In federal fiscal year (FY) 1982, lasting from October 1, 1981 through September 30, 1982, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts distributed food stamps far exceeding the margin of error allowable under applicable federal regulations. Consequently, Food and Nutrition Service^S, the branch of the United States Department of Agriculture responsible for overseeing the food stamp program, imposed a punitive sanction.

Massachusetts unsuccessfully appealed the sanction to the Food Stamp Appeal Board (the Board). It then sought judicial review in federal district court. See 7 U.S.C. § 2023 (1982). The court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants,1 albeit in two steps. See Massachusetts v. United States, 737 F. Supp. 120 (D.Mass.1990) (Massachusetts I ); Massachusetts v. United States, 788 F. Supp. 1267 (D.Mass.1992) (Massachusetts II ).

Finding the penalty hard to swallow, the Commonwealth serves up a gallimaufry of issues for appellate mastication. Although these issues contain some food for thought, they lack true nutritive value. Consequently, we affirm the judgment below.

Congress designed the Food Stamp Act of 1964, Pub.L. No. 88-525, 78 Stat. 703 (1964), codified as amended, 7 U.S.C. §§ 2011-2030 (1982), to provide low-income families with access to government-subsidized foodstuffs. Although the coupons were actually disbursed by the participating states, FNS paid fifty percent of the administrative costs and one hundred percent of the food subsidy costs. In time, the federal government's generosity produced an unfortunate side effect; because overpayments were charged to the federal tab, states had little incentive to keep distributions in line. To curb this profligacy, Congress eventually enacted a quality control program (QCP) to ensure more accurate food stamp distribution. The first QCP took effect in 1977. Pub.L. No. 95-113, § 16, 91 Stat. 976 (1977).

From that point forward, Congress persistently tinkered with the QCP's features. During FY 1982, the QCP required that each state survey a sample of its food stamp cases in order to estimate in what percentage of them it had distributed the wrong number of food stamps. After receiving the states' tallies, FNS would set a target error rate (the TER), take a subsample of each state's cases, recheck them for errors, and employ regression analysis to blend the federal and state estimates of state error rates into a single estimated error rate (the EER) for the state. See 7 U.S.C.A. § 2025(g) (West Supp.1981); 94 Stat. 363 (1980); see also 7 C.F.R. § 275.25(d)(6) (1982). If the state's EER surpassed the TER, as determined by FNS, the federal government imposed a monetary sanction.2 Such fines were calculated by multiplying the total dollar value of state-issued food stamps for the fiscal year times the difference between the state's EER and its TER. See 7 C.F.R. § 275.25(d)(3) (1982). If, however, the state's EER was below five percent, the state received a bonus: the federal government increased its contribution to the program's administrative costs from fifty percent to sixty percent. See 7 C.F.R. § 275.25(c)(2)(i) (1982).

In FY 1982, FNS set Massachusetts's TER at 14.88 percent. After the two sovereigns completed their sampling and resolved some mathematical bevues by negotiation, FNS figured the EER to be roughly 16.35 percent and, accordingly, fined the Commonwealth $1,323,864. The penalty survived scrutiny by both the Board and the district court.

In this appeal, Massachusetts makes four principal claims: (1) that the quality control provisions on which the sanction rested were no longer in effect when FNS imposed the sanction; (2) that FNS's sampling methodology was so biased as to offend the Food Stamp Act; (3) that FNS's use of too large a sample skewed the results; and (4) that FNS erred in refusing to grant a good-cause waiver. We treat these asseverations in sequence.

