UNPUBLISHED

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                       No. 17-1290


Z.G., by and through his mother and next friend, C.G.; C.G., on behalf of herself;
J.G., on behalf of himself,

                     Plaintiffs - Appellants,

              v.

PAMLICO COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS BOARD OF EDUCATION; LISA
JACKSON, Superintendent, in her official capacity; SHERIFF CHRIS DAVIS,
Pamlico County Sheriff, in his official capacity as the chief administrator of the
Pamlico County Sheriff's Department; DEPUTY BAILEY, in his Official Capacity,

                     Defendants - Appellees.


Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at
Greenville. James C. Dever III, Chief District Judge. (4:15-cv-00183-D)


Argued: May 9, 2018                                               Decided: July 16, 2018


Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, and MOTZ and KEENAN, Circuit Judges.


Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded by unpublished opinion. Judge Keenan
wrote the opinion, in which Chief Judge Gregory and Judge Motz joined.


ARGUED: Stephon John Bowens, Saleisha Nadia Averhart, BOWENS & AVERHART
LLC, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellants. Rachel B. Hitch, SCHWARTZ & SHAW,
P.L.L.C., Raleigh, North Carolina; Christopher J. Geis, WOMBLE BOND DICKINSON
(US) LLP, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Rachel P.
Nicholas, SCHWARTZ & SHAW, P.L.L.C., Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellees
Pamilico County Public Schools Board of Education and Lisa Jackson.


Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.




                                            2
BARBARA MILANO KEENAN, Circuit Judge:

       At the time this suit was filed, Z.G. was a six-year-old child diagnosed with

numerous conditions affecting his behavior and academic performance, including

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 1 and Autism Spectrum Disorder. 2 Throughout

Z.G.’s year in kindergarten in a North Carolina public school, Z.G.’s parents informed

the school on multiple occasions of Z.G.’s suspected disabilities. However, the school

failed to identify or evaluate Z.G.’s eligibility for special education services. After this

year-long failure to provide Z.G. with appropriate accommodations, early during his first-

grade year Z.G. began behaving erratically in the classroom and attempted to abscond

from school on three separate occasions. The school called the Pamlico County Sheriff’s

Department (the Sheriff’s department) and, at the school superintendent’s request, a

Sheriff’s deputy transported Z.G. to a hospital in a patrol car without his parents’ consent.

At the hospital, Z.G. was committed and given medication involuntarily. He remained in

the hospital for two days.




       1
         Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a brain disorder that manifests itself
in an “ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with
functioning or development.” Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, The National
Institute of Mental Health, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-
hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml (last modified Mar. 2016).
       2
         Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disability that causes social,
communication, and behavioral challenges. Autism Spectrum Disorder Fact Sheet,
National      Institute    of       Neurological       Disorders      and      Stroke,
https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Autism-
Spectrum-Disorder-Fact-Sheet (last modified Dec. 6, 2017).

                                             3
       Z.G.’s parents filed an amended complaint on their own behalf and on behalf of

Z.G. (collectively, the plaintiffs), against the Pamlico County Public Schools Board of

Education (the Board), the Sheriff’s department, and Superintendent Lisa Jackson

(Jackson) in her official capacity. Also named as defendants in the complaint were

Pamlico County Sheriff Chris Davis (Davis) and an incorrectly identified Sheriff’s

deputy, each in his official capacity. The plaintiffs alleged that the defendants violated

the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA), 20 U.S.C. § 1400

et seq., and related federal statutes, as well as various provisions of North Carolina

common law.

       The district court dismissed the complaint in its entirety, concluding that the

plaintiffs had failed to exhaust their administrative remedies with respect to the IDEA

and other education-related claims, and that the plaintiffs’ other unrelated federal

allegations, including the challenge to Z.G.’s involuntary commitment, failed to state a

claim. The court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claims,

and denied the plaintiffs’ motion to amend their complaint a second time. 3 For the


       3
         The district court also struck a surreply that the plaintiffs had filed, without leave
of court, in opposition to the defendants’ motion to dismiss. The plaintiffs challenge this
decision, which we review for abuse of discretion. See FDIC v. Cashion, 

,
176 (4th Cir. 2013). We conclude that this challenge is without merit, because the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not address the filing of a surreply, and a court
ordinarily will not abuse its discretion in declining to consider such a filing particularly in
the absence of any new evidence or argument in the reply brief. See Mirando v. U.S.
Dep’t of Treasury, 

, 548–49 (6th Cir. 2014). We also note that the local
rules for the Eastern District of North Carolina provide only that replies to a response to a
motion are disfavored, and make no mention of permitted surreplies. See E.D.N.C. Civ.
R. 7.1(g). Indeed, the only references to surreplies in the local rules state that “[a] reply
(Continued)
                                              4
reasons that follow, we affirm in part, and vacate and remand in part, the district court’s

judgment.



                                               I.

