[PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT                     FILED
                       ________________________          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                           ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                               APRIL 12, 2011
                               No. 09-15602                     JOHN LEY
                         ________________________                CLERK

                     D. C. Docket No. 05-14137-CV-AJ

ALPHONSO CAVE,



                                                           Petitioner-Appellant,

                                   versus

SECRETARY FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA,


                                                        Respondents-Appellees.


                         ________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Florida
                       _________________________

                               (April 12, 2011)

Before EDMONDSON, HULL and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

WILSON, Circuit Judge:
      Alphonso Cave, a Florida state prisoner under sentence of death, appeals the

district court’s denial of his application for habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254.

He raises five issues for our review, including three claims of ineffective assistance

of counsel, an allegation that the district court applied an erroneous standard of

review, and an argument that his sentencing violated Ring v. Arizona, 

, 

(2002). Having determined that the district court’s well-

reasoned opinion properly resolved all of these issues, we affirm.

                                           I.

      In 1982, Cave was convicted of first-degree murder and kidnapping for his

role in an armed robbery and abduction that resulted in the death of a young

convenience store clerk in Stuart, Florida. On direct appeal, the Florida Supreme

Court summarized the crime as follows:

             Cave and three accomplices left Ft. Pierce, Florida, on
             the evening of April 26, 1982, and drove to Stuart,
             Florida. They arrived in Stuart at approximately 11 p.m.
             that evening. The driver, and owner of the car in which
             all four rode, was John Earl Bush. The other two
             accomplices were J.B. (“Pig”) Parker and Terry Wayne
             Johnson (“Bo Gator”). At approximately 3 a.m. on the
             following morning, the four men drove to a convenience
             store in Stuart. Cave and two of the men entered the
             store where Cave held a hand gun on the youthful female
             clerk and demanded the store’s cash.          The clerk
             surrendered the cash, whereupon she was taken from the
             store and placed in the back seat of the car. The men
             drove her to a rural area approximately thirteen miles

                                           2
               away where she was removed from the car by the four
               men. After leaving the car, [Bush] stabbed the victim
               and, when she fell, [Parker] fired a single lethal shot into
               the back of her head.

Cave v. State, 

, 183 (Fla. 1985) (per curiam).1

       Following a 7-5 death recommendation by the jury, the trial court sentenced

Cave to death. Since that time, Cave’s case has been the subject of extensive post-

conviction litigation, resulting in two subsequent sentencing proceedings.2 The

counsel whose allegedly ineffective assistance is now at issue represented Cave in

both of these later proceedings.

       In the most recent sentencing—in 1996—pursuant to a jury recommendation

of 11-1, the trial court again sentenced Cave to death. It found four aggravating

circumstances: (1) the murder was committed during the flight following a robbery

and during a kidnapping; (2) the murder was especially heinous, atrocious, and

cruel; (3) the murder was committed in a cold, calculated, and pre-meditated

manner; and (4) the murder was committed to avoid an arrest. The trial court also

found one statutory mitigating circumstance—that Cave had no significant prior




       1
          At earlier points in the life of this case, the identities of the stabber and shooter were in
dispute. In the instant appeal, however, it is undisputed that Cave was neither the stabber nor the
shooter, so we have altered the factual summary to so reflect.
       2
        For a full summary of the case’s history, see the district court’s Order Denying Habeas
Corpus Petition. Cave v. McDonough, No. 05-14137, at *1–4 (S.D. Fla. Sept. 28, 2009).

                                                   3
criminal activity—and several non-statutory mitigating circumstances,3 but gave

them all little weight. Over a dissent by Justice Anstead, the Florida Supreme

Court affirmed Cave’s sentence. See Cave v. State, 

, 232 (Fla.

1998) (5-2 decision).

       Cave subsequently filed a motion for post-conviction relief in state court

under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.851. After an evidentiary hearing, the

trial court denied Cave’s request for relief on the merits, and—in a substantial

written opinion—the Florida Supreme Court affirmed. See generally Cave v. State,

(Fla. 2005). In 2005, Cave filed a federal application for a writ of

habeas corpus in the Southern District of Florida. The district court denied Cave

relief, and this appeal followed.

                                               II.

       At the outset, we address Cave’s arguments that the district court applied an

erroneous standard of review.

       Because Cave petitions for habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 on claims

that the state courts previously adjudicated on the merits, we are restricted in our



       3
           The non-statutory mitigators were: (1) Cave was not the shooter; (2) Cave saved
someone’s life when he was young; (3) Cave was under the influence of alcohol or marijuana at
the time of the crime; (4) Cave was a good son, neighbor, worker, and father; (5) Cave’s only
son died as a result of a hit-and-run accident; (6) Cave expressed remorse; (7) Cave confessed to
his role in the crime; and (8) Cave improved himself while in prison.

                                                4
ability to grant federal relief. In order to grant his application, we must find not

only that Cave’s constitutional claims are meritorious, but also that the state court’s

resolution of those claims: (1) “resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or

involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as

determined by the Supreme Court of the United States”; or (2) “resulted in a

decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of

the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” See 28 U.S.C. §

2254(d)(1)–(2). We review a district court’s decision to grant or deny a habeas

petition de novo, including its determination of whether the state court’s decision

was unreasonable. Hall v. Head, 

, 690 (11th Cir. 2002).

      Cave argues that “the district court misinterpreted the degree of deference

which had to be paid to the state court’s findings of facts and conclusions of law,”

questioning the court’s formulation of § 2254(d)’s restriction on federal habeas

relief and its relationship to § 2254(e)’s presumption of correctness for factual

determinations made by the state court. We address these arguments in turn.