Massachusetts and the amici join in urging that FNS had no authority to levy sanctions for FY 1982 because Congress repealed the QCP effective October 1, 1982. This claim stems from passage of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA), Pub.L. No. 97-253, 96 Stat. 763 (1982), enacted in September of 1982. OBRA completely revamped the Food Stamp Act's approach to quality control. The legislation repealed the previously existing QCP and fashioned a new regimen effective October 1, 1982 (the first day of FY 1983). Massachusetts contends that this legislative legerdemain undermined FNS's authority thereafter to impose sanctions for FY 1982.3

It is a hoary rule of the common law that the repeal of a statute eliminates any inchoate liability for penalties under the repealed statute. See, e.g., United States v. Reisinger, 128 U.S. 398, 401, 9 S. Ct. 99, 100, 32 L. Ed. 480 (1888). In order to ameliorate this rule, Congress passed a general savings statute providing in pertinent part that the "repeal of any statute shall not have the effect to release or extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under such statute...." 1 U.S.C. § 109 (1982). On its face, section 109 seems adequate to preserve the authority by which FNS purposed to sanction the Commonwealth.

In an effort to escape the savings statute's web, Massachusetts notes that the QCP allowed waivers of liability premised on subsequent corrective measures. See, e.g., 7 C.F.R. § 275.25(d)(5) (1982). From this datum, Massachusetts deduces that it could not have "incurred" liability until such a waiver was denied--an event which took place well after October 1, 1982. The court below found this argument unpersuasive. See Massachusetts II, 788 F. Supp. at 1269 n. 3. So do we. The mere fact that Congress grants an agent the power to waive sanctions does not turn back the clock and eradicate the reality of the underlying violation. Thus, we do not believe Congress intended that liability would be deemed "incurred" under federal law, 1 U.S.C. § 109, only when all opportunities for special dispensations had been exhausted and a previously imposed penalty had become irreversible. See, e.g., Standard Oil Co. v. Federal Energy Admin., 612 F.2d 1291, 1294 n. 3 (Temp.Emer.Ct.App.1979) (explaining why costs should be deemed "incurred" even before the amount has become certain). Rather, we think Congress intended that states incur liability for their food stamp errors at the conclusion of the six-month monitoring period, 7 U.S.C.A. § 2025(g)(1) (West Supp.1981)--a period which, in this case, ended September 30, 1982.

We have two main reasons for interpreting the interface between the Food Stamp Act and the savings statute in this way. In the first place, it appears well established that the savings statute was designed to prevent exactly the sort of lapse that Massachusetts argues occurred here. See, e.g., Hamm v. City of Rock Hill, 379 U.S. 306, 314, 85 S. Ct. 384, 390, 13 L. Ed. 2d 300 (1964) ("The federal saving statute ... was meant to obviate mere technical abatement such as ... a substitution of a new statute with a greater schedule of penalties...."); United States v. Holley, 818 F.2d 351, 353 (5th Cir.1987) (similar). Reading the savings statute to release from liability any party who had not yet exhausted after-the-fact remediation would hamper the law's goal, contravene the Supreme Court's longstanding interpretation of how the statute should be applied, and encourage violators to petition willy-nilly for discretionary administrative relief in the hope that the statutory scheme might be changed betweentimes.

In the second place, the statutory structure predicates waiver on precedent liability. See 7 U.S.C.A. § 2025(g)(1) (West Supp.1981) (providing that, under the Food Stamp Act's liability program, an offending state shall pay the imposed fine unless the Secretary determines that good cause exists for waiver). We do not think Congress placed the cart to the horse's rear by accident. Had Congress wished waiver considerations to be part and parcel of a liability determination, it would simply have written the Food Stamp Act to premise liability on the absence of those factors that allow the granting of good-cause waivers. Congress chose to structure the statute differently, however, and we must honor its bipartite design in our interpretation. See, e.g., Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. McClendon, 498 U.S. 133, 137-38, 111 S. Ct. 478, 482, 112 L. Ed. 2d 474 (1990); Greenwood Trust Co. v. Massachusetts, 971 F.2d 818, 824 (1st Cir.1992), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S. Ct. 974, 122 L. Ed. 2d 129 (1993).