       In January 2015, Z.G. enrolled in kindergarten at Pamlico County Primary School

(PCPS) after transferring mid-year from a public charter school that was “ill equipped to

meet his special educational needs.” 4 PCPS was the only public non-charter elementary

school in the district.     Upon Z.G.’s transfer, his father, plaintiff J.G., informed the

school’s principal, Ms. Potter, 5 that Z.G. had experienced disciplinary and educational

problems at the charter school. Potter advised J.G. that PCPS would help identify Z.G.’s

educational needs under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 6 (Section 504), but

that Z.G.’s parents would be responsible for obtaining and paying for an evaluation of

Z.G. Potter also stated that while Z.G.’s evaluations were taking place, Z.G. would be




or surreply memorandum (where allowed)” shall not exceed a certain length. 

the district court did not abuse its discretion in striking the
plaintiffs’ unauthorized surreply.
       4
        Because we are reviewing the district court’s grant of a Rule 12(b)(1) and Rule
12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, we recount the facts as alleged in the complaint. Summit
Health, Ltd. v. Pinhas, 

, 325 (1991).
       5
           The complaint does not identify Ms. Potter’s first name.
       6
           Pub. L. No. 93-112, 87 Stat. 355 (codified at 29 U.S.C. § 701 et seq.).


                                               5
permitted to ride the “Exceptional Children’s” bus, a school bus for students with special

needs.

         Z.G.’s mother, plaintiff C.G., submitted to PCPS a special education referral form

for Z.G. On April 2, 2015, Julie Rowe, the psychologist retained by Z.G.’s parents to

perform the evaluation of Z.G., sent PCPS her preliminary report. In her report, Rowe

requested that the school provide Z.G. with a Section 504 Accommodation Plan (504

Plan), which is a plan detailing services under the Rehabilitation Act to be provided to a

disabled student. See 29 U.S.C. § 794. Rowe’s report also stated that Z.G. presented

numerous symptoms, such as being “restless, inattentive, [and] anxious,” that are

“commonly seen in Aspergers 7 children.” In light of her evaluation, Rowe recommended

that Z.G. have access to a special room at school “to manage his outbursts,” and access to

alternative classroom placements if he became overstimulated in the regular classroom

environment. Around this time, Z.G.’s classroom teacher submitted a “504 Teacher

Referral Form,” noting that although Z.G. was intelligent, he struggled with maintaining

focus and completing assignments, and could be uncooperative, argumentative, and

destructive, as well as “disrespectful to adults and children, [and] occasionally violent.”

         Despite these reports and recommendations, PCPS failed to hold any meeting to

identify or evaluate Z.G. or to provide him with special education services while he was a

         7
          Asperger syndrome is a developmental disorder on the autism spectrum
characterized by impairment of language and communication skills and repetitive or
restrictive patterns of thought and behavior. Asperger Syndrome Information Page,
National        Institute    of     Neurological      Disorders     and      Stroke,
https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Asperger-Syndrome-Information-
Page (last modified May 23, 2017).

                                              6
kindergartner during the 2014-15 school year. Instead, Z.G. spent “most school days”

during his kindergarten year in the principal’s office with Potter.

       In July 2015, C.G. met with Crystal Dixon, the new principal of PCPS, and

informed her of Z.G.’s educational and behavioral needs. Dixon later advised C.G. that

the school had no documentation showing Z.G.’s entitlement to ride the Exceptional

Children’s bus.

       On August 24, 2015, the first day of Z.G.’s first-grade year, Dixon contacted C.G.

to “pick up” Z.G. from school early. Dixon told C.G. that Z.G. was “hysterical and

screaming in the classroom,” and eventually had fallen asleep on the floor of the

principal’s office. The following day, Dixon again called C.G., instructing her to pick up

Z.G. early. 8 On August 26, Dixon and Z.G.’s classroom teacher once more requested

that C.G. pick up Z.G. early. When C.G. arrived at PCPS, Dixon, Jackson, and another

school official also were present with Z.G. in the principal’s office. The officials told

C.G. that on August 24, 25, and 26, Z.G. had run into the school parking lot in an attempt

to leave school in order “to harm himself,” and that Dixon had placed Z.G. in

“therapeutic holds” when Z.G. attempted to escape. C.G. also learned that PCPS had

failed to prepare a 504 Plan for Z.G.




       8
        The complaint does not specify the reason for the early pick-up request on
August 25.


                                              7
          Jackson offered to drive C.G. and Z.G. to the hospital, but C.G. declined. A

Pamlico County Sheriff’s deputy, later correctly identified as Deputy Blayney, 9 arrived to

transport Z.G. to the hospital. The plaintiffs alleged that without C.G.’s consent, the

deputy forced Z.G. into the rear of the patrol car and transported him to a nearby medical

center.