                                           A.

      Cave invokes the Supreme Court’s seminal decision interpreting the

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act’s amendments to § 2254’s statutory

language, Williams v. Taylor, 

, 

(2000), to argue that



                                           5
the district court erroneously deferred to the state court’s legal conclusions on his

ineffective assistance claims, employing inappropriately “heightened deference.”

His argument is based on the following quotations from Section II of Justice

Stevens’s opinion in that case:

             “Section 2254(d) requires us to give state courts’
             opinions a respectful reading, and to listen carefully to
             their conclusions, but when the state court addresses a
             legal question, it is the law ‘as determined by the
             Supreme Court of the United States’ that prevails.”

(Stevens, J., concurring) (quoting Lindh v. Murphy, 

, 869 (7th Cir. 1996) (en banc), rev’d on other grounds, 

, 

(1997)); and

             AEDPA plainly sought to ensure a level of “deference to
             the determinations of state courts,” provided those
             determinations did not conflict with federal law or apply
             federal law in an unreasonable way. Congress wished to
             curb delays, to prevent “retrials” on federal habeas, and
             to give effect to state convictions to the extent possible
             under law. When federal courts are able to fulfill these
             goals within the bounds of the law, AEDPA instructs
             them to do so.
                    On the other hand, it is significant that the word
             “deference” does not appear in the text of the statute
             itself. Neither the legislative history nor the statutory
             text suggests any difference in the so-called “deference”
             depending on which of the two phrases is implicated.
             Whatever “deference” Congress had in mind with respect
             to both phrases, it surely is not a requirement that federal
             courts actually defer to a state-court application of the
             federal law that is, in the independent judgment of the

                                           6
              federal court, in error.

–87, (Stevens, J., concurring) (footnote omitted)

(citations omitted).

       While these quotes certainly support Cave’s arguments, they do not

represent the controlling interpretation of § 2254(d). Justice Stevens announced

the judgment of the Court, but a majority of the justices did not join in his

opinion’s second section, interpreting the AEDPA amendments to the habeas

statute. Instead, a majority of the Court endorsed Justice O’Connor’s alternative

interpretation, offered in Section II of her opinion. It is this latter interpretation of

the statutory language that binds this Court and specifically disclaims a reading of

§ 2254(d) that, like Cave’s, would allow a federal court to substitute its own

judgment on the merits of a habeas claim for that of the state court without first

finding that the state court’s resolution was unreasonable. See 

(O’Connor, J., writing for the majority) (“The term ‘unreasonable’ is no doubt

difficult to define. That said, . . . the most important point is that an unreasonable

application of federal law is different from an incorrect application of federal

law.”).

       In several recent decisions, the Supreme Court has re-emphasized that

AEDPA mandates highly deferential review of state court decisions. In



                                             

. Richter, – U.S. –, 

(2011), for example, the Supreme

Court stated:

                As amended by AEDPA, § 2254(d) stops short of
                imposing a complete bar on federal court relitigation of
                claims already rejected in state proceedings. It preserves
                authority to issue the writ in cases where there is no
                possibility fairminded jurists could disagree that the state
                court’s decision conflicts with this Court's precedents. It
                goes no farther. Section 2254(d) reflects the view that
                habeas corpus is a guard against extreme malfunctions in
                the state criminal justice systems, not a substitute for
                ordinary error correction through appeal. As a condition
                for obtaining habeas corpus from a federal court, a state
                prisoner must show that the state court’s ruling on the
                claim being presented in federal court was so lacking in
                justification that there was an error well understood and
                comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for
                fairminded disagreement.

(citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). See also

Premo v. Moore, – U.S. –, 

, 740 (2011) (“The standards created by

Strickland and § 2254(d) are both highly deferential, and when the two apply in

tandem, review is doubly so.” (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks

omitted)).

      Similarly, in Renico v. Lett, 559 U.S. –, 

(2010), the Supreme

Court stated:

                We have explained that an unreasonable application of
                federal law is different from an incorrect application of
                federal law. Indeed, a federal habeas court may not issue

                                             8
             the writ simply because that court concludes in its
             independent judgment that the relevant state-court
             decision applied clearly established federal law
             erroneously or incorrectly. Rather, that application must
             be objectively unreasonable. This distinction creates a
             substantially higher threshold for obtaining relief than de
             novo review. AEDPA thus imposes a highly deferential
             standard for evaluating state-court rulings and demands
             that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the
             doubt.

(citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      We find no error in the district court’s application of this standard.

                                          B.

      Cave next argues that the district court erred by reading § 2254(e)(1)’s clear-

and-convincing evidence burden into § 2254(d)(2)’s reasonableness restriction on

federal habeas relief for claims decided on factual bases in state court.

      Section 2254(d)(2) permits federal courts to grant habeas relief when the

state court’s merits adjudication “resulted in a decision that was based on an

unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented to the

State court proceeding.” 

However, in the statute’s next

subsection, 2254(e)(1), Congress mandated that “a determination of a factual issue

made by a State court shall be presumed to be correct,” and that a habeas petitioner

bears the burden of rebutting this presumption by “clear and convincing evidence.”

Courts have struggled to interpret how these abutting standards interact in the

                                           9
context of fact-based challenges to state court adjudications.4

       While reciting its standard of review, the court below stated:

              Habeas relief may be granted if the state court’s
              determination of the facts was unreasonable. “A state
              court’s determination of the facts, however, is entitled to
              deference” under § 2254(e)(1). This means that findings
              of fact by a sate [sic] court are presumed to be correct,
              and a habeas petitioner must rebut that presumption by
              clear and convincing evidence.