We note, too, that legislative statements surrounding the 1982 repeal of the QCP, while admittedly less than pellucid, indicate no discernable intent to exonerate states for pre-1983 administrative errors. Quite the opposite: the legislative history suggests Congress intended to increase the certainty of penalties beginning with FY 1983. See S.Rep. No. 504, 97th Cong., 2d Sess. 70-71, reprinted in 1982 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1641, 1708-09:

[T]he ... major flaw in the existing system [is that] [t]he current penalty ... has proven difficult to apply in practice because of the relatively large amounts involved and, as a result, the Secretary has [frequently] chosen to waive its application. The sanctions established [by the new statute] ... should not be waived except when unusual circumstances intervene.

Given this purpose, it seems unlikely that Congress intended the 1982 repeal to preclude enforcement of the earlier regulations for 1981 and 1982 in instances where good-cause reviews were imminent or ongoing, but had not yet been decided.

For these reasons, we reject the Commonwealth's claim that FNS lacked statutory authority to impose the sanctions in question.

Having confirmed the vitality of the sanction provision, we turn next to the Commonwealth's double-jointed challenge to the statistical methodology that FNS employed. Before reaching Massachusetts's two substantive arguments, we think it is useful to explicate the applicable standard of judicial review.

A. Standard of Review.

The Food Stamp Act provides for de novo review of final administrative determinations in the district court.4 However, this searching standard is restricted to liability determinations. See Broad St. Food Mkt., Inc. v. United States, 720 F.2d 217, 220 (1st Cir.1983); Collazo v. United States, 668 F.2d 60, 65 (1st Cir.1981). It does not spill over to penalty determinations. See Kulkin v. Bergland, 626 F.2d 181, 184 (1st Cir.1980) (holding that, under the Food Stamp Act, "administrative remedies or sanctions are subject to a very limited judicial review"). A court scrutinizing administrative remedies or sanctions imposed under the Food Stamp Act may only overturn those actions that appear arbitrary, capricious, or contrary to law. See Haskell v. United States Dep't of Agric., 930 F.2d 816, 820 (10th Cir.1991); Woodard v. United States, 725 F.2d 1072, 1077-78 (6th Cir.1984); Broad St., 720 F.2d at 219-21; Hough v. United States Dep't of Agric., 707 F.2d 866, 869 (5th Cir.1983); Kulkin, 626 F.2d at 184-85.

To be sure, both Broad St. and Kulkin involved (1) factual findings anent the culpability of food store owners who accepted food stamps as compensation for prohibited goods, and (2) determinations about what sanctions were condign, given the identities of the violators and the nature of the violations. See Broad St., 720 F.2d at 219; Kulkin, 626 F.2d at 182-83. The question in the instant case is more complex because the two parts of the calculus--liability and sanctions--are imbricated: FNS's determination that Massachusetts's EER was unacceptably high essentially determined both the Commonwealth's liability and the amount of the resultant sanction. See 7 C.F.R. § 275.25(d)(3) (1982) (explicated supra p. 518).

Notwithstanding this conflation of liability and remediation, a reviewing court's path remains clear. Where liability is at issue, section 2023(a) requires that courts review administrative determinations de novo. If this statutory bedrock is to endure, inexorably mixed issues of liability and sanctions must likewise be assessed de novo, even if such a penetrating standard of judicial review intrudes to some extent into agency decisionmaking in the sanctions area. Thus, insofar as the Commonwealth's assignments of error implicate the validity of the EER and, therefore, the amount of the penalty levied, plenary review is indicated.

We are quick to remark, however, that de novo review in cases of this genre does not give courts an entirely free hand. Where, as here, the issues before the court are legal in nature, de novo review of an administrative matter does not mean that the district court must devise an entirely new regulatory scheme. Rather, in respect to liability issues, the court must ensure that the agency has followed its own regulations and that those regulations do not exceed the scope of the agency's mandate. With these precepts in mind, we now address the Commonwealth's statistical arguments.5

B. Statistical Bias.

In order to estimate Massachusetts's food stamp error rate and thereby determine what (if any) sanction might be appropriate, FNS sampled 194 of the Commonwealth's cases for compliance. Massachusetts and the amici urge that the appellees' sampling methodology is unlawful because the risk of error inherent in FNS's approximation is not evenly shared between the state and the federal government. Because FNS's statistical method effectively determines the Commonwealth's liability as well as the amount of the sanction to be imposed, our review of the statistical bias claim is plenary.