          At the hospital, Z.G. was committed involuntarily, and was held at the hospital for

two days without his parents’ consent.          On August 27, a Craven County Sheriff’s

Department deputy transported Z.G. to another hospital for further evaluation. Medical

personnel at that hospital diagnosed Z.G. with autism and informed C.G. that involuntary

commitment was unnecessary.            After Z.G. was discharged from the hospital, J.G.

submitted another referral form to PCPS requesting special education services for Z.G.

          In September 2015, PCPS personnel held a meeting to prepare for Z.G. both a 504

Plan and an Individualized Education Program (IEP). 10                  The Plan included

accommodations such as support from a teacher’s assistant, exemption from testing

protocols, and the option of going to a “[s]ensory [c]hoice [r]oom” for decreased

stimulation.       PCPS personnel also required that a new risk assessment of Z.G. be

completed before he would be permitted to return to school. C.G. and J.G. complied with

          9
              The complaint does not identify Deputy Blayney’s first name.
          10
         The IEP is a written statement of the educational program designed to meet a
disabled child’s individual needs that is developed, reviewed, and revised in accordance
with state and federal laws. See generally A Guide to the Individualized Education
Program,               U.S.             Department              of            Education,
https://www2.ed.gov/parents/needs/speced/iepguide/index.html (last modified Mar. 23,
2007).

                                                8
this request and submitted a psychiatric report, which had been prepared at their expense

and indicated that Z.G. presented “little risk to himself or others.”

       Contrary to the findings in the psychiatric report and the terms of the 504 Plan

requiring that Z.G. receive a number of different services and accommodations, Z.G. was

excluded from certain school activities and continued to exhibit erratic behavior. He

eventually was suspended after threatening to slap Dixon and allegedly throwing a

wooden stick at a teacher’s assistant. Upon his return to school and for the remainder of

his time at PCPS, 11 Z.G. was “warehoused in the [sensory choice room] all day without

interaction with other students.”

       On September 26, 2015, the plaintiffs filed a petition with the North Carolina

Office of Administrative Hearings, alleging that Z.G. was denied a “free appropriate

public education.” Several weeks later, on November 10, 2015, C.G. noticed bruising on

Z.G.’s body. In response to C.G.’s questions, Z.G. said that “Mr. Greene [the PCPS

behavior specialist] had hurt [him] recently.” C.G. took Z.G. to a pediatrician, who

identified the bruising as being consistent with abusive action.

       The plaintiffs filed a notice of voluntary dismissal of their petition without

prejudice on November 17, 2015. The same day, the plaintiffs filed this action in federal

court. The plaintiffs later amended their complaint, alleging 12 separate counts. Counts

1 through 3 alleged violations of the IDEA, the Rehabilitation Act, and the Americans


       11
          Z.G. is no longer enrolled at PCPS, although it is unclear from the record when
Z.G. left the school permanently.


                                              9
with Disabilities Act 12 (ADA) (the education-related claims). Count 4 alleged retaliation

against the plaintiffs for conduct protected under the ADA and the Rehabilitation Act.

Count 5 alleged that the defendants deprived Z.G. of his constitutional rights in violation

of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Counts 6 through 10 asserted various claims under North Carolina

law related to Z.G.’s involuntary commitment, and alleged battery by Greene and Dixon.

Counts 11 and 12 sought injunctive relief under the IDEA.

       After the defendants filed a motion to dismiss, the plaintiffs sought to amend their

complaint a second time. The district court dismissed the complaint in its entirety,

holding that: (1) the plaintiffs had failed to exhaust their administrative remedies with

respect to the IDEA and other education-related claims; and (2) the non-education

allegations, including the challenge to Z.G.’s involuntary commitment, failed to state a

claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).         The court also declined to

exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claims. The district court denied the

plaintiffs’ motion to amend, concluding that any amendment would be futile.            The

plaintiffs now appeal.



                                             II.

       The plaintiffs’ education-related claims under the IDEA, the Rehabilitation Act,

and the ADA generally alleged that the Board and Jackson failed (1) to provide Z.G. with

a free appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment, (2) to develop a


       12
            Pub. L. 110-325, 122 Stat. 3554 (codified at 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101-12213 (2006)).

                                             10
proper IEP, (3) to provide substantively appropriate instruction, and (4) to evaluate and

address properly Z.G.’s disabilities.     The plaintiffs also claimed that the defendants

retaliated against them for exercising their statutory rights.

       The defendants argue that the district court properly dismissed these education-

related claims, because they were subject to the IDEA’s exhaustion requirement with

which the plaintiffs failed to comply. The plaintiffs, however, contend that they were not

required to exhaust their administrative remedies, because such efforts would have been

futile. We agree with the defendants.

                                              A.

       Before we address the defendants’ jurisdictional challenge to the plaintiffs’

education-related claims, we begin by stating the legal principles governing this appeal.

The IDEA was enacted to safeguard the right of all children with disabilities to receive a

“free appropriate public education” (FAPE). 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(A). To comply with

the IDEA, a school district must provide to students with disabilities “meaningful access

to the educational process” in the least restrictive environment that allows a disabled

student to participate in activities alongside non-disabled children. MM ex rel. DM v.