Cave v. McDonough, No. 05-14137, at *5 (S.D. Fla. Sept. 28, 2009) (citations

omitted).

       Cave contends that the district court erred by requiring him to show that the



       4
        Compare Miller-El v. Cockrell, 

, 341, 

(2003), stating:
              It was incorrect for the Court of Appeals, when looking at the merits,
              to merge the independent requirements of §§ 2254(d)(2) and (e)(1).
              AEDPA does not require petitioner to prove that a decision is
              objectively unreasonable by clear and convincing evidence. The
              clear and convincing evidence standard is found in § 2254(e)(1), but
              that subsection pertains only to state-court determinations of factual
              issues, rather than decisions;
with Wood v. Allen, – U.S. –, 

, 848–49 (2010):
              Notwithstanding statements we have made about the relationship
              between §§ 2254(d)(2) and (e)(1) in cases that did not squarely
              present the issue, . . . we have explicitly left open the question
              whether § 2254(e)(1) applies in every case presenting a challenge
              under § 2254(d)(2), see Rice v. Collins, 

, 339, 

, 

(2006). . . . Although we granted certiorari
              to resolve the question of how §§ 2254(d)(2) and (e)(1) fit together,
              we find once more that we need not reach this question, because our
              view of the reasonableness of the state court’s factual determination
              in this case does not turn on any interpretive difference regarding the
              relationship between these provisions.



                                              10
state court’s decision was based on a determination of the facts that was clearly-

and-convincingly unreasonable. The Respondents (“State”) offer a two-fold

response, first asserting that this Court has repeatedly held that “claims under

(d)(2) must use the standard set out in (e)[(1)],” citing Henyard v. McDonough,

, 1240 (11th Cir. 2006) (per curiam) and Marquard v. Secretary for

the Departmet of Corrections, 

, 1303 (11th Cir. 2005), but then

arguing that the distinction between these two standards is unnecessary to decide

this case. We agree only with this latter proposition.

       Henyard and Marquard merely contain recitations of law in their “standards

of review” sections that paraphrase the statutory text.5 These are not holdings. See

       5
         For example, Henyard states:
              Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, as amended by the Antiterrorism and
              Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), our review of a
              final state habeas judgment “is greatly circumscribed and is highly
              deferential to the state courts.” Crawford v. Head, 

,
              1295 (11th Cir. 2002). First, § 2254(e)(1) instructs us to be highly
              deferential to state court factual determinations, stating that “a
              determination of a factual issue made by a State court shall be
              presumed to be correct,” and that “[t]he applicant shall have the
              burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness by clear and
              convincing evidence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); Haliburton v. Sec’y
              for Dep’t of Corr., 

, 1238 (11th Cir. 

.
       And Marquard states:
              Our review is highly deferential. First, § 2254(e)(1) establishes the
              following standard of review for factual determinations made by a
              state court: “[A] determination of a factual issue made by a State
              court shall be presumed to be correct. The applicant shall have the
              burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness by clear and
              convincing evidence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); Robinson v. Moore,
              

, 1342 (11th Cir. 2002). Second, § 2254(d) allows

                                               11
Black’s Law Dictionary 749 (8th ed. 2004) (defining a holding as, “[a] court’s

determination of a matter of law pivotal to its decision; a principle drawn from

such a decision”). We are bound by language in prior cases when that language

answers questions actually presented and decided, or is otherwise necessary to the

answers of those presented and decided questions. See United States v. Kaley, 

, 1253 n.10 (11th Cir. 2009) (“What matters in discerning whether a rule

of law expounded by a court is in fact holding is whether it was necessary to the

result reached, or, in the alternative, could be discarded without impairing the

foundations of the holding.”).

       We acknowledge that one can find similar recitations of law in our cases that

assume § 2254(d)(2) and § 2254(e)(1) fit together in the way the State advocates.

However, as we have previously observed, “[n]o court has fully explored the

interaction of § 2254(d)(2)’s ‘unreasonableness’ standard and § 2254(e)(1)’s ‘clear

and convincing evidence’ standard.” Gore v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr., 492 F.3d



              federal habeas relief to be granted for a claim adjudicated on the
              merits in state court only if the state court adjudication “(1) resulted
              in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
              application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the
              Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that
              was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of
              the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. §
              2254(d); 

–43.
429 F.3d at 1303.


                                                 12
1273, 1294 n.51 (11th Cir. 2007). Moreover, just two years ago while sitting en

banc, we reviewed a panel decision applying the very construction of § 2254(d)(2)

urged on us by the State and decided that—at the very least—§ 2254(e)(1)’s clear-

and-convincing standard does not always apply to fact-driven challenges to state

detentions:

              Federal habeas courts generally defer to the factual
              findings of state courts, presuming the facts to be correct
              unless they are rebutted by clear and convincing
              evidence. 

However, when a state
              court’s adjudication of a habeas claim “result[s] in a
              decision that [i]s based on an unreasonable determination
              of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State
              court proceeding,” 

this Court is not
              bound to defer to unreasonably-found facts or to the legal
              conclusions that flow from them. See Taylor v. Maddox,
              

, 1008 (9th Cir. 2004) (“When we determine
              that state-court fact-finding is unreasonable, . . . we have
              an obligation to set those findings aside . . . ”); see also
              Panetti v. Quarterman, 

, 

,
              2858, 

(2007) (declining to apply
              AEDPA deference when state court made unreasonable
              determination of law under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)) . . . .
              Because the Georgia Supreme Court unreasonably
              determined the facts relevant to Jones’ Sixth Amendment
              claim, we do not owe the state court’s findings deference
              under AEDPA. We therefore apply the pre-AEDPA de
              novo standard of review to Jones’ habeas claims.