We start with the obvious: FNS's sampling is no different than any other statistical sampling in that it cannot produce results that reflect the actual error rate with unerring accuracy. Thus, whatever sampling technique is used, the EER will sometimes underestimate and sometimes overestimate a state's actual error rate. Massachusetts recognizes this fact of statistical life but complains that it must foot the bill for overestimations by paying sanctions although if underestimations occur it reaps no corresponding benefit (e.g., credits that could be used to offset future penalties). As a matter of pure mathematics, the Commonwealth's theory appears to hold water. Under the federal scheme, the risk of error causes the penalty provision to weigh more heavily on the states than on the federal government.6 Nonetheless, we do not see how this circumstance renders the scheme unlawful.

The Food Stamp Act provides that a state is liable for "the dollar value equivalent of the State agency's payment error rate, as determined by the Secretary," to the extent it exceeds the higher of the national payment rate or the state error payment rate minus the national rate of error reduction. 7 U.S.C.A. § 2025(g) (West Supp.1981). There are a number of mechanisms by which FNS could implement this statutory directive, each with incumbent advantages and disadvantages. Massachusetts suggests that this court's right to review liability determinations de novo leaves us free to rethink the regulatory choice among these various options.

We do not agree. The power of plenary judicial review does not obviate the devoir of persuasion in a food stamp case in which a plaintiff challenges the validity of the regulatory mosaic. See Kulkin, 626 F.2d at 183. To carry its burden, the plaintiff must still show that the federal agency exceeded its statutory or constitutional authority. An attempt to make such a showing must frankly recognize that the art of regulation involves line-drawing. When Congress entrusts an agency with the responsibility for drawing lines, and the agency exercises that authority in a reasonable way, neither the fact that there are other possible places at which the line could be drawn nor the fact that the administrative scheme might occasionally operate unfairly from a particular participant's perspective is sufficient, standing alone, to undermine the scheme's legality. See Knebel v. Hein, 429 U.S. 288, 294, 97 S. Ct. 549, 553, 50 L. Ed. 2d 485 (1977) (holding that the availability of more equitable food stamp regulations does not render the Secretary's particular regulatory scheme invalid); Louisiana v. Block, 694 F.2d 430, 431-32 (5th Cir.1982) (same); see also Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843 n. 11, 104 S. Ct. 2778, 2782 n. 11, 81 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1984) ("The court need not conclude that the agency construction was the only one it permissibly could have adopted ... to uphold [it]....") (collecting cases); Mourning v. Family Publications Serv., Inc., 411 U.S. 356, 371, 93 S. Ct. 1652, 1661, 36 L. Ed. 2d 318 (1973) ("That some other remedial provision might be preferable is irrelevant."). In other words, so long as the administrative scheme is a valid exercise of the agency's authority, whether or not a perfect exercise of that authority, the courts must honor it. See Sprandel v. Secretary of HHS, 838 F.2d 23, 27 (1st Cir.1988) (per curiam) (observing that where administrative line-drawing is involved, "there are no perfect solutions").

These principles are dispositive here. Massachusetts argues, in effect, that a system of credits and debits for each state would be preferable to, and fairer than, the statistical methodology selected by FNS. Whether or not this is so, the Commonwealth has not demonstrated that the system selected by FNS is an irrational one, that it is arbitrarily conceived, that it is profoundly flawed, or that it operates in a wholly capricious manner. Congress directed that the error rate was to be "determined by the Secretary," 7 U.S.C.A. § 2025(g) (West Supp.1981), and the Secretary implemented this directive through the application of what all parties agree is routine statistical sampling. The enabling statute itself sets out the arithmetic mechanism for determining the sanction, given the error rate; the Secretary has followed this command, albeit without refining his statistical estimates. The Secretary might, as Massachusetts advocates, have installed a more intricate and sensitive statistical system, but doing so would not necessarily have represented an improvement. The proposed alternatives would by all accounts be more complicated to administer and could well prove less of a deterrent to administrative errors.

