In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                              OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS

*********************
SUSIE AVCHEN,             *
                          *
                          *                          No. 14-279V
                          *                          Special Master Christian J. Moran
              Petitioner, *
                          *
v.                        *                          Filed: December 4, 2015
                          *
SECRETARY OF HEALTH       *                          Attorneys’ fees and costs; hourly
AND HUMAN SERVICES,       *                          rate, attorney travel for client visit,
                          *                          multiple attorneys
              Respondent. *
*********************

Ronald C. Homer, Conway, Homer & Chin-Caplan, P.C., Boston, MA, for
Petitioner;
Alexis B. Babcock, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for
Respondent.

                 PUBLISHED DECISION ON FEES AND COSTS 1

      Susie Avchen filed an application for attorneys’ fees and costs. The
Secretary opposed this request in part. Ms. Avchen is awarded $29,968.13.

                               PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       Ms. Avchen claimed that the influenza (“flu”) vaccine caused an injection-
related shoulder injury. See Petition, filed Apr. 10, 2014. The Secretary conceded
that Ms. Avchen was entitled to compensation. Resp’t’s Rep., filed July 15, 2015.

       1
          The E-Government Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-347, 116 Stat. 2899, 2913 (Dec. 17,
2002), requires that the Court post this decision on its website. Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 18(b),
the parties have 14 days to file a motion proposing redaction of medical information or other
information described in 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4). Any redactions ordered by the special
master will appear in the document posted on the website.
Approximately six months later, the Secretary filed a proffer on award of
compensation on January 20, 2015, and the undersigned issued a decision pursuant
to that proffer, awarding Ms. Avchen $85,000 in damages. Decision, issued Jan.
22, 2015.

       With the merits of Ms. Avchen’s case resolved, the parties turned to the
issue of attorneys’ fees and costs. This case is another example of recent litigation
between the law firm representing Ms. Avchen, Conway, Homer, & Chin-Caplan,
P.C. (“CHCC”), and the government. The particular dispute over a reasonable
hourly rate is one of relatively recent vintage.

       By way of background, in 2006, the parties’ counsel reached an agreement
on the hourly rates for CHCC attorneys, paralegals, and law clerks based upon
prevailing rates in the Boston area. See Carr v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
No. 00-778V, 2006 WL10730321, at *1-4 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 29, 2006).
Two years later, the Federal Circuit changed the way special masters determined a
reasonable hourly rate. The Federal Circuit determined that special masters should
use the forum rate, i.e., the District of Columbia rate, in determining an award of
attorneys’ fees. Avera v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 

, 1347
(Fed. Cir. 2008). At the same time, the Federal Circuit adopted the Davis County
exception to prevent windfalls to attorneys who work in less expensive legal
markets. 

Cnty. Solid Waste Mgmt. & Energy Recovery Special
Serv. Dist. v. U.S. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 

, 758 (D.C. Cir. 1999)).

       Initially, Ms. Avchen filed an application for attorneys’ fees and costs,
requesting $18,627.10 in attorneys’ fees, $1,452.64 in attorneys’ costs, and
$402.45 in petitioner’s costs for a total of $20,482.19. Ms. Avchen requested
compensation at Carr rates. For example, the attorney primarily responsible for
Ms. Avchen’s case, Mr. Pepper, charged $213 per hour. See Pet’r’s Mot., filed
May 21, 2015, Tab A at pdf 17, 19. The Secretary filed an opposition to Ms.
Avchen’s fee application on June 8, 2015, objecting on the grounds that the
attorneys’ hourly rates were not reasonable, portions of the time expended were
excessive and/or unreasonable, and Mr. Homer’s site visit was unreasonable.

       On June 22, 2015, Ms. Avchen filed a reply to the Secretary’s opposition,
arguing that none of the fees or costs requested was excessive. Ms. Avchen also
filed an amended application for attorneys’ fees and costs, requesting $28,162.10
in attorneys’ fees due to additional fees for fee application work, for a total of
$30,017.19 for all fees and costs. In this request, the attorneys charged higher rates
for work performed after June 9, 2015. For example, Mr. Pepper charged $295 per

                                          2
hour. Pet’r’s Am. Mot., filed June 22, 2015, at pdf 17. On July 9, 2015, the
Secretary filed an opposition to Ms. Avchen’s amended application for attorneys’
fees. The Secretary objected to the proposed hourly rates as well as the number of
hours spent. On July 23, 2015, Ms. Avchen filed a sur-reply, arguing that the
attorneys’ fees and costs, as well as the hourly rates, are reasonable.