Jones v. Walker, 

, 1288 n.5 (11th Cir. 2008) (en banc). See also

Green v. Nelson, 

, 1251 (11th Cir. 2010) (finding state court

unreasonably determined the facts under 2254(d)(2) and applying de novo review).

                                          13
       We have not yet had an occasion to completely define the respective

purviews of (d)(2) and (e)(1), and this case presents no such opportunity. We find

that the district court’s fact-based decisions below did not turn on any distinction

between “unreasonableness” and a “clear-and-convincing unreasonableness.” The

state court’s decisions on Cave’s claims were not based on unreasonable factual

determinations in light of the evidence before it under any standard. Consequently,

Cave’s challenge on this front fails. See Wood v. Allen, – U.S. –, 

,

845 (2010) (“We conclude . . . that the state court’s factual determination was

reasonable even under petitioner’s reading of § 2254(d)(2), and therefore we need

not address that provision’s relationship to § 2254(e)(1). Accordingly, we affirm

the judgment of the Court of Appeals on that basis.”).6


       6
           The point made by my concurring colleague is well taken, and I agree that this
subsection’s discussion does not change (nor does it seek to change) any prior holdings of this
Court. However, I feel that it is a valuable addition to this opinion for the following reasons.
         The State in this case forcefully argued that this Circuit has “repeatedly held” that § 2254
is constructed so as to require petitioners like Cave to prove their entitlement to relief under §
2254(d)(2) by clear and convincing evidence. Additionally, the careful and conscientious
district judge below recited legal standards seeming to adopt the same erroneous assumption.
These errors are not isolated to the case at bar. There is a troubling trend among litigants and
district courts in this Circuit to assume that we have previously resolved this important question
of statutory construction. This pervasive misapprehension of our precedent not only has
potentially life-and-death ramifications for habeas petitioners like Cave, but it also makes it
substantially less likely that this difficult question will be properly presented for our review in
the future. Given these facts, I am of the belief that it is responsible, as well as necessary, for us
to call attention to this misunderstanding.
         As I hope is clear from the foregoing text, this brief discussion simply reprises what we
have previously observed: in no case have we had the opportunity to articulate exactly how §
2254(d)(2) interacts with § 2254(e)(1). Gore v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr., 

, 1294
n.51 (11th Cir. 2007). See also Jones v. Walker, 

, 1288 n.5 (11th Cir. 2008) (en

                                                  14
                                             III.

       We now turn to the gravamen of Cave’s application: his claims that he was

denied the assistance of constitutionally effective counsel.

       Cave raised numerous claims of ineffective assistance below, but on appeal,

his arguments revolve around three core claims: (1) that he was denied effective

assistance of counsel because his attorney’s penalty-phase strategy was based on a

misunderstanding of Florida law; (2) that he was denied effective assistance of

counsel when his attorney failed to perpetuate or utilize an exculpatory statement

made by co-defendant Bush on the eve of his execution; and (3) that he was denied

effective assistance of counsel when his attorney failed to object to an allegedly

improper line of questioning during voir dire. Having carefully reviewed the

district court’s order, we find no error in its disposition of these claims.

                                             A.

       The federal law governing ineffective assistance claims is well settled. See

generally Strickland v. Washington, 

, 

(1984). “An

ineffective assistance claim has two components: A petitioner must show that

counsel’s performance was deficient, and that the deficiency prejudiced the



banc) (applying § 2254(d)(2)’s reasonableness standard without § 2254(e)(1)’s
clear-and-convincing-evidence requirement); Green v. Nelson, 

, 1251 (11th Cir.
2010) (same).

                                             15
defense.” Wiggins v. Smith, 

, 521, 

(2003) (citing

). Under the performance prong, a defendant must

show that his “counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness . . . under prevailing professional norms.” 

. Under the prejudice prong, a defendant must show a “reasonable probability

that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would

have been different.” 

In the context of a challenge to a death sentence,

this latter prong requires that there be “a reasonable probability that, absent the

errors, the sentencer . . . would have concluded that the balance of aggravating and

mitigating circumstances did not warrant death.” 

      As noted above, because the state court previously adjudicated these claims

on their merits, Cave has the additional burden of demonstrating that the state

court’s application of this demanding standard was not merely wrong, but

objectively unreasonable. 

; 

. Per

our discussion above, the Supreme Court recently reminded us that habeas relief

under § 2254(d) serves as a “guard against extreme malfunctions in the state

criminal justice systems,” 

(quoting Jackson v. Virginia,

, 332 n.5, 

(1979) (Stevens, J., concurring)), and, as

such, federal relief under that provision must be limited to claims where the prior



                                           16
state court ruling was an “error well understood and comprehended in existing law

beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” 

                                          B.

      Cave’s first claim of ineffective assistance relates to counsel’s

misunderstanding of Florida law. As illuminated during the state post-conviction

evidentiary hearing, counsel designed Cave’s penalty-phase strategy laboring

under the mistaken belief that, if he were able to ensure the prosecution’s proof of

aggravation was limited to circumstantial evidence, so long as his own presentation

established via direct evidence (i.e. Cave’s testimony) an alternate theory of the

crime that was not inconsistent with that circumstantial evidence, a death sentence

would be overturned on appeal. Counsel dubbed this theory the “circumstantial

evidence rule.” This understanding of the law was erroneous.