In terms of our analogy, the line drawn by FNS, as the Secretary's designee, seems to have been plotted sensibly, if not with perfect precision; that is, FNS chose a configuration consistent with statutory imperatives and well within the universe of plausible approaches. Because the administrative scheme did not exceed the agency's statutory discretion, summary judgment was properly granted on this issue. See Valley Citizens for a Safe Env't v. Aldridge, 886 F.2d 458, 469 (1st Cir.1989) (finding that reasonableness of agency action supported summary judgment); Kulkin, 626 F.2d at 183 (upholding summary judgment where the disputed facts were immaterial to the plaintiff's ultimate burden at trial).

C. Oversampling.

The Commonwealth also asserts that FNS violated its own regulations when it took a subsample comprised of 194 food stamp cases (as opposed to the 180 cases specified in 7 C.F.R. § 275.3(c)(1) (1982)). The district court, while noting that Massachusetts had not raised the issue before the Board, see Massachusetts I, 737 F. Supp. at 122 n. 3, reached the merits and ruled that the regulations, while mentioning 180 cases, did not set a maximum subsample size. Id. at 127. For our part, we see no reason to delve behind the Commonwealth's procedural default.7 Accordingly, we hold that Massachusetts, by neglecting to raise this claim before the Board, waived any right to object to the sample size.8

In the usual administrative law case, a court ought not to consider points which were not seasonably raised before the agency. See United States v. L.A. Tucker Truck Lines, Inc., 344 U.S. 33, 37, 73 S. Ct. 67, 69, 97 L. Ed. 54 (1952) (discussing the "general rule that courts should not topple over administrative decisions unless the administrative body ... has erred against objection made at the time appropriate under its practice"); Khalaf v. Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 909 F.2d 589, 592 (1st Cir.1990) (explaining that issues not raised before an administrative appeal board cannot be adjudicated in the course of judicial review); Removatron Int'l Corp. v. FTC, 884 F.2d 1489, 1493-94 (1st Cir.1989); Colin K. v. Schmidt, 715 F.2d 1, 5-6 (1st Cir.1983).

The doctrine of procedural default in the administrative context is analogous to the established rule that appellate courts will not entertain arguments which could have been, but were not, raised in the trial court. See, e.g., Clauson v. Smith, 823 F.2d 660, 666 (1st Cir.1987) (collecting cases). As in the trial court/appellate court analogy, requiring parties to develop their arguments in the administrative setting before seeking judicial review serves several salutary purposes. We list three such purposes that have direct bearing in this instance.

First, when the administrative agency is given an opportunity to address a party's objections, it can apply its expertise, exercise its informed discretion, and create a more finely tuned record for judicial review. By way of illustration, if Massachusetts had appropriately raised the oversampling issue in this case, we would now have the benefit of both the Board's interpretation of the applicable regulations and its expert opinion concerning the ultimate effect of the augmented sample size. Though different administrative conclusions deserve different degrees of deference, it is essential to the proper development of administrative law that courts exercise their function of judicial review on a well-rounded record. See McKart v. United States, 395 U.S. 185, 194, 89 S. Ct. 1657, 1662, 23 L. Ed. 2d 194 (1969); see also Valley Citizens, 886 F.2d at 469 (observing that "the place to attack standard methodology, at least in the first instance, is before the agency, not before a reviewing court").