      On October 21, 2015, the undersigned determined that the analysis in
McCulloch v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 09-293V, 

(Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Sept. 1, 2015), was sound. Although McCulloch is not
binding, the undersigned intended to follow McCulloch for its finding on the
reasonable hourly rates. On October 22, 2015, the undersigned ordered the parties
to complete a chart outlining the requested number of hours for each attorney,
paralegal, and law clerk that completed work on the case.

       On November 6, 2015, Ms. Avchen submitted the completed chart and an
amended motion for attorney fees and costs reflecting the McCulloch rate. The
amended application requested $33,190.00 in attorneys’ fees, $1,452.64 in
attorneys’ costs, and $402.45 in petitioner’s costs for a total of $35,045.09. In this
request, all work is charged at the McCulloch rate. For example, Mr. Pepper
charged $290 per hour for activities performed before June 9, 2015. Pet’s Second
Am. Mot., filed Nov. 6, 2015, at pdf 17. On November 20, 2015, the Secretary
filed a response to the October 22, 2015 order, continuing her previous objections.

      This matter is now ripe for adjudication.

                                   DISCUSSION

I.    Entitlement to Fees and Costs Under the Vaccine Act

       Under the Vaccine Act, a special master or a judge of the United States
Court of Federal Claims shall award reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs for any
petition that results in an award of compensation. 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-15(e)(1);
Sebelius v. Cloer, 

, 1893 (2013). Ms. Avchen was awarded
compensation, and therefore Ms. Avchen is entitled to an award of reasonable
attorneys’ fees and costs in this case.

II.   Reasonableness of Requested Attorneys’ Fees and Costs

      The Federal Circuit has approved the lodestar approach to determine
reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs under the Vaccine Act, which involves a two-

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step process. 

. First, a court determines an “initial
estimate . . . by ‘multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended on the
litigation times a reasonable hourly rate.’” 

(quoting Blum v.
Stenson, 

, 888 (1984)). Second, the court may make an upward or
downward departure from the initial calculation of the fee award based on specific
findings. 

       Counsel must submit fee requests that include contemporaneous and specific
billing entries indicating the task performed, the number of hours expended on the
task, and who performed the task. See Savin v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,

, 316-18 (Fed. Cl. 2008). Counsel must not include in their fee
requests hours that are “excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.” Saxton
v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 

, 1521 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (quoting
Hensley v. Eckerhart, 

, 434 (1983)). It is “well within the special
master’s discretion to reduce the hours to a number that, in [her] experience and
judgment, [is] reasonable for the work done.” 

special master
may reduce fees sua sponte, apart from objections raised by respondent and
without providing petitioners notice and opportunity to respond. See Sabella v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 

, 208-09 (Fed. Cl. 2009). A
special master need not engage in a line-by-line analysis of petitioner’s fee
application when reducing fees. Broekelschen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,

, 729 (Fed. Cl. 2011).

      A.     Reasonable Hourly Rates
      An appropriate hourly rate for the attorneys, paralegals, and law clerks at
CHCC was found in McCulloch, 

. The McCulloch analysis
regarding appropriate hourly rates for the attorneys, paralegals, and law clerks at
CHCC is sound. For the attorneys involved, the hourly rates are as follows:

Kevin Conway                     $415
Ronald Homer                     $400
Christine Ciampolillo            $300
Amy Schwader (née Fashano)       $285
Joseph Pepper                    $290
Meredith Daniels                 $280

For the law clerks and paralegals involved in the instant case, the hourly rates are
as follows:


                                          4
Law Clerks                           $145
Paralegals                           $135

       B.      Reasonable Number of Hours
      After a reasonable hourly rate is determined, the next step is to determine a
reasonable number of hours. The Secretary has three principal objections: the time
and costs associated with an attorney’s visit to a client’s home, the number of
hours billed by Mr. Homer, and the participation of additional attorneys.