      Cave contends that basing one’s trial strategy on such a misunderstanding of

law constitutes deficient performance under Strickland. As an abstract proposition,

the district court agreed; so do we. See 

(“[T]he Supreme

Court has explained that decisions that are based on mistaken beliefs certainly are

neither strategic nor tactical.” (citing Kimmelman v. Morrison, 

,

383–87, 

(1986))); see also Horton v. Zant, 

, 1461

n.30 (11th Cir. 1991) (“[S]o called ‘strategic’ decisions that are based on a



                                          17
mistaken understanding of the law . . . are entitled to less deference.”). However,

as the district court rightly noted, it is Cave’s burden to link this abstract deficiency

to specific, unprofessional conduct of counsel that may reasonably have impacted

the trial’s result.

       We interpret Cave’s argument on appeal with respect to this

misunderstanding-of-law claim to consist of three pieces: (1) a broad argument that

Cave was generally prejudiced by counsel’s overarching misunderstanding of law

because the misunderstanding undermined counsel’s strategy; and two concrete

sub-claims, based on counsel’s failure to (2) introduce mental-health mitigation

evidence and (3) avoid mention of a prior rape arrest. We address each of these

arguments in turn.

                                            1.

       Cave contends that he was generally prejudiced by counsel’s

misunderstanding of law—or in the words of penalty-phase counsel at the

evidentiary hearing, “procedurally prejudiced”—in that each of the defense’s

tactical decisions was made in light of and colored by counsel’s misunderstanding.

But for that misunderstanding, Cave argues, he might have chosen to pursue a

different mitigation strategy or to introduce additional mitigating evidence. The

gist of the argument is aptly captured by two quotations drawn from the



                                           18
evidentiary-hearing testimony of Cave’s counsel and offered in Cave’s brief:

               [I]f we had been, or should have been reasonably certain
               that the circumstantial evidence rule is out the window
               and wasn’t a factor, then Mr. Cave could have evaluated
               whether or not to introduce that type of evidence7 based
               on a different scenario.     And he didn’t have that
               opportunity.

                                              ***

               But what I suggest to you is that the choice was taken
               from Mr. Cave when they changed the rule midstream,8
               and ultimately that’s where the prejudice factor comes in.
               It was procedural prejudice, because he didn’t have the
               choice. The choice was made for him. And I think that’s
               unfair.

       Though such testimony might demonstrate that Cave was prejudiced by

counsel’s misunderstanding of law in the everyday sense of the word, it falls short

of satisfying the prejudice requirement of Strickland.

       The Supreme Court’s definition of prejudice is premised on the belief that

“[a]n error by counsel, even if professionally unreasonable, does not warrant

setting aside the judgment of a criminal proceeding if the error had no effect on the



       7
          At the time, counsel was discussing his decisions (1) not to introduce expert mental-
health testimony for fear that it would “open the door” to harmful evidence and (2) not to
introduce evidence of the various and conflicting theories of the case the prosecution had offered
at different proceedings and against different defendants.
       8
          Testimony showed that counsel believed his interpretation of Florida law was not
erroneous, but rather that Cave’s was a “pipeline” case, and the Florida Supreme Court changed
the state of the law during the pendency of Cave’s appeal.

                                                19
judgment.” 

. Reasoning that “attorney errors come in

an infinite variety and are as likely to be utterly harmless in a particular case as

they are to be prejudicial,” the Court decided that a habeas petitioner must bear the

burden of “affirmatively prov[ing]” that counsel’s unprofessional conduct had

some tangible degree of impact on the proceeding’s result. 

Since “[t]he

purpose of the Sixth Amendment guarantee of counsel is to ensure that a defendant

has the assistance necessary to justify reliance on the outcome of the proceeding”

the Supreme Court decided that the appropriate degree of impact (i.e. prejudice) a

petitioner must show is a “reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s

unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” 

694 (emphasis added). The Court went on to define a “reasonable

probability” as a “probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”

       Consequently, even if we assume counsel performed deficiently, Cave must

demonstrate more than a theoretical possibility that he could have done something

differently. Instead, he must show both a reasonable probability that he would

have done something differently and how that change would have impacted his

sentence. Apart from the two specific sub-claims addressed below, we agree with

the district court that a broader look at the evidentiary-hearing testimony of



                                           20
counsel shows no reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s misunderstanding

of law, the result of the proceeding would have been different.9

                                                2.

       Cave argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to present evidence of

mental health mitigation, other than Cave’s own testimony. In particular, Cave

argues that counsel should have presented testimony from various mental health

experts who evaluated Cave prior to sentencing. The Florida Supreme Court



       9
         At various points in the evidentiary hearing, in addition to making the statements
offered by Cave in his brief, counsel also admitted that there were compelling non-
circumstantial-evidence-rule reasons to structure Cave’s mitigation case in the way that he did.
For example:

               [T]here’s a very strong argument to be made that it was virtue to keep
               this case clean and circumstantial evidence [sic] under any standard.
                                               ***
               We might have gone back over the question of psychological testing.
               . . . I mean, everything would have been up in the air. But that
               doesn’t mean that ultimately the decisions would have come out any
               differently.
                                               ***
               But again, the trade-off probably isn’t there in favor of using a
               psychologist when it might open the door to some of this negative
               information.
                                               ***
               Did [my perception of the standard of review] make a difference, I
               can’t make that call. Mr. Cave would have to speak for himself on
               that issue. But in terms of whether it would have made a difference
               on the mitigating circumstances that I presented, I don’t think so.

