IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
                                      FIRST DISTRICT, STATE OF FLORIDA

BRYAN GRIGG,                          NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO
                                      FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND
      Appellant,                      DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED

v.                                    CASE NO. 1D16-1368

STATE OF FLORIDA,

      Appellee.

_____________________________/

Opinion filed November 15, 2017.

An appeal from the Circuit Court for Nassau County.
Robert M. Foster, Judge.

Francis Jerome Shea of Francis Jerome Shea, P.A., Jacksonville, for Appellant.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Heather Flanagan Ross, Assistant Attorney
General, Tallahassee, for Appellee.



OSTERHAUS, J.

      Bryan Grigg appeals his armed burglary conviction and sentence and argues

that the trial judge committed fundamental error during voir dire by previewing

“hypothetical” facts to the venire that closely matched the evidence in Mr. Grigg’s

own case and then communicating the judge’s view that defendants in Mr. Grigg’s
situation should not go free. We agree with Mr. Grigg’s argument and reverse and

remand for a new trial.

                                           I.

      During jury selection in Mr. Grigg’s trial below, the state prosecutor asked

prospective jurors if any of them would have a problem reaching a verdict in a case

where no physical evidence was presented. Three prospective jurors indicated that

they couldn’t convict a defendant in the absence of physical evidence, whereupon

the trial court began asking its own questions. The trial judge asked the potential

jurors how they would decide two “hypothetical” cases using facts that were almost

identical to the evidence in Mr. Grigg’s case. The trial judge asked them to assess

the hypothetical cases as though they themselves were victims of the crimes and told

them his view that the defendants in his hypotheticals should not go free.

      A jury was ultimately selected without objection, not including the three

prospective jurors who said they couldn’t convict in a case lacking physical

evidence. And then, on the heels of dismissing the unselected members of the venire,

the trial judge reiterated that it was incorrect to think that the State couldn’t bring a

case in the absence of physical evidence; that it wasn’t unusual for there to be no

physical evidence in a criminal case; and that no physical evidence doesn’t mean

there wasn’t a crime.




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      The State’s armed burglary case proceeded against Mr. Grigg and the

evidence against him was very similar to what the trial court had described

“hypothetically” at jury selection. The jury found him guilty. And now, Mr. Grigg

seeks a new trial on due process-related grounds, because of the trial court’s

comments during voir dire.

                                           II.

      Because Mr. Grigg did not object to the trial judge’s comments that he is now

challenging, we review the court’s actions for fundamental error. “Fundamental

error is defined as error which ‘goes to the essence of a fair and impartial trial, error

so fundamentally unfair as to amount to a denial of due process.’” Olivera v. State,

, 353 (Fla. 1st DCA 2011) (quoting Sparks v. State, 

, 35

(Fla. 1st DCA 1999)). “[A] fundamental tenet of due process is a fair and impartial

tribunal.” 

.

      This case involves statements made at voir dire. “The purpose of voir dire is

to ‘obtain a fair and impartial jury, whose minds are free of all interest, bias, or

prejudice.’” Hoskins v. State, 

, 13 (Fla. 2007) (quoting Ferreiro v. State,

, 1142 (Fla. 3d DCA 2006)). The purpose is not “to obtain a preview

of [potential juror’s] opinions of the evidence.” 

judge’s improper

participation in voir dire can render a trial unfair and result in fundamental error.

Morgan v. State, 

, 816 (Fla. 2d DCA 2016). Trial judges must be

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especially mindful of their statements because of “the high position which a judge

holds in the scheme of the trial magnifies, in the minds of the jurors, the meaning of

comments by the judge.” Jacques v. State, 

, 906 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004)

(quoting Kellum v. State, 

, 104 (Fla. 3d DCA 1958)). Judges must

“never assume the role of prosecuting attorney and lend the weight of his great

influence to the side of the government.” 

(quoting J.F. v.

State, 

(Fla. 4th DCA 1998)). Nor should judges “sum up the evidence

or comment to the jury upon the weight of the evidence, the credibility of the

witnesses, or the guilt of the accused.” § 90.106, Fla. Stat. (2016).

      When three prospective jurors at voir dire in this case indicated that they

couldn’t convict a defendant in the absence of physical evidence, the trial court

proceeded to question the prospective jurors himself as follows:

      THE COURT: Well, now, let me just ask the jurors this. If,
      hypothetically, someone comes into your house with a gun, he steals
      your watch and leaves, prior to their arrest they throw the gun
      somewhere in the St. Mary’s River and it’s unrecoverable and you
      come to court and you clearly identify the perpetrator as the person who
      stole your watch, which has also unrecovered, then it’s your position
      that that person should be found not guilty? . . .