A second reason for applying strict rules of procedural default in the administrative context is to promote judicial economy. A claim seasonably presented to the appropriate administrative body has an appreciable chance of being put to rest, or at least narrowed, before it depletes the heavily burdened resources of the federal courts. Massachusetts, the amici, and the court below all relate previous instances where there were problems with sample sizes and, consequently, the Board overturned FNS sanctions. See, e.g., Massachusetts I, 737 F. Supp. at 122. Thus, raising the issue before the Board might well have led to its resolution, once and for all.

Finally, enforcing procedural default solidifies the agency's autonomy by allowing it the opportunity to monitor its own mistakes and by ensuring that regulated parties do not simply turn to the courts as a tribunal of first resort. A double whammy would result if Article III judges encouraged such end runs by demonstrating a willingness to hear all challenges to regulatory action regardless of whether the parties raised those challenges before the affected agency: power would drain from the agencies and administrative appeals would flood the federal courts.

To be sure, there are exceptional circumstances under which a court might dispense with the raise-or-waive rule in the administrative law context. Cf., e.g., United States v. La Guardia, 902 F.2d 1010, 1012-13 (1st Cir.1990) (explaining why, in a criminal case, the court of appeals would exercise its discretion to review a particular constitutional claim that had not been raised in the trial court). As a general matter, however, courts will not entertain an issue that the parties failed to raise in the proper administrative venue unless the issue is jurisdictional in nature or some other compelling reason exists. See Tucker Truck Lines, 344 U.S. at 38, 73 S.Ct. at 69; Rana v. United States, 812 F.2d 887, 889-90 & n. 2 (4th Cir.1987). The Commonwealth tenders no such justification here.

Whether FNS appropriately followed its own regulations in regard to sampling, and the effect and consequences of any failure to do so, are matters which in no way implicate jurisdictional concerns. On the contrary, they present the sort of problems routinely within the Board's purview and at the heart of its expertise. The Commonwealth has advanced no palatable excuse for failing to raise the oversampling issue at the proper time and in the proper forum. Under these circumstances, we cannot justify any relaxation of the customary rule. The Commonwealth waived the oversampling issue.9

Massachusetts argues that it was entitled to a good-cause waiver as a matter of right and that the district court erred in summarily rejecting its beseechment. We do not agree.

Unlike questions of statistical propriety, see supra Part III, the matter of a good-cause waiver is not imbricated with a fundamental determination of liability but relates solely to FNS's determination of the appropriate sanction. Thus, the Food Stamp Act's provision for de novo review of liability findings does not apply.10 Instead, we review the waiver denial to see whether it was arbitrary, capricious, or contrary to law. Broad St., 720 F.2d at 220; Kulkin, 626 F.2d at 184. In so doing, we recognize that an administrative agency enjoys great latitude to interpret its own rules as long as those interpretations are reasonable. See Martin v. Occupational Safety & Health Rev. Comm'n, --- U.S. ----, ---- - ----, 111 S. Ct. 1171, 1175-76, 113 L. Ed. 2d 117 (1991) (explaining that an "agency's construction of its own regulations is entitled to substantial deference") (quoting Lyng v. Payne, 476 U.S. 926, 939, 106 S. Ct. 2333, 2341, 90 L. Ed. 2d 921 (1986)); accord Udall v. Tallman, 380 U.S. 1, 16-17, 85 S. Ct. 792, 801, 13 L. Ed. 2d 616 (1965); Federal Labor Relations Auth. v. United States Dep't of the Navy, 941 F.2d 49, 59 (1st Cir.1991); Dunn v. Secretary of United States Dep't of Agric., 921 F.2d 365, 366-67, 369 (1st Cir.1990).