        Though counsel’s opinions as to the prejudice resulting from his deficient performance
are not dispositive, cf. Chandler v. United States, 

, 1315 n.16 (11th Cir. 2000) (en
banc), given that Cave’s prejudice argument relies so heavily on counsel’s testimony, these
counter-quotes are severely detrimental to his claim.

                                                21
considered this claim and determined that counsel’s decision not to present such

testimony was a reasonable strategic decision that did not constitute deficient

performance. The district court concluded that this judgment was a reasonable

application of Strickland. We agree.

       Cave contends that counsel’s decision not to present a medical expert was

driven by his misunderstanding of law. The record belies this contention. As the

district court explained, counsel purposefully developed and considered evidence

of mental health mitigation, including expert testimony. In addition to determining

that such testimony would not be particularly helpful to Cave’s mitigation case,

counsel did not want to “open the door” to potentially damaging information.

Counsel did testify that, without his misunderstanding of law, his choices regarding

the mental health evidence “would have been up in the air,” but counsel conceded,

“that doesn’t mean that ultimately the decisions would have come out different.”

       On the whole, we think counsel’s evidentiary-hearing testimony shows that,

after developing and considering the available evidence, counsel determined that

the risks of such evidence outweighed its potential benefits.10 Because this

conclusion formed the basis of the state court’s determination that counsel’s



       10
          For example, counsel testified that, “on balance, that evidence was not helpful to our
defense nor consistent with it. And my recommendation was that our case was best without it.
Without the expert testimony.”

                                                22
strategic decisions were reasonable and did not amount to deficient performance,

we affirm the district court’s judgment that Cave was not entitled to relief on this

claim.

                                                3.

         Cave also contends that his counsel was ineffective for allowing the

introduction of testimony that Cave had been arrested for rape in Pennsylvania.11

         At sentencing, Cave pursued the sole statutory mitigating circumstance

available to him: no significant prior criminal history. After calling Cave to testify,

counsel elicited that Cave had never been convicted of a crime, but had once been

arrested in Pennsylvania on charges that were subsequently dropped. Counsel did

not elicit the nature of the charge. On cross-examination, the prosecution inquired

as to the charge of arrest, and Cave answered that it was “rape.” Cave’s counsel

did not object.

         We interpret Cave’s arguments to advance two theories of ineffective

assistance based on these facts. First, Cave contends that counsel was deficient for

eliciting, in generic terms, the fact of his prior arrest. Alternatively, Cave argues

that, even assuming that counsel was not ineffective for eliciting the fact of the



         11
          Cave’s ineffective-assistance arguments on this basis are not neatly cabined to
counsel’s misunderstanding of law. Nevertheless, we address the full breadth of Cave’s
arguments.

                                               23
prior arrest, counsel was deficient for failing to object when the prosecution

inquired as to the nature of that arrest. Given the inflammatory nature of rape

accusations, the district court devoted a substantial portion of its order to these

arguments. We agree with its conclusions.

                                           a.

      With respect to Cave’s first theory, the Florida Supreme Court determined

that counsel’s performance was not deficient, saying:

             [C]ounsel’s decision to seek the no-significant-history
             mitigator, even though doing so opened the door to the
             introduction of Cave’s prior arrest, was not deficient.
             Counsel’s key argument in mitigation was that Cave was
             not as culpable as his cohorts. This argument rested on
             two related premises: first, that Cave did not actually
             shoot or stab the victim and that he did not intend that the
             victim be killed; and second, that because of his criminal
             naiveté and the fact that he was unaware of his cohorts’
             more sophisticated criminal pasts, Cave could not have
             reasonably foreseen that his cohorts would kill the
             victim. Establishing the no-significant-history mitigator
             was crucial to this strategy, and if counsel had opted not
             to pursue it, it not only would have undercut that
             argument, but it also would have left Cave facing five
             aggravating circumstances without any statutory
             mitigating circumstances.

Cave v. 

.

      We agree with the district court that the record demonstrates that “the

Florida Supreme Court reasonably concluded [Cave’s counsel] made a reasonable



                                           24
strategic choice in seeking to establish the ‘no significant criminal history’

mitigator, and in choosing to preemptively bring out Mr. Cave’s Pennsylvania

arrest.” Cave v. McDonough, at *10. The no-significant-criminal-history mitigator

was the sole statutory mitigator available to Cave. In fact, in prior litigation, we

chastised Cave’s counsel for failing to pursue this particular line of mitigation. See

Cave v. Singletary, 

, 1519 (11th Cir. 1992). As the Florida Supreme

Court pointed out in its opinion, when a defendant seeks to establish the no-

significant-criminal-history mitigator, the prosecution is entitled to rebut the same

with direct evidence of criminal activity, including arrests. Cave v. State, 

at 1058. It is unclear whether the prosecution had any such “direct evidence”

that would have allowed it to introduce the fact of this particular arrest.12

However, in light of this uncertainty, it was not objectively unreasonable for

counsel to “draw” the potential “sting” of the rape arrest by pre-emptively eliciting

it on direct examination. In fact, counsel testified that by disclosing the arrest to

the jury the defense was able to show that Cave had nothing to hide, thereby

converting a potentially damaging piece of evidence into a potential asset.

Regardless of our opinion, de novo, as to the reasonableness of counsel’s strategic

choice, this much is clear: the Florida Supreme Court’s analysis of this claim was


       12
           During post-conviction proceedings, the trial court expressed skepticism that evidence
of this arrest would have been admissible over an objection at sentencing.

