FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                           March 30, 2020
                        _________________________________
                                                                         Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                             Clerk of Court
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.                                                          No. 19-2114
                                                    (D.C. No. 1:18-CR-03321-JB-1)
 WILLIAM SERNA,                                                (D.N.M.)

       Defendant - Appellant.
                      _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
                        _________________________________

Before PHILLIPS, McKAY, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges. **
                   _________________________________

      In this case, Serna conditionally pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession

of a firearm and ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). He now appeals

the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress. He argues that the police sergeant

lacked reasonable suspicion to seize him. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291, we affirm.




      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
       **
          The late Honorable Monroe G. McKay was assigned to, and participated in
the disposition of, this matter before his death on March 28, 2020.
                                  BACKGROUND
      Sergeant Peter Silva is a fifteen-year veteran of the Albuquerque Police

Department (APD). On September 3, 2018, Sergeant Silva and three other police

officers were on bicycle patrol in downtown Albuquerque. During this patrol,

Sergeant Silva rode on a street alongside Robinson Park—an area known for frequent

drug-related activity. From his bicycle, Sergeant Silva saw two men standing by each

other, apparently in “a hand-to-hand exchange.” R. vol. 2 at 15. As Sergeant Silva

neared the men, he saw one man hand the other cash. Sergeant Silva recognized one

of the men, Serna, from earlier drug-related offenses. Sergeant Silva got off his

bicycle and asked the two men what they were doing. Before either man responded,

Sergeant Silva ordered them to keep their hands where he could see them, and both

men “immediately put their hands up in the air.”

One of the men,

Fuentes, told Sergeant Silva that he was buying a lighter from Serna and showed

Sergeant Silva the lighter in his hand. Sergeant Silva questioned whether Fuentes was

buying a lighter for “[w]hat[,] ten dollars?” 1 Fuentes responded that he “didn’t wanna

walk [to the gas station].” Body-Camera Video at 00:30–00:40. Unpersuaded by this


      1
         In Sergeant Silva’s body-camera recording of the encounter, he speaks of ten
dollars, but testifying at the suppression hearing, he testified that he had seen “20
bucks.” R. vol. 2 at 23. Serna raises Sergeant Silva’s conflicting statements over
whether he saw Serna and Fuentes exchange a ten-dollar or a twenty-dollar bill. But
the district court “discount[ed] Silva’s testimony regarding what bill he observed [the
men exchange,]” and found that regardless of what denomination of bill Sergeant
Silva saw being exchanged, he “trust[ed] Silva’s ability to identify suspicious
activity[.]” United States v. Serna, 

, 1126–27 (D.N.M. 2019)
(citation omitted).
                                           2
story, Sergeant Silva told both men to put their hands on their heads and approached

Serna, who was nearer to him. As a safety measure, Sergeant Silva asked Serna if he

had any weapons on him, and Serna replied that he did have a gun in his front pocket.

      Sergeant Silva located and removed a loaded semi-automatic firearm from

Serna’s pocket. Sergeant Silva read Serna his Miranda rights and placed him under

arrest. After handcuffing Serna and while awaiting a police car, Sergeant Silva said to

Serna: “Will, I know you got prior felonies, man, you’re not supposed to have a gun

on you.”

As part of a search incident to arrest, Sergeant Silva

seized from Serna’s backpack a second loaded firearm, 100 rounds of ammunition,

and a distribution amount of methamphetamine. A federal grand jury charged Serna

with one count of being a felon in possession, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). 2

      On January 6, 2019, Serna filed a motion to suppress evidence of the firearms,

ammunition, and methamphetamine, as fruit of an illegal seizure. The district court

ruled that Silva had reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop and denied the motion to

dismiss. United States v. Serna, 

, 1099 (D.N.M. 2019). The

district court concluded that Sergeant Silva had seized Serna when Serna placed his

hands on top of his head after being told to keep his hands in sight.

And

in a thorough opinion, the district court concluded “that Silva had reasonable

suspicion that justified seizing Serna[.]”

      2
        Serna initially faced state-court charges for “being a felon in possession of a
firearm, narcotics trafficking, and narcotics possession[,]” Appellee’s Resp. Br. 5, but
these charges were later dismissed after Serna’s federal indictment.
                                           3
      Serna pleaded guilty but reserved his right to appeal the district court’s order

denying his suppression motion. On July 16, 2019, the district court sentenced Serna

to seventy-months’ imprisonment. Serna has timely appealed.

                              STANDARD OF REVIEW
      We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal

conclusions de novo, and we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the

government. United States v. McHugh, 

, 1255 (10th Cir. 2011). We

review de novo the district court’s ultimate determination of reasonableness.

States v. Thompson, 

, 1132 (10th Cir. 2008)).

                                     DISCUSSION
      The sole issue on appeal is whether Sergeant Silva’s seizure of Serna was

reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment protects persons

from “unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. But the Fourth

Amendment also permits police officers to “stop and briefly detain a person for

investigative purposes if the officer has a reasonable suspicion supported by

articulable facts that criminal activity may be afoot[.]” United States v. Neff, 

, 1137–38 (10th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United

States v. Sokolow, 

, 7 (1989)). Unlike probable cause, reasonable suspicion

requires only that the officer articulate specific facts “and rational inferences drawn

from those facts” supporting that a person has committed or is committing a crime.

