NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 11a0525n.06
                                                                                               FILED
                                             No. 09-6018
                                                                                          Jul 29, 2011
                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                 )
                                                          )
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                               )
                                                          )
v.                                                        )
                                                          )   ON APPEAL FROM THE
JASON CRAIN,                                              )   UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                          )   COURT FOR THE EASTERN
        Defendant-Appellant.                              )   DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
                                                          )


Before:         KEITH, GIBBONS, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

        PER CURIAM. Jason Crain appeals the denial of his pretrial motion to suppress evidence

of drugs discovered in his car during a traffic stop and his subsequent conviction and sentence for

possession with intent to distribute marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(D),

and possession of cocaine and cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B).

Because Crain waived his right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress, we AFFIRM the

district court’s pretrial determination. Additionally, because the district court did not err in applying

the two-level enhancement for possession of a firearm in furtherance of drug trafficking and his

sentence was both procedurally and substantively sound, we AFFIRM his sentence as well.

                                         I. BACKGROUND

        In January 2007, Sergeant David Chambers of the Washington County Sheriff’s Office

received information that Jason Crain was distributing cocaine and marijuana in Johnson City,

Tennessee, and using a storage facility to store the drugs. Chambers conveyed this information to
No. 09-6018
United States v. Crain

Agent Brian Vicchio, an investigator with the Johnson City Police Department assigned to the local

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Task Force. Subsequent to a subpoena and investigation,

on January 31, 2007, Chambers executed a federal search warrant of Crain’s storage unit. He

discovered cash and the indicia of drug distribution. Based on this information, the officers obtained

a search warrant for Crain’s home on February 1, 2007.

       Officer Jeff Jenkins has been an officer with the Johnson City Police Department for sixteen

years, and has been a canine officer for twelve years. On February 1, 2007, Vicchio requested

Jenkins’ assistance as they investigated Crain. Vicchio asked that Jenkins watch out for Crain’s

Gold Honda Accord, and if he did happen to leave his apartment that day, that Jenkins attempt to

obtain probable cause to make a traffic stop. He also informed Jenkins of the search warrant

executed and the discovery of drugs at the storage unit.

       Pursuant to Vicchio’s request, Jenkins and his drug dog, Tigger, took a position where they

could follow Crain’s vehicle if he left his residence. After waiting approximately three hours, Crain

did leave his residence in the Honda. Accordingly, Jenkins pulled into traffic behind him.

       Jenkins “paced” Crain’s car, meaning he measured Crain’s speed by driving precisely the

same speed as defendant and observing his own speed at that time. Jenkins is trained in this method

of measuring speed. Jenkins observed Crain driving over the 45 miles per hour speed limit. It is

undisputed that Crain was speeding, though by how much is unclear on the record. Nevertheless,

Jenkins activated his lights and pulled Crain over around 2:12 p.m. He requested back-up assistance.




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United States v. Crain

       Jenkins walked to Crain’s window and told him that he was speeding. Jenkins then went

back to his car and wrote up a warning citation. Jenkins then returned to Crain’s car and issued the

citation, explaining that Crain was not receiving a ticket. Thereafter, Jenkins asked Crain whether

he had a large sum of money, any guns or narcotics in the vehicle. Crain responded that he had over

$1,000 in cash on him because he was going to pay his rent. Jenkins then asked for permission to

search the car; Crain refused. Jenkins instructed Crain to get out of the car and stand with his back-

up officer (who arrived while Jenkins was writing the citation), as Jenkins conducted a canine search

of his vehicle. Crain complied. Jenkins went back to his car, got Tigger, and initiated the search.

Tigger alerted Jenkins to the rear door of the driver’s side door twice. Jenkins then conducted a

search of Crain’s vehicle. First, he searched the passenger compartments, finding nothing. Then he

opened the trunk of the car, using the keys he extracted from the ignition. Upon opening the trunk,

Crain put up his hands and said “You’ve got me.” Jenkins, surprised, momentarily stopped the

search and asked Crain what he meant. Crain said, “You’ve got me . . . There’s a shit load of dope

in there.” He motioned towards the suitcase in the trunk, and said “You’ve just had the best day

you’ve ever had.” Jenkins then opened the suitcase and found scales, powder, and bundles of drugs.

Thereafter, Jenkins notified Vicchio of what he had found. At 3:08 p.m., almost an hour after the

stop had been initiated, another vehicle arrived to transport Crain to jail.