                                               25
objectively reasonable. Consequently, the district court properly rejected this

theory of ineffectiveness.

                                          b.

      Turning to Cave’s second theory regarding counsel’s failure to object, the

Florida Supreme Court and the district court both expressed the view that the

question was a difficult one. Ultimately, the Florida Supreme Court rejected this

claim by determining Cave could not demonstrate the requisite prejudice. It

offered this analysis:

             Cave’s other argument—that counsel’s failure to object
             when the State elicited the nature of the past arrest
             constituted ineffective assistance—is more difficult, but
             we conclude that this too is without merit. Even if
             counsel’s performance in this respect was deficient, Cave
             is not entitled to relief because he has not demonstrated
             prejudice. Cave has not “show[n] that there is a
             reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
             unprofessional errors, the result of the [penalty-phase]
             proceeding would have been different.” When asked
             about the prior arrest on direct examination, Cave made
             clear that the charge was “dropped” and he “was not
             guilty.” And after he revealed on cross-examination that
             the charge was rape, he reiterated that “not only [was that
             charge] dropped . . . [it was] proven to be a false charge.”
             We recognize that Cave’s protestations of innocence may
             not have been all that convincing to the jury, but the fact
             r e m a in s th a t t h e c o u r t d id f in d th a t th e
             no-significant-history mitigator had been established, and
             the judge’s decision to accord it little weight did not rely
             on or even cite the past arrest. In fact, even the State
             conceded in closing argument that the

                                         26
             no-significant-history mitigator had been established.
             And in arguing that the jury should assign little weight to
             that mitigator, the State never once mentioned the past
             arrest, let alone the nature of that arrest. Rather, the State
             argued that “this mitigating circumstance pales when
             compared with any of those five aggravating
             circumstances that we just went over.” Counsel’s failure
             to object when the State asked Cave about the nature of
             his past arrest might well have amounted to deficient
             performance, but Cave has not demonstrated that he was
             prejudiced by the deficiency under the Strickland
             standard.

Cave v. 

–59 (footnote omitted) (citations omitted).

      The district court, likewise, gave this claim extended attention. It began by

finding, de novo, that counsel rendered constitutionally deficient performance,

declaring:

             The mention of such an inflammatory charge had the
             potential for poisoning the jury in a case like Mr. Cave’s,
             and [counsel] had a constitutional obligation to keep such
             unduly prejudicial evidence out of the penalty phase if
             such evidence was inadmissible under Florida law.

Cave v. McDonough, at *11.

      Nevertheless, upon turning to the prejudice prong, the district court

determined that Cave was not entitled to habeas relief under AEDPA:

             The Florida Supreme Court’s ruling that Mr. Cave did
             not demonstrate prejudice under Strickland was not
             contrary to, and did not involve an unreasonable
             application of, clearly established federal law, as
             determined by the Supreme Court. Nor was it based on

                                          27
               an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the
               evidence presented.         Mr. Cave testified—without
               contradiction—that the charge was false (and was
               dropped), the prosecutor did not mention the nature of
               the arrest in closing, the trial court ultimately found that
               Mr. Cave did not have a significant prior criminal
               history, and the trial court did not rely on the nature of
               the arrest in according the mitigating factor little weight.
               Although the issue would be a closer one if review were
               plenary, the Eleventh Circuit has made it clear that a
               federal habeas court is not to substitute its views for
               those of state courts under AEDPA because “an
               unreasonable application is different from an incorrect
               one.”

Cave v. McDonough, at *12 (footnote omitted) (citations omitted) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

       We agree with the district court’s analysis in its entirety, including its

observation that this would be a very difficult question de novo. However, our

review is limited to determining whether the state court’s decision was

unreasonable. That the Florida Supreme Court carefully weighed all the relevant

considerations while forming its conclusion speaks to the reasonableness of its

result.13 We affirm the district court’s judgment that Cave was not entitled to relief

       13
           Cave challenges one particular foundation of the court’s calculus, arguing that the
prosecution did, in fact, mention the rape arrest again, based on the following excerpt from the
prosecution’s closing argument:
                Now again, the [mitigating circumstance] that deserves little weight
                is the first one about his prior criminal record, that’s true, but it
                doesn’t deserve much weight. This mitigating circumstance I submit
                to you does not even exist based on the evidence in this case.
       It is possible that the excerpt contains a veiled reference to the inappropriately admitted

                                                 28
on this claim.

                                               C.

       For some time prior to the execution of Cave’s co-defendant Bush, counsel

for Cave and Bush worked together in an attempt to stay Bush’s execution so that

he could testify to Cave’s limited role in the murder at Cave’s sentencing. Their

efforts were unsuccessful, and Cave’s counsel chose not to perpetuate Bush’s

words via deposition in advance of his execution.

       According to testimony from Bush’s lawyer at Cave’s evidentiary hearing,

on the eve of his execution, Bush became distraught because “he felt responsible

. . . for Mr. Cave’s predicament.” Bush told his lawyer that—contrary to several

previous statements made in pursuit of his own interests—Cave’s role in the crime

was limited. Bush claimed that co-defendant Parker was “running the show.” Just

before the murder, Parker apparently announced to the others his intentions of

killing the victim, saying that “he was going to do what he had to do.” According

to Bush, when Cave learned of Parker’s intentions, he became upset and tried to

convince Parker that the murder was unnecessary. When Parker refused to be

swayed, Bush claimed that Cave withdrew from the scene and retreated to the



testimony, but the state court found otherwise. Given the presence of several concessions by the
prosecution that the mitigating factor did exist in the same closing argument, we cannot say that
the state court’s finding was unreasonable.