               1.     Home Visit

        Mr. Pepper and a paralegal began preparations for the attorney visit on July
30, 2014. In anticipation of the meeting with Ms. Avchen, Mr. Homer reviewed
memoranda and case materials. On August 13, 2014, Mr. Homer traveled from his
office in Massachusetts to Ms. Avchen’s home in California. He met with Ms.
Avchen for approximately two hours. Ms. Avchen requests $6,208.96 in
attorneys’ fees and costs ($5,560.00 in attorneys’ fees and $648.96 in costs) for
this trip. Pet’r’s Second Am. Mot., filed Nov. 6, 2015, at pdf 12, 18.2

       The Secretary objects to the attorneys’ fees and costs associated with Mr.
Homer’s visit. The Secretary contends that the visit was unnecessary because the
case involves a “straightforward SIRVA injury” which required neither future
medical expenses nor a life care plan. Resp’t’s Opp. at 19.

       Ms. Avchen contends that the visit was necessary to maintain the attorney-
client relationship. Pet’r’s Reply at 55. Additionally, Ms. Avchen states that an
in-person meeting gives the firm “the opportunity to… put … complex causation
and damages issues in context.” Pet’r’s Sur-reply at 9.

       Although not entirely clear, it appears that the Secretary’s objection
encompasses all aspects of Mr. Homer’s meeting with Ms. Avchen (the preparation
for the meeting, the travel to the meeting, and the meeting itself). Compare Pet’r’s
Second Am. Mot., filed Nov. 6, 2015, at pdf 12, 18 (listing the activities associated
with this trip) with Resp’t’s Opp. at 19 (objecting to 14.4 hours charged by Mr.
       2
         The attorneys’ time sheet indicates that the costs were split among three cases.
However, most the billing information identifies only one other case while one receipt mentions
three. Pet’r’s Second Am. Mot., filed Nov. 6, 2015, at pdf 37, 42-43, 45-46.

                                               5
Homer). To the extent that the Secretary has lodged an objection to Mr. Homer
meeting with Ms. Avchen, that objection is misplaced. At this stage of the case,
the parties were attempting to determine the amount of compensation to which Ms.
Avchen was entitled. It is reasonable for an attorney to spend some time (here,
approximately two hours) educating the client about the scope of compensation
provided in the Vaccine Act. Therefore, Mr. Homer’s activities of preparing for
and participating in a meeting with Ms. Avchen are both reasonable and
compensable. 3

       The closer question is whether Mr. Homer’s travel to the meeting was
reasonable. To determine whether the Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund
should compensate an attorneys’ fee request, the special master must determine
whether the activities pertaining to the fee request are “reasonable.” 42 U.S.C. §
300aa–15(e). The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has
clarified that “in the private sector, ‘billing judgment’ is an important component
in fee setting. It is no less important here. Hours that are not properly billed to
one's client also are not properly billed to one's adversary pursuant to statutory
authority.” 

(emphasis in original), quoting 

–34. Therefore, a test to determine whether an attorney’s activities are
reasonable is to ask whether a hypothetical client would be willing to pay for such
activities. Riggins v. Sec'y of Dep't of Health & Human Servs., No. 99-382V,

, at *12 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 15, 2009), mot. for rev.
denied (Fed. Cl. Dec. 10, 2009), aff'd, 406 Fed. Appx. 479 (Fed. Cir. 2011);

.

       Whether it is reasonable for an attorney to expend money from the Vaccine
Injury Compensation Trust Fund to travel depends on many factors. There is not a
bright line answer either always endorsing attorney travel or always opposing
attorney travel. Relevant factors include the health of the petitioner, the
petitioner’s ability to travel to meet with the attorney, the distance between the
attorney and client, the need for an in-person communication, and the cost
associated with the travel. Another important factor is that technology easily
allows for face-to-face conversations to be held remotely. Ordinarily, a paying
client would probably prefer the attorney to use less expensive means of
communication, such as e-mail, telephone, and teleconference, before undertaking
a more expensive trip. But, the availability of this technology does not mean that


       3
         Mr. Homer’s work is not duplicative with Mr. Pepper’s activities as it involves
legitimate delegation of work to an associate who charges less per hour.

                                                6
attorneys can never travel to meet with their clients. The travel must be reasonable
under all the circumstances, including alternatives to the trip.