       On August 14, 2007, a federal grand jury returned a five-count superceding indictment

against Crain, charging him with distribution and possession with intent to distribute five kilograms

or more of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(b)(1)(A); possession with intent to

distribute marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(D); possession with intent to

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United States v. Crain

distribute 500 grams or more of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B);

possession with intent to distribute five grams or more of cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§

841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B); and possession of four firearms in furtherance of the drug-trafficking crimes,

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).

       Crain moved to suppress the drugs and paraphernalia found during the search of his car,

arguing that Jenkins violated his Fourth Amendment right when he conducted the canine search of

the vehicle after the conclusion of his traffic stop. A magistrate judge held an evidentiary hearing

on September 13, 2007 to consider Crain’s pretrial motion. On September 18, 2007, the magistrate

judge issued a report recommending that the district court deny Crain’s motion to suppress. Neither

Crain nor the government filed objections to that report, despite the report’s indication that all

objections must be filed within ten days or appeal would be waived. On October 4, 2007, the district

court adopted the magistrate judge’s report and entered an order denying the motion to suppress.

Thereafter, Crain proceeded to trial on June 12, 2008. The jury found Crain guilty of possession

with intent to distribute marijuana, cocaine and cocaine base. The jury acquitted him of intent to

distribute five kilograms of cocaine and possession of a firearm in furtherance of drug trafficking.

       The Presentence Report (which the district court adopted as its findings of fact at the

sentencing hearing) set Crain’s offense level at thirty, including a two-level enhancement for

possession of a firearm in connection with his offense pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, and his criminal

history category of II, placing him within a Guidelines range of 108 to 135 months of imprisonment.

Crain objected to the Presentence Report on the grounds that the jury found him not guilty of

possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking offense; thus he argued that § 2D1.1

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United States v. Crain

should not apply. The probation officer did not change the Presentence Report, indicating that Crain

could not show that it was clearly improbable that the weapon was connected with the offense. Crain

again raised this objection at his sentencing hearing on August 10, 2009. The district court found

that the enhancement applied. The district court, noting that sentencing within the Guidelines was

beneficial for consistency, went on to consider the appropriate 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors and

determined that a sentence within the Guidelines range was appropriate. Accordingly, the district

court sentenced Crain to sixty months of imprisonment for possession of marijuana, and 120 months

of imprisonment for possession of cocaine and cocaine base, all to run concurrently for a total

sentence of 120 months of imprisonment. Crain now timely appeals.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

       On appeal, Crain argues that the district court erred in: (a) denying his motion to suppress;

and (b) failing to give him a reasonable sentence.

A. The Denial of Crain’s Motion to Suppress

       The district court referred Crain’s pretrial motion to suppress to a magistrate judge, who

issued a Report and Recommendation denying the motion. Crain failed to object to the report. This

circuit requires that “a party must file objections to the magistrate judge’s report and

recommendation with the district court within the time permitted, or else waive the right to appeal.”

United States v. Vanwinkle, --- F.3d ---, No. 09-3462, 

, at *4 (6th Cir. May 11,

2011) (citing United States v. Walters, 

, 949-50 (6th Cir. 1981)); see also Thomas v.

Arn, 

, 155 (1985) (affirming the Walters rule as a valid exercise of the court of appeal’s

supervisory power). “[B]y precluding appellate review of an issue not contained in objections to a

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United States v. Crain

magistrate’s report, this rule of preservation prevents a litigant from sandbagging the district judge

by failing to object and then appealing.” Peoples v. Hoover, 377 F. App’x 461, 463 (6th Cir. 2010)

(quoting 

) (internal quotation marks omitted) (alteration in original).

However, this court has declined to apply the waiver rule in exceptional circumstances where “the

district court’s error is so egregious that failure to permit appellate review would work a miscarriage

of justice.” United States v. 1184 Drycreek Rd., 

, 726 (6th Cir. 1999).

        Crain argues that his failure to file objections to the report should be excused because the

constitutional error that occurred seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public reputation of

judicial proceedings. Crain argues that “the interests of justice” require that we consider the merits

of his claim, but he fails to demonstrate how this case is exceptional. See Javaherpour v. United

States, 315 F. App’x 505, 510 (6th Cir. 2009) (“This court may choose not to apply the waiver rule

if exceptional circumstances are present that justify disregarding the rule in the interests of justice.”