It is in the Secretary's realm to grant or deny a good-cause waiver.11 See 7 U.S.C.A. § 2025(g) (West Supp.1981). To obtain such a waiver, a state must show, at a bare minimum, that one of the following events occurred: (1) natural disasters, civil disorders, labor unrest, or other circumstances beyond the state's control, adversely affecting program operations; (2) significant caseload growth; (3) legislative changes adversely affecting program management; (4) misapplication of federal policy with erroneous approval from FNS; or (5) exemplary efforts to reduce the error rate. See 7 C.F.R. § 275.25(d)(5)(A)-(G). Whereas a threshold showing along these lines may qualify a state for a good-cause waiver, the Secretary can still deny the waiver if he finds the state's showing insufficient either because other factors overshadow the applicant's compendium of exculpatory factors or because a particular event or events listed by the applicant cannot withstand objective scrutiny.12 Id.

Massachusetts sought a good-cause waiver on three grounds, viz., caseload growth, changes in federal laws, and good faith efforts to reduce its error rate. FNS denied the waiver. In so doing, it took much of the wind from Massachusetts's sails. Specifically, FNS explained that Massachusetts's caseload growth was not a sufficient excusatory fact because the figure was bloated by one-time social security "cash-ins"; that new legislation was not a factor because the state had four months to adapt to changes in the law; and that Massachusetts's efforts to reduce errors were anything but "exemplary." Additionally, FNS brought an independent set of considerations to bear, stressing the Commonwealth's steady history of failing to meet program deadlines and requirements. The Board approved the agency's decision to withhold a waiver on this ground and the district court affirmed by summary judgment.

Massachusetts and FNS attempt to rejoin this point-counterpoint before us. Our role in this setting, however, is not to weigh the factual averments and assess, on balance, the merits of a waiver. Rather, "[i]f the court upholds the agency's finding of violation, the court's only remaining task is to examine the sanction imposed in light of the administrative record to judge whether the agency properly applied its regulations...." Broad St., 720 F.2d at 220. In fine, a reviewing court may only overturn agency sanction determinations that are arbitrary and capricious, see id., which is to say, "unwarranted in law ... or without justification in fact." Butz v. Glover Livestock Comm'n Co., 411 U.S. 182, 185-86, 93 S. Ct. 1455, 1458, 36 L. Ed. 2d 142 (1973) (citation omitted); accord Collazo, 668 F.2d at 65.

In the posture of this case, the idiosyncratic nature of summary judgment practice gives a slightly different twist to the operation of the familiar "arbitrary-and-capricious" standard. Because we are scrutinizing the district court's disposition of a motion filed under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c), we must approach the record "in the light most hospitable to the party opposing summary judgment, indulging all reasonable inferences in that party's favor." Griggs-Ryan v. Smith, 904 F.2d 112, 115 (1st Cir.1990). In order to prevail, therefore, the Commonwealth must persuade us that the record evinces a genuine dispute over some material fact. Emphasizing the items set forth in support of its waiver application, Massachusetts says that such a dispute existed. But, this perspective overlooks the relevant point: the real question is not whether the facts set forth in support of the waiver application are disputed, but, rather, whether the administrative record, now closed, reflects a sufficient dispute concerning the factual predicate on which FNS relied in denying the waiver to support a finding that the agency acted arbitrarily or capriciously. We explain briefly.

On a motion for summary judgment, a fact is material if it "might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law"; a dispute is "genuine" if a reasonable jury could resolve it in favor of the nonmoving party. United States v. One Parcel of Real Property, Etc., 960 F.2d 200, 204 (1st Cir.1992) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986)). Because the law allows FNS to exercise discretion as long as it has minimally adequate justification in fact for doing so, the facts material to the propriety of summary judgment on the good-cause waiver question are those facts that relate to whether FNS's denial of the waiver was arbitrary and capricious--not the facts on which a plea for issuance of a waiver might have rested. See Villanueva v. Wellesley College, 930 F.2d 124, 129 (1st Cir.) (noting that an appellate tribunal must review summary judgment in light of the plaintiff's ultimate burden at trial), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S. Ct. 181, 116 L. Ed. 2d 143 (1991). In a nutshell, then, a bona fide skirmish over the veracity and importance of ancillary facts which the Commonwealth thinks support its waiver application does not egest the possibility of summary judgment, for it is the basis underlying the agency's denial of a waiver upon which a reviewing court must focus. See Town of Norfolk v. United States Army Corps of Eng'rs, 968 F.2d 1438, 1448 (1st Cir.1992) (upholding a grant of summary judgment on the basis that, if an agency determination is "reasonably supported by the administrative record, [a reviewing court's] inquiry must end"); see also Villanueva, 930 F.2d at 131 (ruling that summary judgment is proper when a plaintiff disputes some facts, but does not adduce sufficient evidence from which the trier could conclude that the defendant failed to meet the applicable legal standard).