       In this case, the law firm has failed to present a persuasive justification for
Mr. Homer’s cross-country trip. Ms. Avchen suffered a shoulder injury related to
vaccine administration (“SIRVA”). SIRVA cases are relatively common and
CHCC has successfully resolved many SIRVA cases. Importantly, CHCC has not
routinely travelled to client’s homes in its other recent SIRVA cases. It is also
significant that CHCC did not employ a life care planner. If the participation of a
life care planner was not needed, why did an attorney have to go to Ms. Avchen’s
home? A secondary question is that even if an attorney did need to go, why not
send Mr. Pepper?

       The law firm’s answer contains no information specific to Ms. Avchen’s
case. Instead, the law firm argues that the attorney-client relationship is enhanced
by an in-person meeting. See Pet’r’s Reply, filed June 22, 2015, at 55-58.
However, an attorney may competently represent a client without meeting the
client in person. Ms. Avchen retained CHCC in April 2013. Her case was able to
progress through phone calls, emails, and phone conferences with paralegals and
Mr. Pepper for more than a year before Mr. Homer traveled to meet with her in-
person in August 2014. See generally Pet’r’s Second Am. Mot., filed Nov. 6,
2015, at pdf 4-12. Additionally, numerous cases in the Vaccine Program are
successfully litigated without attorneys traveling to meet clients. This experience
informs the undersigned that in-person meetings are not essential to the attorney-
client relationship. Cf. Saxton v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 

,
1520 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (special masters may rely upon their experience in
determining the reasonableness of attorneys’ fees and costs).

       The law firm has failed to provide a persuasive explanation that a
hypothetical paying client would accept as a reason to incur the fees and expenses
associated with a lengthy trip for a meeting that lasted approximately two hours.
Therefore, the undersigned reduces the attorneys’ fees by $4,160.00 and the
attorneys’ costs by $648.96. These are the fees and costs associated with the
travel to the meeting, not the fees associated with the meeting itself.

             2.     Reasonable Number of Hours Billed by Mr. Homer

     The attorney who primarily worked on this case was Mr. Pepper. Mr.
Pepper, however, was not listed as counsel of record. Mr. Homer was.


                                           7
      Mr. Homer billed time to review every electronic filing notification and to
note each filing in the firm’s case file. Specifically, he billed 0.1 hour to review
nearly every filing. In total, Mr. Homer billed 2.4 hours.

       The Secretary objects to time billed by Mr. Homer. Resp’t’s Opp. at 18. In
particular, the Secretary objects to Mr. Homer’s time spent reviewing orders and
other filings in the case. 

notes that the majority of Mr. Homer’s
time was spent taking notice of orders and calendaring, which, she argues, is
redundant because the attorneys substantively litigating the case would also need to
be knowledgeable of the docket and deadlines. 

       Ms. Avchen submits that Mr. Homer’s time spent calendaring this case was
necessary. Ms. Avchen describes Mr. Homer’s role in the cases at CHCC,
explaining that it is essential for Mr. Homer to review all court orders and set tasks
and track deadlines for each attorney, as he is the attorney of record in all CHCC
cases. 

       Would a client pay for Mr. Homer (and not Mr. Pepper) to review orders?
Mr. Pepper competently manages his docket of cases. While it is essential that a
case remain organized, Mr. Homer does not use his insight and judgment when
reviewing orders simply to track deadlines and assign tasks. It is not necessary for
an established attorney to bill those tasks at a high rate. Therefore, the undersigned
finds that a hypothetical client would not be willing to pay for Mr. Homer’s taking
notice of orders and calendaring at his higher hourly rate.

       The undersigned reduces the amount billed by Mr. Homer for reviewing
court orders and respondent’s filings by the percentage difference, rounded down,
between his billing rate and the most experienced attorney that was closely
involved in the case, Mr. Pepper (28%), as it would have been reasonable for Mr.
Pepper to review these filings. However, the undersigned will not reduce the
amount petitioner requested for Mr. Homer’s work that was not simple review of
orders or duplicative. Therefore, the undersigned reduces the attorneys’ fees
by $268.