Sch. Dist. of Greenville Cty., 

, 526 (4th Cir. 2002); 20 U.S.C. §

1412(a)(5)(A).

       To resolve disputes concerning a student’s right to a FAPE, the IDEA establishes a

formal set of procedures that grant a plaintiff the right to file a civil action in federal

court. See 20 U.S.C. § 1415(f), (g). Prior to bringing suit, however, a plaintiff must

exhaust his administrative remedies. See 

The plaintiff begins by filing a

                                              11
complaint with the local or state education agency regarding any matter concerning the

child’s education, as permitted under state law. See 

The filing of such a

complaint creates a right to a preliminary meeting with school system officials. 

If the grievance is not resolved at that meeting, the plaintiff may

request a due process hearing in accordance with specific procedures established by the

state. 

       In North Carolina, the administrative review process encompasses two steps.

First, the plaintiff must file with the Office of Administrative Hearings a petition for an

“impartial hearing” before an administrative law judge (ALJ). See N.C. Gen. Stat. §

115C-109.6(a), (f). Second, the plaintiff may appeal the decision of the ALJ to a Review

Officer appointed by the State Board of Education. 

The plaintiff

has exhausted administrative remedies under 20 U.S.C. § 1415(l) when he receives a

finding or a decision from the Review Officer. See 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2); E.L. ex rel.

Lorsson v. Chapel Hill-Carrboro Bd. of Educ., 

, 513–15 (4th Cir. 2014).

Only after receiving the Review Officer’s finding or decision may a plaintiff proceed to

file a civil action in state or federal court. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(A); E.L. ex rel.

–15.

       We have recognized only three “narrow exceptions” to this exhaustion

requirement. MM ex rel. 

. These exceptions are “(1) when [resort

to] the administrative process would have been futile; (2) when a school board failed to

give parents proper notification of their administrative rights; or (3) when administrative



                                            12
exhaustion would have worked severe harm upon a disabled child.” 

of

these exceptions, this Court lacks jurisdiction over a plaintiff’s IDEA claims. 

these principles in mind, we turn to consider whether we have jurisdiction

over the plaintiffs’ education-related claims. We initially observe that, here, the plaintiffs

neither alleged that they completed the administrative review process, nor that they

obtained any decision following a hearing or from a Review Officer.               Rather, the

plaintiffs argue that they were not required to exhaust their administrative remedies,

because to do so would have been futile. 13 According to the plaintiffs, an ALJ is not

authorized under North Carolina law to issue injunctive relief protecting a student from

physical harm by school officials. Thus, because they seek such relief to preclude

various defendants from continuing to use certain methods of restraint on Z.G., the

plaintiffs claim that they cannot “obtain adequate relief through the administrative

process.” We disagree.

       The plaintiffs’ IDEA claim challenges the defendants’ methods of responding to

manifestations of Z.G.’s disabilities, and the defendants’ failure to provide Z.G. with the

necessary services and modifications to assure that he received instruction tailored to his

       13
          On appeal, the plaintiffs assert for the first time that they satisfied the two other
exceptions to exhaustion, namely, that they did not receive proper notice of their
administrative rights, and that exhaustion would have resulted in severe harm to Z.G. See
MM ex rel. 

. We will not consider an issue that could have been
raised in the district court but was not. Therefore, because the plaintiffs failed to preserve
these arguments before the district court, we will not consider them here. Makdessi v.
Fields, 

, 131 (4th Cir. 2015).


                                              13
unique developmental and educational needs. The IDEA grants state administrative law

judges broad authority to require a school to implement services and modifications

designed to address “behavior violation[s]” that are manifestations of a disability. See 20

U.S.C. §§ 1415(k)(1)(D), 1415(b)(6), 1415(f).        Accordingly, an ALJ is empowered

under the IDEA to redress the plaintiffs’ alleged injuries. 14 See generally 20 U.S.C. §

1415(f)(3)(E)(i) (requiring a hearing officer’s decision be made “on substantive grounds

based on a determination of whether the child received a [FAPE]”).

       Moreover, North Carolina law authorizes ALJs to order prospective relief

regarding issues relating to a child’s education, including placement and provision of

services. State law permits a plaintiff to seek a due process hearing “with respect to any

matter relating to the identification, evaluation, or educational placement of a child, or

the provision of a free appropriate public education of a child, or a manifestation

determination.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-109.6(a) (emphasis added); see also 

109.8 (describing the circumstances under which a hearing officer may find a procedural

violation of the IDEA, including a “deprivation of educational benefits” resulting from

the violation). The State Board of Education also is vested with the authority to order a


       14
         We note that the fact that the plaintiffs also seek damages does not free them
from the obligation to exhaust administrative remedies. See, e.g., Batchelor v. Rose Tree
Media Sch. Dist., 

, 276–77 (3d Cir. 2014) (noting that while compensatory
and punitive damages are not available remedies under the IDEA, a monetary award
“may nevertheless be granted as reimbursement for certain expenses incurred”);
Covington v. Knox Cty. Sch. Sys., 

, 916 (6th Cir. 2000) (“We disagree that
the plaintiff’s damages claim alone excuses her from exhausting her administrative
remedies [under the IDEA].”).