(citation and editorial marks omitted)). Particularly when comparing this case to other instances

where we have excused the default in the interest of justice, it is clear that Crain’s situation is not

exceptional. See Souter v. Jones, 

, 586 (6th Cir. 2005) (excusing appellant’s failure to

file objections to the magistrate judge’s report in the interest of justice because the circuit had not

decided an en banc decision on point to his case at the time of the magistrate judge’s

recommendation, the statute of limitations had run on his state-law claim, and the majority of the

report found in his favor which suggested that he should not have objected anyway). Here, Crain

had ample incentive to object if he thought the magistrate judge’s ruling erroneous. In any event,

we find neither egregious error nor a miscarriage of justice. Therefore, we decline to excuse the

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United States v. Crain

default. Because Crain waived his right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress when he failed

to object to the magistrate judge’s report, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of his pretrial

motion to suppress evidence.

B. Sentence Reasonableness

        This Court reviews a defendant’s sentence for procedural and substantive reasonableness

under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall v. United States, 

, 41 (2007);

United States v. Sedore, 

, 822 (6th Cir. 2008). “[A] district court abuses its discretion

when it commits a ‘significant procedural error, such as failing to calculate (or improperly

calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the §

3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain

the chosen sentence.’” United States v. Bates, 

, 476 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting 

). The district court’s factual findings in calculating the Sentencing Guidelines range are

reviewed for clear error, but its legal conclusions are reviewed de novo. United States v. Woods, 

, 290 (6th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted).

        1. Application of a Two-Level Firearm Enhancement

        The Sentencing Guidelines provides for a two-level enhancement “[i]f a dangerous weapon

(including a firearm) was possessed” during the commission of a drug offense. U.S.S.G. §

2D1.1(b)(1). A district court’s finding that the defendant possessed a firearm during a drug offense

is a factual finding that this court reviews for clear error. United States v. Wheaton, 

,

367 (6th Cir. 2008). “A finding of fact is clearly erroneous when, although there may be some



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No. 09-6018
United States v. Crain

evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite

and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” 

and citation omitted).

        The two-level enhancement “should be applied if the weapon was present, unless it is clearly

improbable that the weapon was connected with the offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, cmt. n.3. The

government bears the initial burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that “(1) the

defendant actually or constructively ‘possessed’ the weapon, and (2) such possession was during the

commission of the offense.” United States v. Catalan, 

, 606 (6th Cir. 2007).

“Constructive possession of an item is the ownership, dominion or control over the item itself, or

dominion over the premises where the item is located.” 

(quoting United

States v. Hill, 

, 1485 (6th Cir. 1996)) (emphasis in Wheaton). “The enhancement

applies if the firearm is possessed during ‘relevant conduct,’ not merely if a weapon is possessed

during the commission of the offense.” United States v. Kimbrough, 376 F. App’x 592, 596-97 (6th

Cir. 2010). If the government meets its burden, a rebuttable presumption arises that the weapon was

connected to the offense. 

. The defendant then has the burden to show that

it was “clearly improbable” that the firearm was connected to the offense. Kimbrough, 376 F. App’x

at 596 (citing 

). If the defendant fails to meet this burden, the district court

should apply the enhancement. 

that the government failed to demonstrate that he actually or constructively

possessed a weapon in connection with the commission of the offense. He argues that the facts

established during trial demonstrate that no drug-related activity occurred at his wife’s residence, and



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No. 09-6018
United States v. Crain

that he did not live at the residence. On appeal, Crain concedes that he did move back into the home

as late as July 2006, but argues that any indicia of ownership ends at that time. We disagree.

       The Presentence Report indicates that Crain obtained the storage unit where the officers

discovered large quantities of drugs on January 10, 2007. In that application, he listed his permanent

residence as 3569 Greenwood Drive, the location where the guns were found. No more than three

weeks later, on February 1, 2007, Crain was arrested. Crain argues that the Greenwood location was

his father’s old home and he no longer lived there; rather, his estranged wife lived there and he

resided in a separate apartment. However, the box to the digital scales found in his car with the

drugs at the time of his arrest was located at the Greenwood residence; agents found a key in the

kitchen of the Greenwood residence that opened the door to his storage unit containing drugs; his

“hip hop stuff” for one of his side businesses was found at Greenwood Drive, as well as a computer

with a picture of Crain holding a large amount of cash. Though Crain produced evidence that he

lived in a separate apartment with his girlfriend, one may have dominion over a premises even

though others may also have access to or control over the location. See 

.

Here, the district court reasonably found that, though Crain’s estranged wife also had control of the

Greenwood residence, Crain still maintained dominion over the location. Particularly the fact that

he listed the Greenwood residence as his permanent address only a few weeks before his arrest

reinforces the conclusion that he maintained dominion over the property, and thus constructive

possession of the items within it. See 

(affirming § 2D1.1 enhancement

where firearms were found in the couch of the location where defendant was arrested because he’d

stayed at the house for an extended period of time and had access to the handgun); United States v.