(citation omitted); see also United States v. Latorre, 

, 750 (10th Cir. 2018). Though not a heavy burden, reasonable suspicion still

                                            4
requires more than a mere “inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or hunch.”

Donahue v. Wihongi, 

, 1188 (10th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks

and citations omitted).

      An investigative detention—commonly known as a “Terry stop”—occurs when

a police officer stops and detains a person “to determine his identity or to maintain

the status quo momentarily while obtaining more information.” Oliver v. Woods, 

, 1186 (10th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted). Terry stops are considered

seizures under the Fourth Amendment. 3 See Michigan v. Summers, 

, 696

(1981) (“In assessing the validity of respondent’s initial detention, we note first that

it constituted a ‘seizure’ within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.”); see also

United States v. Perdue, 

, 1461 (10th Cir. 1993).

      Serna was “seized” under the Fourth Amendment through a Terry stop when

Sergeant Silva told Serna to keep his hands where he could see them, and Serna

placed his hands on top of his head. See United States v. Salazar, 

,

1064 (10th Cir. 2010) (reiterating that a seizure occurs when (1) an officer shows his

authority and (2) the citizen submits). The district court ruled that Serna’s seizure

was justified because Sergeant Silva “(i) observed an individual [Serna] known to

engage in drug trafficking; (ii) engag[ing] in a hand to hand exchange of cash; (iii) in

a park known as a site for drug trafficking.” 

. We agree


      3
        An initial detention “seizure” is different than an “official seizure of the
person [which] must be supported by probable cause, even if no formal arrest is
made.” Michigan v. Summers, 

, 696 (1981) (citing Dunaway v. New
York, 

(1979)).
                                            5
with the district court that the facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the

government, establish that Serna’s seizure was reasonable under the Fourth

Amendment.

      In evaluating whether Sergeant Silva had reasonable suspicion to seize Serna,

we look at the totality of the circumstances, judging “the officer’s conduct in light of

common sense and ordinary human experience,” United States v. Mendez, 

, 1431 (10th Cir. 1997), and we defer to an officer’s ability to distinguish

between innocent and suspicious actions, United States v. Simpson, 

,

1146–47 (10th Cir. 2010). Reasonable suspicion does not require us to “rule out the

possibility of innocent conduct.” United States v. Arvizu, 

, 277 (2002).

But it does require that the facts relied on by Sergeant Silva for the Terry stop were

“facts [that were] available to the officer at the moment of the seizure.” Terry v. Ohio,

, 21–22 (1968).

      Serna argues “that there was no evidence that an exchange of drugs ever

occurred.” Appellant’s Opening Br. 8. By this, Serna implies that an officer’s

suspicions are reasonable only if proved correct. In fact, reasonable suspicion does

not require proof that a crime actually or even probably occurred. See United States

v. Madrid, 

, 1256 (10th Cir. 2013) (“[An officer] may initiate an

investigatory detention even if it is more likely than not that the individual is not

involved in any illegality.” (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States

v. Johnson, 

, 1194 (10th Cir. 2004))). Here, Sergeant Silva saw two

men engaging in activity consistent with a drug transaction, one of whom he knew

                                            6
had previous drug-related arrests. 

. The district court

found that Sergeant Silva had observed one “half of a purported drug transaction.”

disputes reasonable suspicion on grounds that “looking ‘suspicious’

in a ‘high crime area’ is not a sufficient basis for a seizure.” Appellant’s Opening

Br. 9 (citing Brown v. Texas, 

(1979)). Without analysis, Serna

characterizes what Sergeant Silva had as mere inchoate suspicion.

      The district court considered Sergeant Silva’s testimony that Serna was in a

high-crime area, in which police officers had “regularly arrest[ed] individuals” for

drug-related offenses. Serna, 

. at 1125. Indeed, this fact alone would

not establish reasonable suspicion. 

(“[T]he fact that a stop

occurred in a high-crime area cannot alone justify a Terry stop[.]”). But “this circuit

. . . continues to consider an area’s disposition toward criminal activity as a factor

that contributes to an officer’s reasonable suspicion.” United States v. Guardado, 

, 1223 (10th Cir. 2012) (citations omitted).

      It matters too that Sergeant Silva recognized Serna from previous drug-related

arrests. 4 “Standing alone, a criminal record—let alone arrests or suspected gang

affiliation—is not sufficient to create reasonable suspicion of anything[.]” United

States v. Hammond, 

, 906–07 (10th Cir. 2018) (alteration in original)

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). But when “the circumstances of the


      4
        The district court credited Sergeant Silva’s testimony that he recognized
Serna from previous arrests, noting that “Silva stated in court and under oath that he
recognized Serna once he entered Robinson Park.” Serna, 

at 1126-27.
                                            7
stop itself interact with an individual’s criminal history to trigger an officer’s

suspicions, that criminal history becomes critically relevant for Terry-purposes.”

       Sergeant Silva’s experience and training are also relevant considerations.

“Officers must be permitted to draw on their own experience and specialized training

to make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative information available

to them that might well elude an untrained person.” United States v. Quintana-

Garcia, 

, 1270 (10th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted). Based on the above facts, Sergeant Silva had reasonable suspicion to

investigate as he did. As such, the district court did not err in denying Serna’s motion

to suppress.

                                     CONCLUSION
       For the reasons given, we affirm.


                                             Entered for the Court


                                             Gregory A. Phillips
                                             Circuit Judge




                                            8