The district court noted that the facts upon which the Commonwealth relied, "though qualifying it for consideration for a waiver, and indeed possibly warranting a waiver, [did] not entitle it to a waiver as a matter of right." Massachusetts II, 788 F. Supp. at 1275. We agree with this assessment. We add, moreover, that, as this court has recognized for many years, simply rearguing the merits of an agency's discretionary decision will not forestall summary judgment on such an issue. See, e.g., Concerned Citizens on I-190 v. Secretary of Transp., 641 F.2d 1, 7 (1st Cir.1981). Although we, like the district court, assume for argument's sake that the subsidiary facts on which the Commonwealth's waiver application rested are true, the record nevertheless reveals that FNS weighed these facts against, and eventually based its denial on, other uncontested facts (e.g., the contribution of Social Security "cash-ins" to caseload growth, the superior performance of other states under much the same circumstances, and Massachusetts's checkered history of noncompliance with food stamp program directives). Regarding this latter set of subsidiary facts, there is no dispute. See Massachusetts II, 788 F. Supp. at 1274.

Let us be perfectly clear. We do not suggest that courts should rubber-stamp agency decisions under the guise of "arbitrary-and-capricious" review. Had FNS, in this case, rejected the waiver application on a ground that its regulations did not contemplate, or without considering the applicant's stated basis for relief, or in reliance on a manifestly inadequate factual showing, there might well be room for a court to find the agency's actions arbitrary and capricious. But, nothing of the kind transpired here. Rather, the record reveals a situation in which FNS carefully considered the whole and declined--rationally, if not inevitably--to grant discretionary relief.

In the final analysis, Congress elected to delegate the discretion to award or withhold good-cause waivers of food stamp penalties to the Secretary--not to the federal courts. Where, as here, the legislature has conferred generous discretion upon an agency, a reviewing court must contemplate the administrative record with due regard for that discretion and gauge the reasonableness of agency action in that light. Given the low quantum of factual justification necessary to deny a discretionary waiver under section 2025(g), we are constrained to conclude that, since FNS's denial of the waiver was based upon a plausible and essentially uncontested set of reasons documented in the record and consistent with existing regulations, the district court correctly ruled in its favor, notwithstanding that the case was at the summary judgment stage. See Valley Citizens, 886 F.2d at 469; see also Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416, 91 S. Ct. 814, 823, 28 L. Ed. 2d 136 (1971) ("The Court is not empowered to substitute its judgment for that of the agency.").

We need go no further. The Commonwealth's asseverational array announces an abundance of red meat and strong drink; yet, its table is spread with far less hearty fare. Because appellant's arguments afford scant sustenance for its position, the disputed sanction must stand. On the record before it, the district court did not err in entering summary judgment in favor of the Secretary.

Affirmed.

Before BREYER, Chief Judge, TORRUELLA, SELYA, CYR and STAHL, Circuit Judges.*

The panel of judges that rendered the decision in this case having voted to deny the petition for rehearing and the suggestion for the holding of a rehearing en banc having been carefully considered by the judges of the Court in regular active service and a majority of said judges not having voted to order that the appeal be heard or reheard by the Court en banc,

It is ordered that the petition for rehearing and the suggestion for rehearing en banc be denied.

The motion of the Amici Curiae for leave to file a memorandum in support of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts' petition for rehearing is denied.