             3.     Staffing by Additional Attorneys

       The primary attorney on this case is Mr. Pepper and the Secretary did not
object to time he spent on the case. At times, Mr. Pepper had assistance from other
attorneys, including Meredith Daniels, Amy Fashano, and Christine Ciampolillo.
The Secretary objects to time billed by Ms. Daniels (1.5 hours), Ms. Fashano (0.5

                                           8
hours), and Ms. Ciampolillo (0.6 hours). Resp’t’s Opp. at 18. The Secretary
argues that the firm’s consistent practice of using multiple attorneys on every case
is unreasonable and unnecessary, especially for this uncomplicated case. 

contends that the time additional attorneys spent on the case
was necessary, reasonable, and not duplicative. Ms. Avchen argues that, in order
to zealously and effectively represent clients, it is necessary for the attorneys to
discuss the “facts, medical theory and legal ramifications of each case in detail.”
Reply at 52. Ms. Avchen also defends the time additional attorneys spent
reviewing and editing pleadings. 

Ms. Avchen states, “[i]t would be
unprofessional and, potentially, negligent for petitioner’s counsel to not review
filings.” 

and other special masters have previously noted the
inefficiency that results when multiple attorneys work on one case. CHCC often
employs such a business model, but special masters have also reduced fees for
other attorneys and firms. See 

–15 (finding not arbitrary
the special master’s reduction of fees for overstaffing where three attorneys from
two different firms worked on a case together); Austin v. Secʼy of Health &
Human Servs., No. 10-362V, 

, at *14 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
January 31, 2013) (deducting $500 for excessive interoffice communication in a
case where seven attorneys at CHCC billed for attending conferences and drafting
memoranda about the case); Soto v. Sec’y of Health and Human Servs., No. 09-
897V, 

, at *6 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 7, 2011) (reducing
CHCC’s fees for intra-office communications and meetings); Carcamo v. Sec’y of
Health and Human Servs., No. 97-483V, 

, at *7 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. May 20, 2011) (reducing fees when two attorneys billed for the same
meetings with a client).

       Ms. Daniels, Ms. Fashano, and Ms. Ciampolillo primarily edited documents
that Mr. Pepper had drafted. If the document communicated important information
such as the petition, then a review by another attorney was reasonable. However,
these attorneys also reviewed relatively routine documents such as a status reports
and motions for enlargement of time. See entries for Aug. 29, 2014, Nov. 24,
2014, Jan. 16, 2015, Jan. 23, 2015, Jan. 26, 2015, June 15, 2015, July 15, 2015,
July 16, 2015, and Nov. 5, 2015. These tasks duplicate work that Mr. Pepper
performed. They total $384. This amount is reduced from petitioner’s
request.



                                          9
                                          CONCLUSION

      The undersigned finds an award of attorneys’ fees and costs appropriate. In
sum, the undersigned awards Ms. Avchen the following amount for attorneys’ fees
and costs:

                                       Summary
            Requested Attorneys’ Fees (at the McCulloch                         $33,190.00
            Rate):
            Reductions:                                                          $4,428.00
            Attorneys’ Fees Awarded:                                            $28,762.00

            Requested Attorneys’ Costs:                                          $1,452.64
            Reductions:                                                           $648.96
            Attorneys’ Costs Awarded:                                             $803.68

            Requested Petitioner’s Costs:                                           $402.45
            Reductions:                                                               $0.00
            Petitioner’s Costs Awarded:                                             $402.45

            Attorneys’ Fees & Costs Awarded:                                     29,565.68
            Petitioner’s Costs Awarded:                                           $402.45
            Total Attorneys’ Fees & Costs Awarded:                               29,968.13

        Accordingly, the court awards:

        a. $29,565.68 representing attorneys’ fees and costs. The award shall be in
           the form of a check made payable jointly to petitioner and petitioner’s
           attorney, Ronald Homer of Conway, Homer & Chin-Caplan, in the
           amount of $29,565.68; and

        b. $402.45, representing Ms. Avchen’s costs. The award shall be in the
           form of a check made payable to Ms. Avchen for $402.45.

       In the absence of a motion for review filed pursuant to RCFC Appendix B,
the clerk of the court is directed to enter judgment herewith. 4


        4
          Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 11(a), entry of judgment can be expedited by each party, either
separately or jointly, filing a notice renouncing the right to seek review.

                                                   10
IT IS SO ORDERED.

                         s/ Christian J. Moran
                         Christian J. Moran
                         Special Master




                    11