                                            14
school district to “provide a child with appropriate education,” to place the child in a

private school in order to provide that education, and to reimburse parents for private

school expenses. 

Under these broad provisions, state agencies may

order prospective relief to ensure that a child receives a FAPE.        Thus, the futility

exception to the exhaustion requirement does not excuse the plaintiffs’ failure to exhaust

their IDEA claim. 15

                                            C.

       The plaintiffs similarly argue that their claims under Section 504 of the

Rehabilitation Act, the ADA, and the anti-retaliation provisions of both statutes were not

subject to the IDEA’s exhaustion requirement under the futility exception. We again

disagree.

       Claims brought under other federal laws protecting the rights of children with

disabilities, such as the Rehabilitation Act and the ADA, also are subject to the IDEA’s


       15
          Although Z.G. is no longer enrolled in PCPS, the plaintiffs’ suit is not moot. In
their amended complaint, the plaintiffs seek a wide range of remedies, including
reimbursement for Z.G.’s educational expenses. Thus, the amended complaint presents a
live controversy. See, e.g., Lillbask ex rel. Mauclaire v. Conn. Dep’t of Educ., 

, 89 (2d Cir. 2005) (observing that several circuits have held that “a claim for
compensatory education or reimbursement can defeat a mootness challenge in an IEP
placement dispute”); Me. Sch. Admin. Dist. No. 35 v. Mr. R., 

, 18 (1st Cir.
2003) (concluding that “[t]he presence of an actionable claim for compensatory education
will insulate an IDEA case against a mootness challenge even after the child’s eligibility
for special education services ends”); Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 284 v. A.C., 

,
774–75 (8th Cir. 2001) (holding that the plaintiff’s compensatory education claim was
not moot because the claim related to the school district’s past IDEA violations and
sought compensatory remedies); Capistrano Unified Sch. Dist. v. Wartenberg, 

, 890 (9th Cir. 1995) (determining that because the plaintiffs’ claim was for tuition
reimbursement, the claim presented a live controversy).

                                            15
exhaustion requirement if those claims “seek relief that is also available under” the

IDEA, namely, relief for the denial of a FAPE. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(l). To determine

whether a suit “seeks” relief for the denial of a FAPE we “look to the substance, or

gravamen, of the plaintiff’s complaint.” Fry v. Napoleon Cmty. Schs., 

,

752 (2017).

       The Supreme Court in Fry v. Napoleon Community Schools has directed courts to

consider two hypothetical questions to decide whether the gravamen of a plaintiff’s

complaint is the denial of a FAPE. 

We first ask whether the plaintiff could

“have brought essentially the same claim if the alleged conduct had occurred at a public

facility that was not a school.” 

determine whether “an adult at the school

. . . [could] have pressed essentially the same grievance[.]” 

answer both these

questions in the affirmative, the complaint does not challenge the denial of a FAPE. 

the answer to both questions is “no,” then a plaintiff likely seeks relief for

the denial of a FAPE, such that the exhaustion requirement applies. 

Court further explained in Fry that the history of the proceedings

may help identify the gravamen of a plaintiff’s complaint. 

A plaintiff who

first invokes the IDEA’s formal administrative procedures but later “shift[s] to judicial

proceedings prior to full exhaustion” often provides “strong evidence” that the denial of a

FAPE is the substance of the plaintiff’s complaint. 

Fry framework to the plaintiffs’ Rehabilitation Act and ADA claims,

we conclude that the crux of these claims is an effort to alter Z.G.’s educational

placement, secure certain educational services, and ensure the plaintiffs’ procedural rights

                                            16
guaranteed by the IDEA. In other words, the plaintiffs challenge the adequacy of Z.G.’s

educational experience while enrolled in the school district. These claims would not be

brought against a non-school facility, such as a public theater or a library. See 

an adult, on his own behalf, bring such claims against the defendants. See 

fact that the plaintiffs filed a petition requesting a due process hearing

under the IDEA, which challenged the same conduct alleged in the present complaint, is

further evidence that the gravamen of the present complaint is the denial of a FAPE.

       Likewise, the plaintiffs’ claim under the anti-retaliation provisions of the ADA

and the Rehabilitation Act also is subject to the exhaustion requirement. 20 U.S.C. §

1415(l). The plaintiffs’ allegations underlying this claim “relate unmistakably” to the

provision of a FAPE to Z.G. Rose v. Yeaw, 

, 210 (1st Cir. 2000). For

example, Z.G.’s parents contend that the defendants retaliated against them due to their

efforts “to enforce their statutory rights for their minor, public school going child.” In

particular, the parents alleged that the defendants “[c]onstantly” called them to pick Z.G.

up early from school, prohibited Z.G. from sitting with his siblings on the Exceptional

Children’s bus, and refused to allow Z.G. to participate in field trips and other school-

sponsored events.