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No. 09-6018
United States v. Crain

Williams, 345 F. App’x 979, 981 (6th Cir. 2009) (per curiam) (affirming § 2D1.1 enhancement

where firearms were found in the defendant’s mother’s residence even though the defendant lived

in a separate apartment). Given these facts, the district court correctly found that the government

met its burden to establish Crain’s constructive possession of the firearms in connection to his drug

trafficking offenses.

       Accordingly, the burden then shifted to Crain to show that it was “clearly improbable that

the weapon was connected to the offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1), n.3. In determining whether

it was clearly improbable that a firearm was related to the particular drug offense, we may consider

many factors, including “the proximity of the firearm to the drugs, the type of firearm involved,

whether the firearm was loaded, and any alternative purpose offered to explain the presence of the

firearm.” United States v. Moses, 

, 850 (6th Cir. 2002); see also Kimborough, 376 F.

App’x at 597. Here, given the evidence on the record, the district court did not err in finding that

Crain failed to demonstrate clear improbability. First, the pistols were found in the kitchen cabinet

near crack cocaine and the box for the digital scales used to weigh drugs. The rifle and ammunition

found in the basement were nearby two coolers, each of which had marijuana residue inside them.

Next, Crain does not argue that the Glock pistol, the two .22 caliber pistols, the rifles and the

ammunition are uncommon weapons when it comes to a drug conspiracy. See 

; United States v. Maynard, 94 F. App’x 287, 292 (6th Cir. 2004). Finally, Crain never explained

a non-drug related reason why the firearms were found near the drugs in the home. His estranged

wife did not testify on his behalf and Crain never indicated that she was involved in drug trafficking.



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No. 09-6018
United States v. Crain

Therefore, we cannot say that the district court clearly erred in finding that Crain constructively

possessed the firearms and applying the two-level enhancement under the Guidelines.

        2. Crain’s Request for a Sentence Below-Guidelines

        We review a district court’s sentence to ensure that the sentence is both procedurally and

substantively sound. United States v. Sedore, 

, 822 (6th Cir. 2008). Sentences within

the Guidelines range are afforded a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness. United States v.

Bailey, 

, 368 (6th Cir. 2007). Additionally, a district court must “set forth enough to

satisfy the appellate court that he has considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for

exercising his own legal decisionmaking authority.” Rita v. United States, 

, 356 (2007).

This does not require a lengthy explanation. 

that the district court sentence him below the Guidelines range, based upon

several § 3553(a) factors: his military service, his children, his efforts to cooperate with law

enforcement, and his commitment to not being a recidivist. He argues that the district court failed

to consider these factors when it decided to sentence him within the Guidelines range, and moreover

that the district court erred in considering the Guidelines mandatory. However, upon review of the

record it is clear that the district court gave more than “mere lip-service” to the § 3553 factors. The

district court explained at length that, while it found the Guidelines as an important factor in

determining sentence, other factors set forth in § 3553 must be considered. Based upon Crain’s

unwillingness to accept responsibility for his actions which led to his arrest, the district court decided

to sentence him within the Guidelines range. In fact, the district court briefly considered sentencing

him above the Guidelines range, but ultimately decided against it based upon the very factors that

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United States v. Crain

Crain now argues were not considered. The record does not suggest that the district court abused

its discretion, even if it did express a positive opinion of the usefulness of the Sentencing Guidelines.

Thus, Crain’s sentence was procedurally sound.

        Crain’s sentence was also substantively reasonable. As discussed above, the Guidelines

range was properly calculated to include the two-level enhancement for possession of a firearm.

Crain was sentenced to 120 months’ imprisonment, within the Guidelines range of 108 to 135

months’ imprisonment. Accordingly, Crain’s sentence is afforded a rebuttable presumption of

reasonableness. 

. On appeal, Crain fails to rebut this presumption by

demonstrating that the district court’s sentence was unreasonable. The district court, sentencing

Crain within the Guidelines range, explained that its sentence was not greater than necessary after

weighing the § 3553(a) factors. While Crain may disagree with the sentence, we cannot say upon

review that it was unreasonable. Thus, we AFFIRM his sentence.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

        For the reasons stated above, the denial of the pretrial motion to suppress evidence is

AFFIRMED. The sentence imposed by the district court is also AFFIRMED.




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