing that "[a]ny termination of this Agreement shall be without prejudice to any rights or obligations of either party arising or existing up to the effective date of such termination." (Contract ¶ 13(vii).) Moreover, the survival clause omits certain procedural provisions that ordinarily would be expected to survive termination of the contract, including, for example, the contract's integration and severability clauses. (See id. ¶ 13(vii), 23, 26.) It would be a strained reading of the contract to conclude that, upon expiration, the parties no longer intended the agreement to be severable or the ban on extrinsic evidence to be in effect. As such, an equally plausible interpretation of the survival clause is that it sets a floor, not a ceiling, for the survival of contract provisions.
In light of these dual plausible interpretations, the survival clause is, at best, ambiguous as to whether the parties' duty to arbitrate survives termination of the contract. But courts must "construe ambiguities concerning the scope of arbitrability in favor of arbitration." Cape Flattery Ltd. v. Titan Mar., LLC, 647 F.3d 914, 923 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc., 514 U.S. 52, 66 (1995)). As such, the survival clause does not rise to the level of the "clear implication" necessary to rebut the presumption of arbitrability. See Nolde Bros., 430 U.S. at 255
This conclusion comports with the result and rationale of the only circuit court to address the issue to date. The Sixth Circuit recently held that a survival clause that omitted the contract's arbitration clause did not clearly imply that the arbitration clause had no post-expiration effect. Huffman v. Hilltop Cos., LLC, 747 F.3d 391, 398 (6th Cir. 2014). The Sixth Circuit noted that because certain clauses—such as the severability and integration clauses— ordinarily expected to survive termination were also excluded from the survival clause, "ambiguity exists as to which other provisions ... the parties intended to survive expiration of the agreement." Id. at 397. As a result, the reading that the survival clause barred all non-listed provisions from survival was "not the only reading, let alone the most plausible," and the resulting ambiguity was resolved in favor of arbitration. Id. at 398. The Sixth Circuit concluded: "Reading the contract as a whole, we cannot say with certainty that the parties did not intend for the arbitration clause to survive expiration of the contract." Id. This same reasoning applies here.
In reaching this conclusion, the court is mindful of the strong presumption in favor of arbitrability. See AT&T Techs., 475 U.S. at 650; Simula, 175 F.3d at 719. The Supreme Court has stated that where, as here, a parties' agreement contains a "broad" arbitration clause, "an order to arbitrate the particular grievance should not be denied unless it may be said with positive assurance that the arbitration clause is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute." Litton, 501 U.S. at 209. Because it cannot be said with positive assurance that the parties' broad arbitration clause does not cover the instant dispute, OwnZones' trade secret and conversion claims must be arbitrated. See 9 U.S.C. § 4; Chiron, 207 F.3d at 1130.
For the foregoing reasons, the court GRANTS Defendant's motion to stay and to compel arbitration (Dkt. # 8.) The court STAYS the action and ORDERS the parties to undertake arbitration pursuant to the terms of their contract. The parties shall submit a joint status report within 10 days of the arbitrator's final determination.