       These factual allegations demonstrate that the plaintiffs’ retaliation claim arises

directly from the parents’ advocacy for Z.G.’s educational rights. Thus, the retaliation

claim is grounded on the school’s failure to provide a FAPE, and the plaintiffs were

required to exhaust the IDEA’s administrative process before bringing that claim. See

–75 (holding that the “plain language of the IDEA required

                                            17
exhaustion” of retaliation claims because of the “logical path” between those claims and

the defendants’ failure to provide a FAPE to the student); M.T.V. v. DeKalb Cty. Sch.

Dist., 

, 1158–59 (11th Cir. 2006) (holding that retaliation claims “clearly

relate[d]” to student’s evaluation and education and were subject to the exhaustion

requirement); 

(holding that retaliation claims were related to the

evaluation and educational placement of a student and, thus, had to be exhausted).

      Accordingly, we conclude that the plaintiffs’ claims under the Rehabilitation Act

and the ADA, as well as under the anti-retaliation provisions of both statutes, also were

subject to the requirement of administrative exhaustion. 16 Having already determined

that exhausting these remedies would not have been futile, we affirm the district court’s

dismissal of these counts for failure to exhaust the administrative remedies required by

the IDEA.



                                           III.

      We turn to address the plaintiffs’ remaining federal claims, which seek relief

separate from the IDEA and the other federal statutes discussed above. In particular, we




      16
           The plaintiffs’ request for an injunction in Count 11 seeks to enjoin the
defendants from using physical restraints or from placing Z.G. in the sensory choice
room for more than 15 minutes at a time. Again, this claim seeks a change in Z.G.’s
educational accommodations, which at its core alleges a denial of a FAPE. Thus, the
plaintiffs also were required to exhaust this claim under Section 1415(l).


                                           18
consider (1) the plaintiffs’ claim under Section 1983 for deprivation of liberty 17 based on

the transport of Z.G. to a hospital and his involuntary commitment, and (2) the plaintiffs’

request for an injunction to limit the manner in which the defendants may serve the

parents with documents of any kind. Because these claims seek relief separate from the

IDEA, the claims are not subject to the IDEA’s exhaustion requirement. Therefore, we

turn to consider whether these claims survive the defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) motion.

                                             A.

       We first consider the claims brought against the individual defendants in their

official capacities. The plaintiffs brought both the Section 1983 claim and the requests

for injunctive relief against (1) the Board, (2) Jackson, the superintendent, in her official

capacity, (3) the Sheriff’s department, (4) Sheriff Davis, in his official capacity, and (5)

the incorrectly identified Sheriff’s deputy, in his official capacity. Because a claim

against a public official in his official capacity is “essentially a claim against” the

governmental entity that the official represents, the district court correctly dismissed as

duplicative the claims against the individual defendants in their official capacities. See

Love-Lane v. Martin, 

, 783 (4th Cir. 2004). Thus, we turn to determine



       17
          The plaintiffs’ Section 1983 claim primarily challenges the school’s use of the
sensory choice room and its involuntary commitment of Z.G. To the extent that these
allegations relate to the school’s placement of Z.G. in the sensory choice room, this claim
is intertwined with the relief sought under the IDEA and must comport with the
exhaustion requirement. However, the portion of this claim that challenges Z.G.’s
transportation to a hospital and involuntary commitment is not related to Z.G.’s
educational rights under the IDEA. Our discussion in this section relates only to the latter
portion of the Section 1983 claim.

                                             19
whether the plaintiffs’ allegations are sufficient to state a claim against the governmental

entities at issue, namely, the Sheriff’s department and the Board.

                                            B.

       The plaintiffs’ Section 1983 claim alleged a deprivation of Z.G.’s liberty based on

the defendants’ actions leading to Z.G.’s involuntary commitment.              To hold a

governmental entity liable for a constitutional violation under Section 1983, a plaintiff

must show that “an unconstitutional custom or usage, i.e., a widespread practice of a

particular unconstitutional method,” was the cause of a constitutional violation. Randall

v. Prince George’s Cty., 

, 210 (4th Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted).   The “custom or usage” also must be traceable to a municipal

policymaker. 

can satisfy the “custom or usage” requirement for municipal

liability in one of four ways: “(1) through an express policy, such as a written ordinance

or regulation; (2) through the decisions of a person with final policymaking authority; (3)

through an omission, such as a failure to properly train officers, that manifests deliberate

indifference to the rights of citizens; or (4) through a practice that is so persistent and

widespread as to constitute a custom or usage with the force of law.” Lytle v. Doyle, 

, 471 (4th Cir. 2003) (citations, internal quotation marks, and brackets omitted).