                                               29
vehicle. After Cave withdrew, Parker instructed Bush to stab the victim—which

he did—and Parker killed the victim with a shot to the head.

      Bush was executed the next day. Following his execution, Bush’s counsel

attempted to contact Cave’s counsel and communicate the substance of Bush’s

statement. According to the evidentiary-hearing testimony, Cave’s counsel failed

to respond to those attempted communications.

      Cave argues that his attorney was constitutionally deficient for two reasons.

First, Cave argues that his attorney should have deposed Bush before his execution

in order to preserve his testimony. Second, Cave argues that counsel was

ineffective for failing to learn of Bush’s “deathbed” statement and introduce it at

sentencing.

      The Florida Supreme Court addressed both of these arguments and

determined that, even assuming counsel performed deficiently, Cave could not

demonstrate Strickland prejudice. Cave v. State, 

at 1052. Because

Bush’s deathbed statement conflicted with two of his prior statements, as well as

Cave’s own confession and his 1996 sentencing testimony, the Florida Supreme

Court concluded that the inconsistencies “would have undermined the credibility

of Bush’s deathbed statement and could have actually resulted in more harm than

benefit.” 

district court concluded that the Florida Supreme Court’s application of

Strickland was reasonable, though it expressed the view that the prejudice inquiry

would be a closer one under de novo review. We agree.

       Under the prejudice inquiry, it is a post-conviction court’s job to re-weigh

the evidence of mitigation and aggravation as it would have existed but for

counsel’s unprofessional conduct. See Sears v. Upton, – U.S. –, 

,

3266 (2010). Considering the totality of the evidence, we cannot say that the state

court’s determination was an error beyond “fairminded disagreement.” See

. Therefore, we are unable to conclude that the Florida

Supreme Court’s prejudice determination was unreasonable. We affirm the district

court’s decision to that effect.14

                                                D.

       Cave also argues that his counsel was deficient for failing to object during

voir dire when the prosecution inquired of jury members whether they could vote



       14
          Our conclusion is bolstered by the fact that it is unclear whether Bush’s deathbed
statement would have been admissible at all. Counsel in this case had an opportunity to depose
Bush and decided not to for strategic reasons. It is by no means certain that a later statement by
Bush, even one made on the eve of execution, would have been admissible over a hearsay
objection as a dying declaration. See Malone v. State, 

, 416 (Fla. 1916) (per curiam)
(“The utmost care and caution should be exercised by the court in the admission of dying
declarations, since such declarations are necessarily a species of hearsay evidence and their
admission in evidence is an exception to the general rule of evidence, which requires that the
witness shall be sworn and the defendant given privilege of cross-examination.”).


                                                31
to impose the death penalty even “if it were to be shown that Mr. Cave was not the

shooter.” Cave argues that this line of questioning was manipulative and

prejudicial, in that it implied the possibility that Cave was, in fact, the shooter.

         The Florida Supreme Court rejected this claim on the merits, determining

that Cave’s allegations and the record supported neither a finding of deficient

performance nor prejudice. We agree with the district court that there was nothing

objectionable in the prosecution’s line of questioning. Because “[c]ounsel cannot

be labeled ineffective for failing to raise issues which have no merit,” Card v.

Dugger, 

, 1520 (11th Cir. 1990), we affirm the district court’s

determination that the Florida Supreme Court reasonably applied Strickland to this

claim.

                                           IV.

         Finally, Cave argues that Florida’s death penalty scheme and his death

sentence are unconstitutional in light of Ring v. Arizona, 

(2002).

Cave acknowledges that this argument is foreclosed under controlling precedent, as

Ring does not apply retroactively and his death sentence became final before the

case was handed down. See Schriro v. Summerlin, 

, 355–57, 124 S.

Ct. 2519 (2004). We decline his invitation to revisit this decided issue.

                                           V.



                                            32
      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court to

deny Cave’s application for a writ of habeas corpus in its entirety.

      AFFIRMED.




                                          33
EDMONDSON, Circuit Judge, concurs in the judgment.




                                    34
HULL, Circuit Judge, specially concurring:

      I concur in affirming the judgment of the district court and in Judge

Wilson’s opinion except for Section II-B. Because Cave’s challenge to the state

court’s factual findings fails under § 2254(d)(2), we need not address § 2254(e)(1).

See Wood v. Allen, 558 U.S. —, 

, 845 (2010) (“We conclude . . . that

the state court’s factual determination was reasonable even under petitioner’s

reading of § 2254(d)(2), and therefore we need not address that provision’s

relationship to § 2254(e)(1). Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Court of

Appeals on that basis.”). Neither the district court’s decision, nor this Court’s

decision here, turns on the distinction between the unreasonableness standard in

§ 2254(d)(2) and the separate clear-and-convincing-evidence standard in

§ 2254(e)(1). Thus, Section II-B’s discussion of § 2254(e)(1) is merely dicta. Just

as the United States Supreme Court limited its discussion to § 2254(d)(2) in Wood

v. Allen, I would do so here.

      Additionally, I am concerned that Section II-B quotes isolated parts of our

precedents out of context and incorrectly characterizes what our precedents say, or

do not say, about the relationship between § 2254(d)(2) and § 2254(e)(1). The

decisions cited in Section II-B speak for themselves and Section II-B’s

characterization of them does not change what they hold or do not hold.



                                          35