      THE COURT: So you would be comfortable --

      [PROSPECTIVE JUROR]: I would --

      THE COURT: -- if a burglar came into your house not only with a gun,
      but shot the gun, took your belongings, your belongings were never
      recovered, the gun was never recovered --

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      [PROSPECTIVE JUROR]: In my view --

      THE COURT: -- you -- don’t interrupt me. You identify him 100
      percent, but you believe, as the victim, that that defendant should go
      free?

In this colloquy the trial judge presented two hypothetical crimes to the venire to

make the point that armed burglary defendants should not “go free” where witness

testimony identifies the burglar, but there is a lack of physical evidence. These

hypotheticals and statements from the trial judge presented a larger fairness problem

for Mr. Grigg’s case, however, because they mirrored the State’s evidence against

him. Just like the hypotheticals, the primary evidence presented in Mr. Grigg’s trial

was testimony from the victim and accomplices, who said that he came into the

house, pointed a gun at the victim, shot the gun into the ground, and stole the victim’s

wallet. The State recovered neither the wallet nor the gun, and so its case hinged on

the testimony of witnesses who identified Mr. Grigg as the perpetrator.

      At least two fairness problems arise from the trial court’s participation at voir

dire. First, by reciting and commenting upon hypotheticals that mirrored Mr. Grigg’s

case, the trial court openly communicated its disapproval of jurors who would find

the defendant not guilty and permit him to “go free.” By stating his views of the

optimal result, the trial judge lent his position’s weight and influence to the

prosecution and jeopardized the jury’s ability to impartially hear and decide the case.

Cf. Dicks v. State, 

, 719 (1922) (noting that “it is not proper to propound

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hypothetical questions purporting to embody testimony that is intended to be

submitted, covering all or any aspects of the case, for the purpose of ascertaining

from the juror how he will vote on such a state of the testimony”); Franqui v. State,

, 1322 n.5 (Fla. 1997) (finding it improper to “have jurors indicate,

in advance, what their decision will be under a certain state of evidence or upon a

certain state of facts”).

       Another problem with the trial court’s colloquy is its “golden rule” argument

characteristics. “‘Golden rule’ arguments . . . invite the jurors to place themselves in

the victim’s position during the crime and imagine the victim’s suffering.” Mosley

v. State, 

, 520 (Fla. 2009). The Florida Supreme Court has “repeatedly

held that ‘golden rule’ arguments are improper.” 

court in this case

couched its questions to the prospective jurors in golden-rule like terms:

   • “If, hypothetically, someone comes into your house with a gun, he steals your
     watch and leaves, . . .”;

   • “[I]f a burglar came into your house not only with a gun, but shot the gun,
     took your belongings, your belongings were never recovered, the gun was
     never recovered”;

   • “You identify him 100 percent, but you believe, as the victim, that that
     defendant should go free?” and

   • “But if you have a jury o[f] people like you they would find him not guilty.”

The Second District recently reversed a conviction partly because of “golden rule”

problems with a judge’s statement at voir dire “that any judge would have prohibited

                                           6
a lawyer from making.” 

. Here, too, the colloquy’s

invitation at voir dire for prospective jurors to view the evidence as victims of a very

similar burglary crime undermined the trial’s fairness from the very start.

      The trial judge compounded its errors one final time before the venire when,

in the course of dismissing panel members who were not selected to serve on the

jury, he chastised those who said they couldn’t convict without physical evidence.

The judge asked them again to “contemplate” whether the State could not bring a

case without physical evidence. He stated that a lack of physical evidence “doesn’t

mean there wasn’t a crime. It doesn’t mean that evidence cannot be produced

through testimony that would prove beyond every reasonable doubt that a crime was

committed and a person has been identified who committed the crime.” These

comments reinforced a prosecution-friendly view of Mr. Grigg’s case.

      Because Mr. Grigg failed to object to the trial judge’s comments, we recognize

that he must show these errors at voir dire to be fundamental. “The fundamental error

exception to the contemporaneous objection rule occurs ‘only in the rare cases where

a jurisdictional error appears or where the interests of justice present a compelling

demand for its application.’” 

(quoting Joyner v. State, 

, 306 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010)). Here, we conclude that the trial judge’s errors,

taken cumulatively, require relief because Mr. Grigg’s trial was rendered

“fundamentally unfair as to amount to a denial of due process.’” 

had

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the right to a fair and impartial jury. 

. And the manner in

which the trial judge previewed the evidence and expressed his opinion to the

prospective jurors that defendants in Mr. Grigg’s position should not go free

“[struck] at the fundamental legality of the trial itself.” Hamilton v. State, 

, 608 (Fla. 1956).

                                          III.

      For these reasons, we REVERSE the judgment and sentence, and REMAND

for a new trial.



JAY and WINSOR, JJ., CONCUR.




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