       Although the plaintiffs emphasize the egregiousness of the challenged conduct,

their complaint is devoid of any allegation of a widespread policy or custom of the Board

or the Sheriff’s department that authorized the defendant employees to transport Z.G. to

obtain his involuntary commitment.       Indeed, the plaintiffs’ complaint fails even to

mention the existence of any such policy or custom. Further, the plaintiffs have not

                                            20
alleged, either in their complaint or on appeal, that any of the individual defendants acted

as policymakers with respect to the challenged actions at issue. Accordingly, because the

plaintiffs failed to allege a constitutional violation against the governmental entities under

Section 1983, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of this claim under Rule 12(b)(6).

                                              C.

       Likewise, the plaintiffs have failed to state a facially sufficient claim for injunctive

relief based on their allegation that the defendants “harassed” the plaintiffs by serving

documents on them. 18 A plaintiff seeking a permanent injunction must show “(1) that

[he] has suffered an irreparable injury; (2) that remedies available at law . . . are

inadequate to compensate for that injury; (3) that, considering the balance of hardships

between the plaintiff and defendant, a remedy in equity is warranted; and (4) that the

public interest would not be disserved by a permanent injunction.”              eBay Inc. v.

MercExchange, LLC, 

, 391 (2006); Raub v. Campbell, 

, 885–

86 (4th Cir. 2015). Here, however, the plaintiffs have not alleged any cognizable harm

that would be caused by in-person delivery of the documents. Therefore, we affirm the

district court’s dismissal of this claim.



                                             IV.



       18
          Although the complaint does not specify whether the plaintiffs request a
preliminary or permanent injunction, the plaintiffs’ briefing to this Court indicates that
they seek a permanent injunction.


                                              21
       The plaintiffs next argue that the district court erred in denying their motion for

leave to file a second amended complaint on the ground that the amendment would be

futile. The plaintiffs’ motion sought (1) to correct the name of the Sheriff’s deputy who

transported Z.G. to the hospital, and (2) to add Jackson, Davis, and Deputy Blayney, the

corrected name of the Sheriff’s deputy, as defendants in their individual capacities. 19

Although we affirm in large part the denial of the motion to amend, we agree with the

plaintiffs that the amendment to add a Section 1983 claim against Jackson individually

would not have been futile. 20

       We review the denial of a motion to amend a pleading for abuse of discretion.

Equal Rights Ctr. v. Niles Bolton Assoc., 

, 603 (4th Cir. 2010). Before filing

a second amended complaint, a plaintiff must obtain the consent of the opposing party or

leave of court, and the district court “should freely give leave when justice so requires.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). We have applied this rule liberally in favor of amendment and

       19
          Specifically, in the proposed second amended complaint, the plaintiffs asserted
claims against Jackson in her individual capacity in Counts 2, 3, 4 through 9, 11, and 12.
The plaintiffs also asserted claims against Davis and Blayney in their individual
capacities in Counts 5, 11, and 12.
       20
           Aside from these two changes, the proposed second amended complaint does
not add any new claims or additional factual allegations to the existing claims.
Therefore, with the exception noted above concerning Jackson, our decision to affirm the
district court’s dismissal of the plaintiffs’ various federal claims either for failure to
exhaust administrative remedies or for failure to state a claim apply with equal force to
the proposed second amended complaint. Furthermore, adding individual capacity claims
for retaliation under the ADA and Section 504 would be futile, because neither statute
permits an action against individual defendants. Baird ex rel. Baird v. Rose, 

, 472 (4th Cir. 1999) (discussing the ADA); Stanek v. St. Charles Cmty. Unit Sch.
Dist. No. 303, 

, 644 (7th Cir. 2015) (discussing Section 504 of the
Rehabilitation Act).

                                            22
have held that courts should deny leave to amend only if amendment would be prejudicial

to the opposing party, if the plaintiff acted in bad faith, or if the amendment would be

futile. Laber v. Harvey, 

, 426 (4th Cir. 2006) (en banc).

      Here, the plaintiffs have alleged that the defendants deprived Z.G. of his “personal

liberty” in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, a substantive due process claim

brought under Section 1983.       Substantive due process protects individuals from

“arbitrary” government action that constitutes “egregious official conduct.”      Cty. of

Sacramento v. Lewis, 

, 845–46 (1998). Only executive conduct that “shocks

the conscience” can support a cognizable substantive due process claim. 

Generally, the challenged executive action “must have been ‘intended to injure in some

way unjustifiable by any government interest.’” Waybright v. Frederick Cty., 

, 205 (4th Cir. 2008) (quoting Cty. of 

).

      We conclude that the proposed claims against Blayney and Davis in their

individual capacities would be futile, because those claims plainly do not meet the high

standard of pleading necessary to state a substantive due process claim. According to the

plaintiffs’ own allegations, Blayney was informed that Z.G. had attempted to flee from

school and harm himself, and that school officials had used a “therapeutic hold” on Z.G.

to restrain him. Blayney later was directed to transport Z.G. to a hospital. Neither

Blayney’s execution of this directive nor his delivery of documents to the plaintiffs

“offend[ed] due process” by “shock[ing] the conscience.” Cty. of 

(discussing the standard applicable to claims of an abuse of executive power by a

governmental entity).    Similarly, amending the complaint to include an individual

                                           23
capacity claim against Davis would be futile, because the complaint as amended fails to

allege that Davis was involved personally in any of the relevant incidents. See Wright v.

Collins, 

, 850 (4th Cir. 1985).

       We conclude, however, that the plaintiffs were entitled to amend their complaint

to include a claim against Jackson, the superintendent, in her individual capacity. We

begin by noting that we express no opinion on the merits of this claim against Jackson or

her entitlement to qualified immunity. Rather, we hold only that the plaintiffs have met

the established liberal standard for obtaining leave to amend their complaint. See Foman

v. Davis, 

, 182 (1962) (holding that courts must “heed[]” the mandate that

leave to amend shall be freely given); see also Wade Elecs. Serv., Inc. v. First

Commercial Bank, 

, 497 (4th Cir. 1987).

       According to the plaintiffs’ allegations, Jackson ordered the forced transportation

of Z.G., a six-year-old first-grade student, by law enforcement for the purpose of

obtaining his involuntary commitment when his parent objected and Z.G. did not pose a

risk at the time he was transported. And Jackson allegedly did so knowing of Z.G.’s

various disabilities and their related manifestations. Although the standard for a due

process violation is rigorous, these allegations against Jackson, if proved, are sufficiently

egregious that they fairly may be said to violate the “decencies of civilized conduct.” 21



       21
          Although “negligently inflicted harm is categorically beneath the threshold of
constitutional due process,” Cty. of 

, Jackson’s conduct as
alleged by the plaintiffs may rise above mere negligence, given that a parent was present,
Z.G. posed no risk, and the situation had deescalated. Accordingly, at this stage of the
(Continued)
                                              24
See Rochin v. California, 

, 173 (1952). Therefore, the proposed amendment

adding a due process claim against Jackson in her individual capacity is not “clearly . . .

futile because of substantive . . . considerations.” Davis v. Piper Aircraft Corp., 

, 613 (4th Cir. 1980). The district court, in the first instance, will be required to

conduct an “exact analysis of [the] circumstances” in this case and ultimately determine

the merits of this claim. Cty. of 

.

       Additionally, “absence of prejudice, though not alone determinative, will normally

warrant granting leave to amend.” Piper Aircraft 

. And, here, the

defendants do not claim that they would be prejudiced by allowing the plaintiffs to amend

their complaint. Thus, we do not discern any reason for denying to the plaintiffs what

district courts otherwise freely give. Accordingly, we vacate the portion of the district

court’s order denying the plaintiffs leave to file a second amended complaint against

Jackson in her individual capacity on the Section 1983 claim. 22



                                             V.




litigation, it is not obvious that the plaintiffs’ Section 1983 claim against Jackson in her
individual capacity would be futile.
       22
          We emphasize that our reversal of the district court’s judgment is limited. The
plaintiffs are entitled only to amend their complaint (1) to add a Section 1983 claim
against Jackson in her individual capacity for her conduct in ordering Z.G.’s
transportation to the hospital for the purpose of seeking his involuntary commitment, and
(2) to reassert their state law claims for the district court to consider whether to exercise
supplemental jurisdiction over those claims.

                                             25
       For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Counts 1 through 4

based on the plaintiffs’ failure to exhaust their administrative remedies. To the extent

that the plaintiffs’ Section 1983 claim in Count 5 challenges Z.G.’s placement in the

sensory choice room, we also affirm for failure to exhaust. To the extent that Count 5

challenges Z.G.’s involuntary commitment, we affirm the dismissal for failure to state a

claim against the Board, Sheriff’s department, and the individual defendants in their

official capacities.   Additionally, we affirm the dismissal of the plaintiffs’ claims for

injunctive relief in Counts 11 and 12 for failure to exhaust and failure to state a claim,

respectively. We also affirm the court’s striking of the plaintiffs’ unauthorized surreply.

       With respect to amending the complaint, we vacate the district court’s order

denying the plaintiffs leave to amend to add a claim under Section 1983 against Jackson

in her individual capacity, based on her conduct in ordering the transportation of Z.G. for

the purpose of having Z.G. involuntarily committed. We otherwise affirm the district

court’s denial of the plaintiffs’ motion for leave to amend. On remand, the court also

should consider again whether to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the plaintiffs’

state law claims in Counts 6 through 10.

                                                                     AFFIRMED IN PART;
                                                                      VACATED IN PART;
                                                                        AND REMANDED




                                             26